List of Symbols

List of Symbols a activity, interfacial area A Helmholtz free energy, chemical affinity A* nondimensional affinity B, C virial coefficients Be Bejan number Br Brinkman number c concentration, cost Cp, Cv heat capacities at constant-pressure and constant-volume, respectively D diffusion coefficient, diameter Da Damko¨hler number DS,e effective diffusion coefficient for the substrate S DD,e coupling coefficient related to the Dufour effect DT,e coupling coefficient related to the Soret effect e energy ex specific exergy E activation energy of the chemical reaction, energy Ex exergy f fugacity of pure component fi fugacity of species in a mixture F force g acceleration of gravity G Gibbs free energy DGr Gibbs free energy change on reaction DHr reaction enthalpy h enthalpy (specific), Planck constant H enthalpy, Henry’s law constant I electric current J diffusive mass flux Jq conduction heat flux W me2 Jr reaction velocity k thermal conductivity kB Boltzmann constant K chemical equilibrium constant Kij resistance coefficients ke effective thermal conductivity kv first-order reaction rate constant L characteristic half thickness Le Lewis number Lik phenomenological coefficients (conductance) Lqr coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and heat flow Lsr coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and mass flow m mass M molecular weight n number of components

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

N number of moles Nu Nusselt number p probability P pressure, volumetric rate of entropy production Pe Peclet number Pr Prandtl number Pi partial pressure of species i Pr reduced pressure qij degree of coupling between processes i and j Q partition function q heat flow vector Q v volumetric flow R gas constant Re Reynolds number s specific entropy S entropy Sc Schmidt number Sprod entropy production t time T temperature Tr reduced temperature u specific internal energy U internal energy v velocity vector V volume w mass fraction W work Ws shaft work x liquid mole fraction, ratio of forces X thermodynamic force y vapor-phase mole fraction z dimensionless distance Z compressibility factor, configuration integral

GREEK LETTERS a ae a g gi d dij ε f F

eigenvalues effective thermal diffusivity coefficient of thermal expansion, thermicity group specific heat ratio, Arrhenius group, dimensionless activity coefficient small deviations Kronecker delta function dimensionless coefficient related to Soret effect, extent of a chemical reaction, elasticity coefficient generalized Thiele modulus, dimensionless local entropy generation rate

LIST OF SYMBOLS

h 4 kT m n l r P Q z U J s s u

efficiency, shear viscosity dimensionless temperature isothermal compressibility chemical potential, viscosity stoichiometric coefficient, kinematic viscosity dimensionless concentration controlling parameters density osmotic pressure grand canonical partition function thermal noise degeneracy of energy level of ensemble dissipation function, dissipated available energy dimensionless parameter dimensionless time accentric factor, dimensionless parameter related to Dufour effect, degeneracy of molecular energy level

SUBSCRIPTS av average az azeotrope b backward, bulk c critical, charging chem chemical d discharging dis dissipation D Dufour e effective enz enzyme eq equilibrium state EOS equation of state f forward, formation liq liquid L liquid m melting mech mechanical min minimum mix mixing or mixture opt optimum p packed prod production q heat r reaction, reduced property rev reversible R residual properties s surface, isentropic sat property along a two-phase coexistence line

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

sol solution S Soret T thermal diffusivity th thermodynamic V vapor vap vapor

SUPERSCRIPTS E excess R reduced sat saturation . rate 0 reference (initial) conditions o standard conditions

ABBREVIATIONS ATP adenosine triphosphate ADP adenosine diphosphate AMP adenosine monohosphate A(CoA) acetyl coenzyme COP coefficient of Performance DNA deoxyribonucleic acid FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide FMN flavin mononucleotide mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide PCM Phase Changing Material RNA ribonucleic acid TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle