- Email: [email protected]
List of “How Do We Know?” Boxes
List of “How Do We Know?” Boxes Chapter 3
Box 7.3 How do we know about neuroanatomic mapping of the hypothalamic innervation of IL melanotropes? Malcolm J. Low
Box 3.1 How do we know the validity of the concept of the “set point”? George Fink Chapter 4 Box 4.1 How do we know that GnRH and its receptor are essential for reproduction? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Chapter 8 Box 8.1 How do we know the hypothalamice pituitaryeadrenal axis is a major mediator of the stress response? Greti Aguilera
Box 4.2 How do we know about establishing a new GnRH receptor and its signaling path? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Box 8.2 How do we know CRH and VP controlling ACTH secretion are produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus? Greti Aguilera
Box 4.3 How do we know about the structure of neuropeptides and receptors beyond mammals? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Box 8.3 How do we know CRH and VP act by interacting with plasma membrane receptors in the target tissue? Greti Aguilera
Chapter 5 Box 5.1 How do we know that anterior pituitary hormone secretion is under neurohumoral control? George Fink
Chapter 9 Box 9.1 How do we know that the GnRH-1 neurons come from the nose? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Box 5.2 How do we know about the teleological advantages of neurohormonal control? George Fink Box 5.3 How do we know about the apparent paradox of negativeepositive feedback? George Fink
Box 9.2 How do we know that GnRH cells are interconnected and receive input through their dendrites? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Box 5.4 How do we know that somatostatin 1-28 is a physiological neurohormone? George Fink
Box 9.3 How do we know that there is plasticity within the median eminence that influences GnRH secretion? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Chapter 6 Box 6.1 How do we know that oxytocin and vasopressin are released from dendrites? Gareth Leng, Mike Ludwig and Alison J. Douglas
Box 9.4 How do we know that the secretion of FSH does not require the pulsatile input of GnRH to the pituitary gland? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Chapter 7 Box 7.1 How do we know the role of IL MSH in background-adapted skin pigmentation of amphibians? Malcolm J. Low Box 7.2 How do we know about regulation of POMC transgenes in mouse IL? Malcolm J. Low
Box 9.5 How do we know that kisspeptin relays negative and positive feedback effects of estrogen to GnRH neurons? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
vii
viii
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
Box 9.6 How do we know GnIH is a peptide that negatively regulates the GnRH/gonadotropin axis in mammals? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray Chapter 10 Box 10.1 How do we know there is lifetime regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion? Johannes D. Veldhuis, Ali Iranmanesh, Dana Erickson, Ferdinand Roelfsema, and Cyril Y. Bowers Chapter 11 Box 11.1 How do we know that thyroid hormone receptor regulates gene expression in the absence of T3? R. Thomas Zoeller Box 11.2 How do we know that thyroid hormone from the mother acts on the fetal brain? R. Thomas Zoeller Chapter 12 Box 12.1 How do we know about the Clock gene? Deanna M. Arble, Georges Copinschi, Martha H. Vitaterna, Eve Van Cauter, and Fred W. Turek Chapter 13 Box 13.1 How do we know that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus links to brainstem and spinal cord neurons controlling cardiovascular function? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Box 13.2 How do we know that brain-derived angiotensin peptides control cardiovascular function? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Box 13.3 How do we know how to prove the physiologic relevance of a neuropeptide when gene knockout is lethal? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Chapter 14 Box 14.1 How do we know how animals eat? The structured meal as the unit of feeding behavior Alan G. Watts Box 14.2 How do we know that leptin acts in the brain to control metabolism? Alan G. Watts Chapter 15 Box 15.1 How do we know the genetic approach for intracerebroventricular delivery? Yehezkel Sztainberg and Alon Chen
Chapter 16 Box 16.1 How do we know about water intake and VP secretion in response to hypovolemia in rats? Edward M. Stricker and Joseph G. Verbalis Box 16.2 How do we know about salt appetite in response to hypovolemia in rats? Edward M. Stricker and Joseph G. Verbalis Chapter 17 Box 17.1 How do we know about prostaglandins and the developing preoptic area? Margaret M. McCarthy Chapter 18 Box 18.1 How do we know that corticosteroid hormones rapidly change neurotransmitter release? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Box 18.2 How do we know that corticosteroid hormones slowly change the response of identified neurons to a particular neurotransmitter? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Box 18.3 How do we know the effects of early life stress on brain function? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Chapter 19 Box 19.1 How do we know that, in humans and nonhuman primates, a juvenile hiatus in LH secretion is controlled by a mechanism that is independent of gonadal influence? Ei Terasawa and Joseph R. Kurian Box 19.2 How do we know that a shift in balance of excitatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitters occurs at puberty and may be responsible for the pubertal acceleration of hypothalamic GnRH release? Ei Terasawa and Joseph R. Kurian Chapter 20 Box 20.1 How do we know about male sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff Box 20.2 How do we know how hormones activate female sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff Box 20.3 How do we know about the role of androgen receptors in modulating sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
ix
Chapter 21
Chapter 27
Box 21.1 How do we know that stress affects hippocampal neurogenesis? Ilia N. Karatsoreos and Bruce S. McEwen
Box 27.1 How do we know about oligogenicity e a new concept in the genetic basis of isolated GnRH deficiency? TS Han and PMG Bouloux
Box 21.2 How do we know that sleep and circadian disruption may be a potential stressor? Ilia N. Karatsoreos and Bruce S. McEwen Chapter 22
Chapter 28 Box 28.1 How do we know that hormones increase maternal responsivity? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Box 22.1 How do we know about establishing neuroendocrineebehavior interactions? Brian C. Trainor and Randy J. Nelson
Box 28.2 How do we know that prolactin receptors are involved in maternal behavior? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Box 22.2 How do we know how to identify neurosteroids in brain tissue? Brian C. Trainor and Randy J. Nelson
Box 28.3 How do we know that infants activate reward pathways in the brain of parents? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley Box 28.4 How do we know that 11-b HSD in the placenta is involved in prenatal programming of the stress response? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Chapter 23 Box 23.1 How do we know that subordinate rats are stressed? Karen A. Scott, Kellie L. K. Tamashiro, Randall R. Sakai Chapter 24 Box 24.1 How do we know that the effect of estrogen treatment (ET) on cognition in women depends on the timing of the initiation of therapy? Barbara B. Sherwin Chapter 25 Box 25.1 How do we know that the human brain is sexually dimorphic? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.2 How do we know that the synthetic hormones used in oral contraceptives modulate the neural circuitry of emotion of women? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.3 How do we know that estradiol and progesterone have independent effects upon key neurotransmitter systems that mediate affect and emotion Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.4 How do we know that the postmenopausal use of exogenous hormones alters brain metabolism? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith
Box 28.5 How do we know that maternal care influences DNA methylation during postnatal development? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley Chapter 29 Box 29.1 How do we know about familial or sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome or Chrousos’ syndrome? Tomoshige Kino, Evangelia Charmandari, and George P. Chrousos Chapter 30 Box 30.1 How do we know if FSH is necessary for androgen production? Lawrence C. Layman Chapter 31 Box 31.1 How do we know about the pathogenesis of RTH and the function of thyroid hormone receptors? Aniket R. Sidhaye and Frederic E. Wondisford Chapter 32 Box 32.1 How do we know about d3GH receptor polymorphism and responsiveness to GH therapy? Roberto Salvatori
Chapter 26
Chapter 33
Box 26.1 How do we know that some hormones protect the nervous system from aging-associated deterioration? In˜igo Azcoitia and Luis M. Garcia-Segura
Box 33.1 How do we know about androgen specificity of aromatase? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson
x
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
Box 33.2 How do we know about sexual behavior in male ArKO mice Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Box 33.3 How do we know about in situ apoptosis? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Box 33.4 How do we know about learning and memory in rodents? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Chapter 34 Box 34.1 How do we know there may be an intrinsic cell defect in the origin of pituitary adenomas? Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.2 How do we know? Diagnostic approach to elevated prolactin Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.3 How do we know? Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to acromegaly Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed
Box 34.4 How do we know? Diagnostic approach to Cushing’s syndrome Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.5 How do we know novel genes are involved in pituitary pathogenesis? Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Chapter 35 Box 35.1 How do we know about somatostatin receptors, key targets for diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors? Richard A. Feelders, Leo J. Hofland, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Steven W. Lamberts, and Wouter W. De Herder Chapter 36 Box 36.1 How do we know that endocrine function affects behavioral and mood disturbances? David R. Rubinow, Virginia L. Crowder, Peter J. Schmidt, and Katya B. Rubinow
Box 7.3 How do we know about neuroanatomic mapping of the hypothalamic innervation of IL melanotropes? Malcolm J. Low
Box 3.1 How do we know the validity of the concept of the “set point”? George Fink Chapter 4 Box 4.1 How do we know that GnRH and its receptor are essential for reproduction? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Chapter 8 Box 8.1 How do we know the hypothalamice pituitaryeadrenal axis is a major mediator of the stress response? Greti Aguilera
Box 4.2 How do we know about establishing a new GnRH receptor and its signaling path? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Box 8.2 How do we know CRH and VP controlling ACTH secretion are produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus? Greti Aguilera
Box 4.3 How do we know about the structure of neuropeptides and receptors beyond mammals? Graeme J. Roch, Ellen R. Busby and Nancy M. Sherwood
Box 8.3 How do we know CRH and VP act by interacting with plasma membrane receptors in the target tissue? Greti Aguilera
Chapter 5 Box 5.1 How do we know that anterior pituitary hormone secretion is under neurohumoral control? George Fink
Chapter 9 Box 9.1 How do we know that the GnRH-1 neurons come from the nose? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Box 5.2 How do we know about the teleological advantages of neurohormonal control? George Fink Box 5.3 How do we know about the apparent paradox of negativeepositive feedback? George Fink
Box 9.2 How do we know that GnRH cells are interconnected and receive input through their dendrites? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Box 5.4 How do we know that somatostatin 1-28 is a physiological neurohormone? George Fink
Box 9.3 How do we know that there is plasticity within the median eminence that influences GnRH secretion? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Chapter 6 Box 6.1 How do we know that oxytocin and vasopressin are released from dendrites? Gareth Leng, Mike Ludwig and Alison J. Douglas
Box 9.4 How do we know that the secretion of FSH does not require the pulsatile input of GnRH to the pituitary gland? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
Chapter 7 Box 7.1 How do we know the role of IL MSH in background-adapted skin pigmentation of amphibians? Malcolm J. Low Box 7.2 How do we know about regulation of POMC transgenes in mouse IL? Malcolm J. Low
Box 9.5 How do we know that kisspeptin relays negative and positive feedback effects of estrogen to GnRH neurons? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray
vii
viii
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
Box 9.6 How do we know GnIH is a peptide that negatively regulates the GnRH/gonadotropin axis in mammals? Iain J. Clarke, Rebecca Campbell, Jeremy T. Smith, Vincent Prevot, and Susan Wray Chapter 10 Box 10.1 How do we know there is lifetime regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion? Johannes D. Veldhuis, Ali Iranmanesh, Dana Erickson, Ferdinand Roelfsema, and Cyril Y. Bowers Chapter 11 Box 11.1 How do we know that thyroid hormone receptor regulates gene expression in the absence of T3? R. Thomas Zoeller Box 11.2 How do we know that thyroid hormone from the mother acts on the fetal brain? R. Thomas Zoeller Chapter 12 Box 12.1 How do we know about the Clock gene? Deanna M. Arble, Georges Copinschi, Martha H. Vitaterna, Eve Van Cauter, and Fred W. Turek Chapter 13 Box 13.1 How do we know that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus links to brainstem and spinal cord neurons controlling cardiovascular function? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Box 13.2 How do we know that brain-derived angiotensin peptides control cardiovascular function? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Box 13.3 How do we know how to prove the physiologic relevance of a neuropeptide when gene knockout is lethal? Gina L.C. Yosten and Willis K. Samson Chapter 14 Box 14.1 How do we know how animals eat? The structured meal as the unit of feeding behavior Alan G. Watts Box 14.2 How do we know that leptin acts in the brain to control metabolism? Alan G. Watts Chapter 15 Box 15.1 How do we know the genetic approach for intracerebroventricular delivery? Yehezkel Sztainberg and Alon Chen
Chapter 16 Box 16.1 How do we know about water intake and VP secretion in response to hypovolemia in rats? Edward M. Stricker and Joseph G. Verbalis Box 16.2 How do we know about salt appetite in response to hypovolemia in rats? Edward M. Stricker and Joseph G. Verbalis Chapter 17 Box 17.1 How do we know about prostaglandins and the developing preoptic area? Margaret M. McCarthy Chapter 18 Box 18.1 How do we know that corticosteroid hormones rapidly change neurotransmitter release? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Box 18.2 How do we know that corticosteroid hormones slowly change the response of identified neurons to a particular neurotransmitter? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Box 18.3 How do we know the effects of early life stress on brain function? Marian Joe¨ls, E. Ronald de Kloet, and Henk Karst Chapter 19 Box 19.1 How do we know that, in humans and nonhuman primates, a juvenile hiatus in LH secretion is controlled by a mechanism that is independent of gonadal influence? Ei Terasawa and Joseph R. Kurian Box 19.2 How do we know that a shift in balance of excitatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitters occurs at puberty and may be responsible for the pubertal acceleration of hypothalamic GnRH release? Ei Terasawa and Joseph R. Kurian Chapter 20 Box 20.1 How do we know about male sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff Box 20.2 How do we know how hormones activate female sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff Box 20.3 How do we know about the role of androgen receptors in modulating sexual behavior? Marilyn Y. McGinnis and Donald W. Pfaff
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
ix
Chapter 21
Chapter 27
Box 21.1 How do we know that stress affects hippocampal neurogenesis? Ilia N. Karatsoreos and Bruce S. McEwen
Box 27.1 How do we know about oligogenicity e a new concept in the genetic basis of isolated GnRH deficiency? TS Han and PMG Bouloux
Box 21.2 How do we know that sleep and circadian disruption may be a potential stressor? Ilia N. Karatsoreos and Bruce S. McEwen Chapter 22
Chapter 28 Box 28.1 How do we know that hormones increase maternal responsivity? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Box 22.1 How do we know about establishing neuroendocrineebehavior interactions? Brian C. Trainor and Randy J. Nelson
Box 28.2 How do we know that prolactin receptors are involved in maternal behavior? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Box 22.2 How do we know how to identify neurosteroids in brain tissue? Brian C. Trainor and Randy J. Nelson
Box 28.3 How do we know that infants activate reward pathways in the brain of parents? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley Box 28.4 How do we know that 11-b HSD in the placenta is involved in prenatal programming of the stress response? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley
Chapter 23 Box 23.1 How do we know that subordinate rats are stressed? Karen A. Scott, Kellie L. K. Tamashiro, Randall R. Sakai Chapter 24 Box 24.1 How do we know that the effect of estrogen treatment (ET) on cognition in women depends on the timing of the initiation of therapy? Barbara B. Sherwin Chapter 25 Box 25.1 How do we know that the human brain is sexually dimorphic? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.2 How do we know that the synthetic hormones used in oral contraceptives modulate the neural circuitry of emotion of women? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.3 How do we know that estradiol and progesterone have independent effects upon key neurotransmitter systems that mediate affect and emotion Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith Box 25.4 How do we know that the postmenopausal use of exogenous hormones alters brain metabolism? Sarah L. Berga, and Yolanda R. Smith
Box 28.5 How do we know that maternal care influences DNA methylation during postnatal development? Frances A. Champagne and James P. Curley Chapter 29 Box 29.1 How do we know about familial or sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome or Chrousos’ syndrome? Tomoshige Kino, Evangelia Charmandari, and George P. Chrousos Chapter 30 Box 30.1 How do we know if FSH is necessary for androgen production? Lawrence C. Layman Chapter 31 Box 31.1 How do we know about the pathogenesis of RTH and the function of thyroid hormone receptors? Aniket R. Sidhaye and Frederic E. Wondisford Chapter 32 Box 32.1 How do we know about d3GH receptor polymorphism and responsiveness to GH therapy? Roberto Salvatori
Chapter 26
Chapter 33
Box 26.1 How do we know that some hormones protect the nervous system from aging-associated deterioration? In˜igo Azcoitia and Luis M. Garcia-Segura
Box 33.1 How do we know about androgen specificity of aromatase? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson
x
LIST OF “HOW DO WE KNOW?” BOXES
Box 33.2 How do we know about sexual behavior in male ArKO mice Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Box 33.3 How do we know about in situ apoptosis? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Box 33.4 How do we know about learning and memory in rodents? Wah Chin Boon and Evan R Simpson Chapter 34 Box 34.1 How do we know there may be an intrinsic cell defect in the origin of pituitary adenomas? Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.2 How do we know? Diagnostic approach to elevated prolactin Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.3 How do we know? Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to acromegaly Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed
Box 34.4 How do we know? Diagnostic approach to Cushing’s syndrome Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Box 34.5 How do we know novel genes are involved in pituitary pathogenesis? Ines Donangelo and Shlomo Melmed Chapter 35 Box 35.1 How do we know about somatostatin receptors, key targets for diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors? Richard A. Feelders, Leo J. Hofland, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Steven W. Lamberts, and Wouter W. De Herder Chapter 36 Box 36.1 How do we know that endocrine function affects behavioral and mood disturbances? David R. Rubinow, Virginia L. Crowder, Peter J. Schmidt, and Katya B. Rubinow