Literature Research in Relevant Fields to Understand Pressure Relief Valve Leak Tightness in a Static Closed State

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\

/LWHUDWXUH5HVHDUFKLQ5HOHYDQW)LHOGVWR8QGHUVWDQG3UHVVXUH 5HOLHI9DOYH/HDN7LJKWQHVVLQD6WDWLF&ORVHG6WDWH $$$QZDUD <*RUDVKD:'HPSVWHUD5+DPLOWRQD a

Weir Advanced Research Centre, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14

Keywords:&RQWDFW6XUIDFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV0HWDOWRPHWDOVHDOOHDNDJHVXUIDFHGHIRUPDWLRQ6DIHW\YDOYH

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUHDUHPDQ\FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHYDOYHVZKLFKSHUIRUPGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQV(VVHQWLDOO\YDOYHVFDQIXQFWLRQ DV LVRODWRUV GLYHUWHUV IORZ UHYHUVDO SUHYHQWLRQ DQG UHGXFH SUHVVXUHV ZLWKLQ D VHUYLFH V\VWHP 7KH VHUYLFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV UDQJH IURP IOXLG W\SH IOXLG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV SUHVVXUH WHPSHUDWXUH FKHPLFDO UHVLVWDQFH DQG ILQDOO\ 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:DOLDQZDU#VWUDWKDFXN

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.179

96

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

RSHUDWLRQDODQGPDLQWHQDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWV>@$SSURSULDWHYDOYHVHOHFWLRQLVGHSHQGHQWRQFRPSOHWHNQRZOHGJHRI WKHUHTXLUHGIXQFWLRQDQGWKHVHUYLFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV  1RPHQFODWXUH h 5 T P0 P1 Kn2 K qv ZLGWK

SDUDOOHOJDSKHLJKW JDVFRQVWDQW WHPSHUDWXUH LQOHW3UHVVXUH RXWOHWSUHVVXUH .QXGVHQQXPEHUDWRXWOHW WUDQVPLVVLYLW\WHQVRU 3RLVHXOOH/DZYROXPHWULFIORZUDWH SHUXQLW

qd ZLGWK ¨p ‫׏‬c D  μ ȡ ı

)LFN¶VODZYROXPHWULFIORZUDWH SHUXQLW FKDQJHLQIOXLGSUHVVXUH PDVVIUDFWLRQRIVSHFLHV GLIIXVLYLW\WHQVRU PROHFXODUGLIIXVLRQFRHIILFLHQW YLVFRVLW\ GHQVLW\ DFFRPPRGDWLRQFRHIILFLHQW

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µOHVVWKDWDWPRVSKHULFFFVHFRIKHOLXP¶>@ 

 )LJ359FORVHGVWDWLF DQGRSHQUHOLHYLQJ %OXHUHJLRQUHSUHVHQWVWKHIOXLG>@

97

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

3UHYLRXVZRUNVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHOHDNDJHUDWHLVHLWKHUYLVFRXVODPLQDUIORZPROHFXODUIORZRULQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWH RUWUDQVLWLRQDOUHJLPHRUDPL[RIERWK$VVXPLQJWKHQRQFRQWDFWDUHDWKURXJKWKHJDSWREHDILQLWHOHQJWKDQGWKH IOXLG WREH LVRWKHUPDO DQGYLVFRXV FRPSUHVVLEOHLQFRPSUHVVLEOH 3RLVHXLOOH IORZ HTXDWLRQV DUHXWLOL]HG HLWKHUIRU D FLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ>@RUSDUDOOHOSODWHV0RUHUHFHQWZRUNVKRZVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIOXLGIORZGXHWRGLIIXVLRQ IOX[EDVHGRQKLJKWRORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQUHJLRQVWKURXJKWKHFRQWDFWLQJVXUIDFHVXVLQJ)LFN¶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et al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ͼ&WRͼ&DQGSUHVVXULVHGXSWREDU>@ $VVXPLQJWKHYDOYHKDVQRWRSHQHGDQGWKHVHDWDQGGLVFLVLQFRQWDFWRQO\WKHVXUIDFHGHIRUPDWLRQVDWDPLFUR VFDOHIRUPDQDSHUWXUHILHOGWKURXJKZKLFKWKHIOXLGFDQHVFDSHRXWZLWKWKH359 ,QSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV>@RQJDVNHWVYDOYHVDQGPHWDOVXUIDFHFRQWDFWVWKHIOXLGIOX[KDVEHHQDVVXPHGWR EH ODPLQDU DQG HLWKHU YLVFRXV LVRWKHUPDO FRPSUHVVLEOHLQFRPSUHVVLEOH DQG HTXDWHG XVLQJ 3RLVHXOOH /DZ qv YROXPHWULFIORZUDWH SHUXQLWZLGWKLQ(T RUGLIIXVLYHHTXDWHGXVLQJ)LFN¶VODZqdYROXPHWULFIORZUDWH SHU XQLWZLGWKLQ(T DVVKRZQEHORZ

K

qv



qd

U D’c 

P

'p 



 



 

ZKHUHȝLVWKHYLVFRVLW\pLVWKHIOXLGSUHVVXUHȡLVWKHGHQVLW\  LVWKHPROHFXODUGLIIXVLRQFRHIILFLHQWDQGcLVWKH PDVV IUDFWLRQ RI WKH VSHFLHV K DQG D DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH WUDQVPLVVLYLW\ DQG GLIIXVLYLW\ WHQVRUV 7KHVH DOORZ WKH

98

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

OLQHLFIORZUDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWREHGHVFULEHGDWWKHVFDOHRIWKHVXUIDFH%DVHGRQDSDUDOOHOJDSZLWKDKHLJKWRIK WKHVHWHUPVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV

K

h  

D h



 



 

0DMRULW\RIDXWKRUVKDYHDGRSWHGDSDUDOOHOJDS>@UDWKHUWKDQDFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ>@7KLVJHQHUDOLVDWLRQ LVPRUHDSSURSULDWHVLQFHWKHGLDPHWHURIIORZSDWKGRHVQRWQHHGWREHNQRZQUDWKHUWKHVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH FRQWDFWVXUIDFHVLVDGHTXDWH$OVRWKLVLVRQO\DSSOLFDEOHWRDVSHULWLHVZLWKORFDOVPDOOVORSHVh‫ ا‬ORU‫@> ͼޒ‬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et al.>@LQDQDQDO\WLFDOPRGHO ZKLFKLVDQH[WHQVLRQRIWKH3RLVHXLOOH¶V/DZIRUIOXLGIOX[WKURXJKDSDUDOOHOJDSZULWWHQDV

q

h  P RT

   V ª  º P  P      P P Kn P P P        » «¬  V P ¼

 

ZKHUH ı LV WKH DFFRPPRGDWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW R LV WKH JDV FRQVWDQW T LV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG Kn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µWKHFRQWDFW EHWZHHQWZRURXJKVXUIDFHVFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHHTXLYDOHQWWRWKHFRQWDFWEHWZHHQDQLPDJLQDU\URXJKVXUIDFH KDYLQJDQDSSURSULDWHHIIHFWLYHWRSRJUDSK\DQGDSHUIHFWO\IODWVXUIDFH¶DQGµWKHFRQWDFWLQJDVSHULWLHVGHIRUPLQDQ LGHDOSODVWLFPDQQHUVRWKDWSURYLGLQJQRLQWHUIHUHQFHIURPQHLJKERXULQJDVSHULWLHVRFFXUVDQGWKDWZRUNKDUGHQLQJ GRHVQRWWDNHSODFH¶DVWKDWVKRZQLQ)LJ(VVHQWLDOO\WKHIODWVXUIDFHLVDVVXPHGULJLGSHUIHFWO\SODVWLFVXUIDFH 7KHVH DUH DFFHSWHG DQG DSSOLHG DVVXPSWLRQV LQ UHIHUHQFHV >  @ 7KH PDLQ OLPLWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH VXP VXUIDFH WHFKQLTXHLVWKDWWKHDFWXDOVXUIDFHKDVWREHPHDVXUHGSK\VLFDOO\$IXUWKHUOLPLWDWLRQLVWKDWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH VXUIDFHLVJHQHUDOO\LQD'IRUPDWDQGDQµHIIHFWLYH¶JDSVL]HKKDVWREHFDOFXODWHGDQGLVJHQHUDOO\EDVHGRQDQ DYHUDJHYDOXHVDVGHPRQVWUDWHGE\>@

99

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

 )LJ6XPVXUIDFHWHFKQLTXHJHQHUDWLRQRIDQHTXLYDOHQWURXJKVXUIDFH%ODFNDUHDVLQGLFDWHPLFURFRQWDFWV>@

0RUHUHFHQWO\WKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVRIERWKODSSHGDQGVDQGEODVWHGVXUIDFHVKDVEHHQUHSUHVHQWHGDVVHOIDIILQH IUDFWDO VXUIDFHV FRPELQHGZLWK WKH VXP VXUIDFH WHFKQLTXH FRQWDFWLQJ DULJLGSHUIHFWO\SODVWLF IODW VXUIDFH>@ %\ XVLQJ IUDFWDO DQDO\VLV WKH VHOIDIILQH IUDFWDO VXUIDFH LV EDVHG RQ WZR SDUDPHWHUV DQG LV FUHDWHG XVLQJ D SRZHU ODZ 8VLQJ WKLV WHFKQLTXH WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV FDQ EH PRGHOOHG LQ ' UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH ZKROH DSHUWXUH ILHOG ' UHSUHVHQWDWLRQFDQEHFUHDWHGXVLQJWKLVWHFKQLTXHEXWDQµHIIHFWLYHJDSVL]H¶KZRXOGKDYHWREHHPSOR\HGZKHQ FDOFXODWLQJOHDNDJHUDWH9DOOHWet al.VKRZJRRGDJUHHPHQWZKHQFRPSDULQJWKHIUDFWDOVXUIDFHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWRWKH µUHDO¶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¶VFRPHLQWRFRQWDFWWKHDFWXDOFRQWDFWDUHDLVPXFK OHVV WKDQ WKH QRPLQDO DUHD 7KH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH FRQWDFW DUHD LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH ORDG DSSOLHG 6R WKH DFFXUDWH GHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV¶VLVRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHVLQFHWKHYRLGVEHWZHHQWKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV¶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

100

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103



)LJ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHFUHVWDQGYDOOH\VLQXVRLGDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGWKHIOXLGIORZSDWKLQHLWKHUDUDGLDORUFLUFXPIHUHQWLDO PDQQHU>@

$QRWKHUDQDO\WLFDOWHFKQLTXHZKLFKDFFRXQWVIRUHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQLVWKH+HUW]WKHRU\>@7KH+HUW]HODVWLF GHIRUPDWLRQWKHRU\LVRQO\DSSOLFDEOHIRUVXUIDFHVZLWKSXUHO\VSKHULFDODSHUWXUHFRQWDFWLQJVKDSHV,WLVHPSOR\HG E\0DQet al.>@IRUWZR'UDQGRPURXJKVXUIDFHVLQFRQWDFW$VWKHWZRURXJKVXUIDFHVFRPHLQWRFRQWDFWDQG GHIRUPGXHWRWKHORDGLQJDSSOLHGWKHOHDNDJHSDWKWKURXJKWKHDSHUWXUHILHOGLVGLFWDWHGE\WKHODUJHVWJDSIURPRQH HQG RI WKH VSHFLPHQ WR WKH RWKHU DQG LV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ D µUHFRJQLWLRQ DOJRULWKP¶ )LJ   7KLV IOXLG IORZ SDWK UHFRJQLWLRQLVDVLPSOLVWLFEXWHIIHFWLYHWKHRU\WRDOORZRQHWRXQGHUVWDQGLIWKHPLFURFRQWDFWXQGHUVSHFLILFORDGV ZLOOHLWKHUOHDNRUQRWIRUDPDWHULDO 

 )LJ5HFRJQLWLRQDOJRULWKPGLDJUDPRIOHDNSDWKLGHQWLILFDWLRQZKHUHLVQRJDSDQGLVWKHIOXLGIORZSDWK>@

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

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

101

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ȝPZKHQDORZORDGIRUFHLVDSSOLHG:KHQDPD[LPXPRI03DRIIRUFHLVDSSOLHGRQWKHIODQJHWKHQ OHDNDJHUDWHLVWKHOHDVWDQGLVVLPLODUIRUDOO5D¶VEHLQJDQGȝ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hRUhAIRUD SDUDOOHOJDS7KLVLVPDLQO\EHHQDFFRXQWHGIRURQO\ODPLQDUYLVFRXVLQFRPSUHVVLEOHFRPSUHVVLEOHRUGLIIXVLYHIORZ WKURXJKWKHDSHUWXUHILHOGZLWKPRUHUHFHQWZRUNLQDFFRXQWLQJIRUWKHUDUHIDFWLRQRIWKHIORZ+RZHYHUWKHSDUDOOHO JDSDVVXPSWLRQLVOLPLWHGWRVPDOODVSHULWLHVh‫ ا‬ODQGWKHUHKDVWREHDQµHIIHFWLYH¶KHLJKWXVHGIRUD'VXUIDFH PRGHO ZKLFK LV JHRPHWULFDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG DV VLPSOH VXUIDFHV :KLOH IRU D ' VXUIDFH PRGHOV FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV VXFK DV 0$7/$% RU HTXLYDOHQW FDQ EH XVHG WR PRGHO ODSSHG VXUIDFHV ZLWK KLJK DFFXUDF\ DV VHOIDIILQH IUDFWDO VXUIDFHVEXWDUHH[WHQVLYH ,QUHDOLW\7VXNL]RHDQG+LVDNDGRDQGWKHVOLSOLQHWKHRU\LVQRWFRPSOHWHO\YDOLGIRUPXOWLSOHDVSHULW\FRQWDFWV GHPRQVWUDWHGE\8SSDODQG3UREHUW¶V>@H[SHULPHQW7KH\VKRZHGWKDWIRUDPXOWLSOHDVSHULW\VXUIDFHLQFRQWDFW ZLWKDKDUGHUIODWVXUIDFHXQGHUDKLJKORDGWKHVKDOORZHUYDOOH\VGRULVH—P±—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

102

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103

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et al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

6PLWK(9LYLDQ%( $QLQWURGXFWRU\JXLGHWRYDOYHVHOHFWLRQQGHGLWLRQ6XIIRON0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ3XEOLFDWLRQV/LPLWHG 6PLWK3=DSSH5: 9DOYH6HOHFWLRQ+DQGERRNWKHGLWLRQ2[IRUG*XOI3URIHVVLRQDO3XEOLVKLQJ 1DWLRQDO $HURQDXWLFV DQG 6SDFH $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ   $GYDQFHG 9DOYH OHDNDJH 7(&+12/2*< 6859(< .DQVDV &LW\ 0LVVRXUL &OHDULQJKRXVHIRU)HGHUDO6FLHQWLILFDQG7HFKQLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ 0\FKHPHFRP P\&KHP(ª7\SHVRI3UHVVXUH5HOLHI'HYLFHV>RQOLQH@$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZP\FKHPHFRPW\SHVRISUHVVXUH UHOLHIGHYLFHV>$FFHVVHG2FW@

A.A. Anwar et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 95 – 103 >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

>@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@

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³0RGHOOLQJRIPHWDOWRPHWDOVHDOVLQDSUHVVXUHUHOLHIYDOYHXVLQJDGYDQFHG )(DQDO\VLV´,Q:,77UDQVDFWLRQVRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHVHGV-7K0GH+RVVRQ0+DGILHOGDQG&$%UHEELD YROSS±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

103