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Loneliness induced by lack of trusts from others
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e109–e222
ble inhibitory effect of HESR family on DAT expression and importance for dopaminergic systems.
P1-m02 Loneliness induced by lack of trusts from others Tsugumi Takano 1 , Ken Mogi 2 1
doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2372
P1-l28 Exercise prevents increased anxiety behaviors and decreased serotonergic axon density in the rat brain induced by early weaning Junko Ishikawa , Akinori Ishikawa, Yuko Dekitani, Shoji Nakamura Systems Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Early life stress is thought to induce emotion dysregulation, which may be associated with impairment of brain maturation. Since serotonin has a critical role in brain maturation, the impairment of the serotonergic system in the developmental period could cause the developmental disruption of the brain. On the other hand, exercise, which is known to affect the serotonergic system in the brain, exerts beneficial effects on emotional behavior in adult animals. These findings raise the possibility that exercise during development could improve emotion dysregulation induced by early life stress through the serotonergic system. The present study examined the effects of early weaning (EW) stress on anxiety behaviors and the density of serotonergic axons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dentate gyrus (DG). Moreover we investigated whether voluntary wheel running following EW (EW + VWR) could improve EW stress-induced changes in anxiety behaviors and serotonergic axon density. The EW rats, which were weaned from their mother at postnatal day (PD) 14, showed an increase in anxiety behavior in the open field test at PD 28. Immunohistochemical study showed that EW stress induced a decrease in the density of serotonergic axons in the mPFC and BLA but not in the DG. EW + VWR produced no significant difference in anxiety behaviors and the density of serotonergic axons in the dorsal mPFC, BLA and DG as compared to control. The density of serotonergic axons in the ventral mPFC of the EW + VWR rats, though significantly lower than that of control rats, was significantly higher compared to the EW rats. Our results show that exercise prevents the EW stress-induced increase in anxiety behavior and decrease in the density of serotonergic axons, suggesting a possible role of the serotonergic system in the beneficial effects of exercise on emotion. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2373
P1-m01 Role of the left temporoparietal junction for arm crossing Makoto Wada , Kouji Takano, Shiro Ikegami, Kenji Kansaku Cogn Funct Sect, Dept Sens Funct, Res Inst of Natl Rehab Cent, Tokorozawa When unseen tactile stimuli were delivered to crossed arms, reversal of subjective temporal order occurs (Yamamoto & Kitazawa, 2001; Shore et al., 2002). Neuroimaging approaches by using fMRI (Takahashi et al., 2004) and TMS (Kansaku et al., 2009) have shown that the involvement of the temporoparietal junctions (TPJ) in the temporal order judgment tasks. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether baseline changes occur in the areas when simply crossing arms without tactile stimuli delivered. We compared fMRI signals between the arms crossed condition and the uncrossed condition. Subjects (n = 12, 9 males and 3 females, 19-38 y.o.) were required to change their arm positions from the rest position (besides the legs) to the test position (on the legs) with their arms uncrossed or crossed. Beep sounds were used for the cue to instruct the task timings. Duration of each epoch was 40 sec.When comparing the two test conditions (arms uncrossed condition and arms crossed condition), the left inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) including TPJ showed greater activations during the arms crossed condition than during the arms uncrossed condition (p < 0.05, FDR corrected, masked by the arms crossed condition at p = 0.05). The right frontal areas (BA 9, 44) were also activated in the arms crossed condition. These activations were greater when subjects’ eyes were closed. Lloyd et al. (2003) formerly reported the activity change in the right ventral intraparietal sulcus when unseen tactile stimuli were delivered to the right hand, across the body midline; and here we further found that crossing arms caused baseline changes in the left TPJ even without tactile stimuli. These baseline changes might be related to reversal of the subjective temporal order with their arms crossed. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2374
e181
Tokyo Institute of Technology 2 Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Tokyo
Humans are social animals and live by building bonds with others. It has been suggested that interpersonal bonds, especially those between caregivers and babies (“attachment”), has an important role for cognitive and social abilities (Ainsworth, MS. & Bowlby, J. 1991). Attachment is considered to operate through one’s lifetime. But the neural mechanisms of attachment in adulthood are still not clear. Studies have suggested the significance of social interaction. Social rewards activate the striatum in a manner similar to the monetary reward (Izuma K., et al. 2008). The anterior cingulate cortex is activated by the distress of social exclusion (Takahashi H., et al. 2009), while the parietal cortex concerning spatial processing of self-referential physical distance is associated with the evaluation of social distance (Yamakawa Y., et al. 2009). A sense of isolation could even enhance one’s suicidal ideation (Skodlar, B., et al. 2008). Here we investigate how a sense of isolation is induced in social interactions. We have previously showed that a lack of interpersonal trust can induce a sense of isolation in the physical proximity of others (Takano and Mogi 2009). Here we examine the nature of feelings and behaviors related to senses of isolation, sadness and loneliness induced by interaction involving mutual rewarding and attention payment. Based on the result, we analyze the relative contributions and interactions of physical proximity and the dynamics of mutual trust. We discuss the relevance of our data for models describing interpersonal interactions (e.g. the internal working model, Craik 1943) doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2375
P1-m03 Quantitative analysis of kicking and biting behavioral responses to mechanical touch stimuli in socially isolated mice Toshiko Kuchiiwa 1 , Takatoshi Komiya 2 , Takuya Kuchiiwa 3 , Junko Wakamoto 1 , Osamu Murakami 4 , Satoshi Kuchiiwa 5
1 Fac International Human Studies, Kagoshima Immaculate Heart Univ, Kagoshima, Japan 2 Dept Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacology, Kagoshima Univ. Kagoshima, Japan 3 Dept Functional Morphology, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Japan 4 Muromachi Kikai Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan 5 Dept Neuroanatomy, Kagoshima Univ, Kagoshima, Japan
Social isolation is known to cause stress in laboratory animals, and induces a variety of behavioral abnormalities including increased irritable behavioral responses induced by inanimate mechanical touch (IMT) stimuli. In the present study, using the Aversive Response Meter (ARM: Muromachi Kikai Co. Ltd.) that we previously developed, we analyzed kicking and biting behavioral responses induced by IMT stimuli, and investigated whether these behavioral responses are valid for assessing aggravation or amelioration of psychiatric symptoms. Male ddY mice were either housed in groups or isolated after weaning and intensities of kicking and biting responses were measured using the ARM at weekly intervals. Isolation for 1 week caused an increase in both kicking and biting behavioral responses. The responses were gradually enhanced in a time-dependent manner, and up to 3 weeks after the beginning of isolation, significant differences were found between the isolated and group housed mice. These behavioral aberrations could be reversed by subsequent re-socialization. In mice subjected to prolonged isolation (over 10 weeks), both responses were measured every 4 days for 4 weeks. The results indicated that the intensities of both responses were not significantly altered during the experimental period. Socially isolated laboratory animals are used as models of neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia and/or depression, and it is generally considered that these models require 4 or more weeks of isolation before onset. The present results suggest that kicking and biting behaviors are valuable indices for prescreening of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and depression, and both behavioral tests can be used in quantitative analysis of symptoms of various psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, these behavioral tests can be performed repeatedly using the same individual laboratory animal for a duration of one month or more. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2376
ble inhibitory effect of HESR family on DAT expression and importance for dopaminergic systems.
P1-m02 Loneliness induced by lack of trusts from others Tsugumi Takano 1 , Ken Mogi 2 1
doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2372
P1-l28 Exercise prevents increased anxiety behaviors and decreased serotonergic axon density in the rat brain induced by early weaning Junko Ishikawa , Akinori Ishikawa, Yuko Dekitani, Shoji Nakamura Systems Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Early life stress is thought to induce emotion dysregulation, which may be associated with impairment of brain maturation. Since serotonin has a critical role in brain maturation, the impairment of the serotonergic system in the developmental period could cause the developmental disruption of the brain. On the other hand, exercise, which is known to affect the serotonergic system in the brain, exerts beneficial effects on emotional behavior in adult animals. These findings raise the possibility that exercise during development could improve emotion dysregulation induced by early life stress through the serotonergic system. The present study examined the effects of early weaning (EW) stress on anxiety behaviors and the density of serotonergic axons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dentate gyrus (DG). Moreover we investigated whether voluntary wheel running following EW (EW + VWR) could improve EW stress-induced changes in anxiety behaviors and serotonergic axon density. The EW rats, which were weaned from their mother at postnatal day (PD) 14, showed an increase in anxiety behavior in the open field test at PD 28. Immunohistochemical study showed that EW stress induced a decrease in the density of serotonergic axons in the mPFC and BLA but not in the DG. EW + VWR produced no significant difference in anxiety behaviors and the density of serotonergic axons in the dorsal mPFC, BLA and DG as compared to control. The density of serotonergic axons in the ventral mPFC of the EW + VWR rats, though significantly lower than that of control rats, was significantly higher compared to the EW rats. Our results show that exercise prevents the EW stress-induced increase in anxiety behavior and decrease in the density of serotonergic axons, suggesting a possible role of the serotonergic system in the beneficial effects of exercise on emotion. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2373
P1-m01 Role of the left temporoparietal junction for arm crossing Makoto Wada , Kouji Takano, Shiro Ikegami, Kenji Kansaku Cogn Funct Sect, Dept Sens Funct, Res Inst of Natl Rehab Cent, Tokorozawa When unseen tactile stimuli were delivered to crossed arms, reversal of subjective temporal order occurs (Yamamoto & Kitazawa, 2001; Shore et al., 2002). Neuroimaging approaches by using fMRI (Takahashi et al., 2004) and TMS (Kansaku et al., 2009) have shown that the involvement of the temporoparietal junctions (TPJ) in the temporal order judgment tasks. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether baseline changes occur in the areas when simply crossing arms without tactile stimuli delivered. We compared fMRI signals between the arms crossed condition and the uncrossed condition. Subjects (n = 12, 9 males and 3 females, 19-38 y.o.) were required to change their arm positions from the rest position (besides the legs) to the test position (on the legs) with their arms uncrossed or crossed. Beep sounds were used for the cue to instruct the task timings. Duration of each epoch was 40 sec.When comparing the two test conditions (arms uncrossed condition and arms crossed condition), the left inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) including TPJ showed greater activations during the arms crossed condition than during the arms uncrossed condition (p < 0.05, FDR corrected, masked by the arms crossed condition at p = 0.05). The right frontal areas (BA 9, 44) were also activated in the arms crossed condition. These activations were greater when subjects’ eyes were closed. Lloyd et al. (2003) formerly reported the activity change in the right ventral intraparietal sulcus when unseen tactile stimuli were delivered to the right hand, across the body midline; and here we further found that crossing arms caused baseline changes in the left TPJ even without tactile stimuli. These baseline changes might be related to reversal of the subjective temporal order with their arms crossed. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2374
e181
Tokyo Institute of Technology 2 Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Tokyo
Humans are social animals and live by building bonds with others. It has been suggested that interpersonal bonds, especially those between caregivers and babies (“attachment”), has an important role for cognitive and social abilities (Ainsworth, MS. & Bowlby, J. 1991). Attachment is considered to operate through one’s lifetime. But the neural mechanisms of attachment in adulthood are still not clear. Studies have suggested the significance of social interaction. Social rewards activate the striatum in a manner similar to the monetary reward (Izuma K., et al. 2008). The anterior cingulate cortex is activated by the distress of social exclusion (Takahashi H., et al. 2009), while the parietal cortex concerning spatial processing of self-referential physical distance is associated with the evaluation of social distance (Yamakawa Y., et al. 2009). A sense of isolation could even enhance one’s suicidal ideation (Skodlar, B., et al. 2008). Here we investigate how a sense of isolation is induced in social interactions. We have previously showed that a lack of interpersonal trust can induce a sense of isolation in the physical proximity of others (Takano and Mogi 2009). Here we examine the nature of feelings and behaviors related to senses of isolation, sadness and loneliness induced by interaction involving mutual rewarding and attention payment. Based on the result, we analyze the relative contributions and interactions of physical proximity and the dynamics of mutual trust. We discuss the relevance of our data for models describing interpersonal interactions (e.g. the internal working model, Craik 1943) doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2375
P1-m03 Quantitative analysis of kicking and biting behavioral responses to mechanical touch stimuli in socially isolated mice Toshiko Kuchiiwa 1 , Takatoshi Komiya 2 , Takuya Kuchiiwa 3 , Junko Wakamoto 1 , Osamu Murakami 4 , Satoshi Kuchiiwa 5
1 Fac International Human Studies, Kagoshima Immaculate Heart Univ, Kagoshima, Japan 2 Dept Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacology, Kagoshima Univ. Kagoshima, Japan 3 Dept Functional Morphology, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Japan 4 Muromachi Kikai Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan 5 Dept Neuroanatomy, Kagoshima Univ, Kagoshima, Japan
Social isolation is known to cause stress in laboratory animals, and induces a variety of behavioral abnormalities including increased irritable behavioral responses induced by inanimate mechanical touch (IMT) stimuli. In the present study, using the Aversive Response Meter (ARM: Muromachi Kikai Co. Ltd.) that we previously developed, we analyzed kicking and biting behavioral responses induced by IMT stimuli, and investigated whether these behavioral responses are valid for assessing aggravation or amelioration of psychiatric symptoms. Male ddY mice were either housed in groups or isolated after weaning and intensities of kicking and biting responses were measured using the ARM at weekly intervals. Isolation for 1 week caused an increase in both kicking and biting behavioral responses. The responses were gradually enhanced in a time-dependent manner, and up to 3 weeks after the beginning of isolation, significant differences were found between the isolated and group housed mice. These behavioral aberrations could be reversed by subsequent re-socialization. In mice subjected to prolonged isolation (over 10 weeks), both responses were measured every 4 days for 4 weeks. The results indicated that the intensities of both responses were not significantly altered during the experimental period. Socially isolated laboratory animals are used as models of neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia and/or depression, and it is generally considered that these models require 4 or more weeks of isolation before onset. The present results suggest that kicking and biting behaviors are valuable indices for prescreening of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and depression, and both behavioral tests can be used in quantitative analysis of symptoms of various psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, these behavioral tests can be performed repeatedly using the same individual laboratory animal for a duration of one month or more. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2376