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LONG-HEADS, SQUARE-HEADS, AND SHORT-HEADS.
254 time he suffered from general muscular and was confined to bed for ten days. He was then able to get about, but pain persisted in the left hip and sacral region. He had several attacks of loss of consciousness in which he fell, but there He had been were no convulsive movements. treated for neuxasthenia, and hysteria. Examination showed only marked limitation of all the movements of the spine. A skiagram revealed a fracture of the fifth lumbar vertebra. In a third case a boy, aged 11 years, was seen on Dec. 7th, 1914. On Oct. 8th he fell from a tree, a distance of 8 feet, falling on the buttocks. He was stunned for several minutes, but went home and continued to go to school for two days. On the second day he had pain in the left lumbar region. Fever began on the third day and lasted several weeks, during which time he had pain.in the left side and lower part of the abdomen and left leg. The left hip gradually became flexed. On examination he walked with the hip flexed and his hand on his knee. The hip could not be extended beyond 90°. Abduction was slightly limited, but flexion and rotation were free. The psoas muscle was contracted, and the left lower quadrant of the abdomen was slightly tender. He could not bend the spine to the right and only slightly to the left; flexion A was nearly normal and extension limited. radiogram showed lateral displacement with possible fracture of the articular processes of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The general plan of treatment consisted in traction on the head and lower limbs with gradual hyperextension of the spine until over-correction or the best possible position was attained, and application of a plaster jacket in Under this treatment all extreme hyperextension. the cases did well. It might be supposed that considerable force is necessary to fracture the vertebra, but the following case shows it is not. A farmer, aged 20 years, slipped and fell backwards, striking his spine against some curbing. For three days he walked about in great pain in the lower lumbar region. He then became so weak that he could not walk. On examination marked lumbar kyphosis was found with limitation of movement but no paralysis. A radiogram showed impaction and comminution of the body of the second lumbar vertebra.
of codein in doses of from 10 to 30 milligrammes a dav, which is particularly useful in cases with much vomiting; sulphate of quinine, which lessens the cough and improves the appetite; and potassium bromide, of which infants should receive 15 grains a day, the older children from 15 to 40 grains a day. Dr. Benstz also finds that whooping-cough in children is always accompanied by a leucocytosis, the white cells reaching a count of 40,000-50,000 at The differential count the acme of the disease. shows an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes, both large and small, with a diminution in the proportion of polymorphonuclear and eosinophile cells.
some
pain
____
LONG-HEADS, SQUARE-HEADS, AND SHORT-HEADS.
SINCE the
a
disease that is is deserving
always with
us,
Celts,
whoop-
of attention. Dr. Nelly Benstz, of Amsterdam, has recently recorded1 her experience with a few of the innumerable remedies that have been recommended for its treatment. She divides these into four classes. In Class 1 are medicaments that had no influence on the course of the disease-namely, inhalations of oxygen or of cypress oil, hot and an extract of thyme known as pertussinum. The drugs in Class 2 gave better results morphine or dionine in doses of from 1 to 4 milligrammes two or three times a day, opium, and droserin. Class 3 contains drugs that gave decidedly favourable results-bromoform, antipyrin, extract of belladonna; a 1 per cent. solution of silver nitrate painted on to the pharynx daily, in the case of older children, and the inunction of a fluorine compound known as antitussin into the neck and chest as a counter irritant. Dr. Benstz places in Class 4 the drugs that gave good results almost without exception; these are phosphate
ing cough
adrenalin,
baths,
1
Nederl. Tijdsschr.
v.
Geneesk., Amsterdam, 1916, i., 153.
disappearance from
Celts in the Alpine stock of Central Europe, the old race divisions have practically vanished. It would, indeed, seem, in view of the now accepted doctrines as to the distribution of the long-headed and short-headed races throughout Europe, that the French are half Germans, the Germans half
THE THERAPY OF WHOOPING-COUGH.
As
almost entire
ethnology of the Aryans and the merging of the
the Anglo-Saxons mainly Scandinavians, the Celtic Fringe not Celtic at all but Iberian. Even the Basques would seem to have ceased to be a homogeneous racial relic, and to be Iberians or Alpines according as they live south or north of the Pyrenees. Not a little of the Germanisation of the older ethnologists may be said to have been due to the teachings of Max Muller, whose assiduously preached Aryans, emanating from a vague plateau in Central Asia, He was followed by were virtually Germans. Bergmann, among others, with his Scythian ancestry of the Slavonic and Teutonic races, and among ourselves by such brilliant historians as Stubbs and Freeman, who traced the institutions of our AngloSaxon ancestors to the German forests and to their denizens as described in the " Germania" of Tacitus. Historians such as Coote, with his theory of Roman influences, and anthropologists have for many years been fighting counter to these doctrines. By the aid of craniometry it is now pretty well established that Europe is at most divided between two or three strata of races-the dolichocephalic, the mesocephalic, and the brachycephalic. The dolichocephalic are the oldest, and are pre-Aryan. On the high authority of Ripley, Keith, Chalmers Mitchell, and others we now know that the dolichocephals or long-heads, coming originally from the northern shores of Africa, have encircled Europe to the north-west as far as Finland. The short-heads are at most only a zone or offshoot in Central Europe of some race derived from Asia, and are perhaps the Aryans or Aryan Celts. They brought with them from beyond the Black Sea the Sanskritic languagedrift, cremation, and the use of metals. That peculiar and, to our taste, unpleasing type of German head, which looks square and is exemplified by the portraits of Von Hindenburg, may be said to be in type Alpine. It is in appearance, if not in fact, brachycephalic, and its squareness may be the origin of the word boche-a French argot word meaning blockhead (see Rigaud’s "Argot Moderne," 1888). This type of German probably owes his aspect to original brachycephaly, aided by sexual selection. He is rather Bavarian than- Prussian, but the type, so common in the German army, Primitive is found throughout the empire. peasant women marry the type of man voted
255
.handsome by their fellows. A fleshy-necked, shorttaaded type has probably always set Gretchen adoring. The Basque, as Professor Ripley points out, has often a long head behind his peculiar but not unpleasing brachycephalic type of face, and sometimes the Teutonic square-head may be really long. ’Proverbialwisdom is favourable to the longheaded man, who is held to be sagacious, whereas the bullet.-headed man is the dunderhead, the ignoble creature, the barbarian. " He would have whipped poor bullet-head, so they called the negro," says De Foe in "ColonelJack" (1722). And the seventeenth century Dictionary of the Canting Crew " speaks of " a dull silly fellow" as "bullet-headed." The French have some 15 idiomatic sayings referring to the head, but in only one case do we find an allusion to its shape. They say " C’est une tête
carr6e"in reference
to
an
obstinate
fellow.
According to Ripley, people do not as a rule pay regard to the- shape of the head, despite the above citations. ’The long-headed Greeks of antiquity made their statues brachycephalic. It is a question, indeed, whether the broad heads are in any way inferior to the long heads in intellectual achievement or the capacity for civilisation. And this being so, it would be wiser for the Anglo-Saxon to pride himself on the excellent use that during the centuries he has made of culture-drifts, which have given him freedomand other benefits, rather than on the shape of his skull. RETINAL GLIOMA IN A BOY AGED 13.
with a metastasis into the vitreous. Alternatively he calls it a neuro-epithelial glioma, or a gliosarcoma, or a glioma sarcomatodes. He has found a single case [like his own in the literature of the subject, to which he makes numerous referenoes. But how trauma of the eye can give rise to the development of such a tumour as is described above he is not able to say. CEREBRO-SPINAL FEVER IN RELATION TO CERTAIN COSMIC PHENOMENA.
IN the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps for November, Lieutenant Arthur Compton the results of a series of interesting observagives tions concerned with the temperature and the relative humidity of the air in relation to the cases of cerebro.spinal fever occurring at Weymouth during March-June, 1915. Referring to humidity, Lieutenant Compton shows that whenever the curve passed through a maximum value the occurrence of a case of the disease was an almost invariable accompaniment. In other words, the degree of saturation of the atmosphere by water-vapour may be an etiological factor in determining an outbreak of the disease. Referring to temperature, Lieutenant Compton’s observations reveal the fact that cases of the disease most often made their appearance in connexion with minimum readings on the curve or when the maximum and minimum temperatures were not widely separated. That is to say, that the cases are most liable to occur when the temperature conditions are equable. No doubt equable
1915,
GLIOMA of the retina almost always occurs in temperature conditions, as Lieutenant Compton infants or young children, and is most often, points out, are favourable to the survival of the indeed, congenital. Dr. E. Paparcone has recently I meningococcus in the air, and possibly also to its describeda case occurring in a boy aged 13 within multiplication there. The number of cases of a month of a slight injury to the eye. While cerebro-spinal fever dealt with in this investigaplaying the boy ran his right eye against a low tion was only 15, and it remains to be seen if branch of a tree; the blow was painful but seemed similar careful observations in other localities and to cause no further trouble. A few days later the with larger numbers of cases yield similar results. sight of the eye began to fail. A month later the From the material available Lieutenant Compton ’boy was seen by Dr. Paparcone, who found the left seems to have demonstrated that two factors may ’eye quite normal; the vision of the right eye was determine the incidence of cases of cerebro-spinal reduced to 5/30, the cornea, iris, and intra-ocular fever—namely, s-udden saturation of the atmotension were normal, but examination of the fundus sphere by water-vapour, combined with equable showed a large oval white area in the internal and conditions of temperature. lower segment about the equator of the eye. The white surface was not shiny, was fairly sharply delimited, and was traversed by two minute blood- INVERSION OF THE PELVIC BONES AS A CAUSE OF DEFORMITY. vessels ; there was no retinal oedema or elevation. Leucosarcoma of the choroid was diagnosed, to the A NOVEL cause of female pelvic deformity, due exclusion of tuberculoma, detachment of the retina, to developmental inversion of the pelvic bones, cysticercus, and some congenital defect. The whereby the ilio-sacral or ischio-pubic segments patient disappeared for four months and returned take on a male instead of a female type, is described with a manifest intra-ocular tumour. The eye was Dr. D. Berry Hart in the -current number of the removed under local anaesthesia; the boy was in by Medical Review. In addition to the Edinburgh perfect health more than a year later. Examina- characters ordinarily assigned to the female human tion of the eye showed a tumour free in the width and roominess with lighter vitreous and another .adherent to the choroid. pelvis-greater structure-Dr. Hart calls attention to the general The tumour was found under the microscope to different shape of the sacro-sciatic notch as seen in consist of small round cells consisting mainly of the two sexes. In the male the arch forming the nucleus and grouped closely round blood-vessels; border of the notch is comparatively sharp structures resembling the so-called Wintersteiner’s upper and is formed by the ilium alone, whereas in the rosettes were seen; the blood-vessels were female the arch is flattened and the posterior curve numerous and thin-walled. Cyst-formation and is formed by the sacrum. Again, in the haemorrhages were not observed. A few canals male the principally auricular surface is usually made sacral between the gliomatous cells were detected; of and half two a or even three sacral vertebrae, ganglion cells and neuroglial cells were not seen. up in while the female two vertebrae take part in only ’The general structure of the tumour was that of this from conditions such as structure, apart special a tubular angiosarcoma; Dr. Paparcone concludes that it was an endophytic glioma of the retina, kyphosis or the existence of six sacral segments. If inversion or change of sexual type of the 1 Lo Sperim., Florence, 1915, vol. lxix., p. 855. pelvic bones occur, the sacro-sciatic notch in
of codein in doses of from 10 to 30 milligrammes a dav, which is particularly useful in cases with much vomiting; sulphate of quinine, which lessens the cough and improves the appetite; and potassium bromide, of which infants should receive 15 grains a day, the older children from 15 to 40 grains a day. Dr. Benstz also finds that whooping-cough in children is always accompanied by a leucocytosis, the white cells reaching a count of 40,000-50,000 at The differential count the acme of the disease. shows an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes, both large and small, with a diminution in the proportion of polymorphonuclear and eosinophile cells.
some
pain
____
LONG-HEADS, SQUARE-HEADS, AND SHORT-HEADS.
SINCE the
a
disease that is is deserving
always with
us,
Celts,
whoop-
of attention. Dr. Nelly Benstz, of Amsterdam, has recently recorded1 her experience with a few of the innumerable remedies that have been recommended for its treatment. She divides these into four classes. In Class 1 are medicaments that had no influence on the course of the disease-namely, inhalations of oxygen or of cypress oil, hot and an extract of thyme known as pertussinum. The drugs in Class 2 gave better results morphine or dionine in doses of from 1 to 4 milligrammes two or three times a day, opium, and droserin. Class 3 contains drugs that gave decidedly favourable results-bromoform, antipyrin, extract of belladonna; a 1 per cent. solution of silver nitrate painted on to the pharynx daily, in the case of older children, and the inunction of a fluorine compound known as antitussin into the neck and chest as a counter irritant. Dr. Benstz places in Class 4 the drugs that gave good results almost without exception; these are phosphate
ing cough
adrenalin,
baths,
1
Nederl. Tijdsschr.
v.
Geneesk., Amsterdam, 1916, i., 153.
disappearance from
Celts in the Alpine stock of Central Europe, the old race divisions have practically vanished. It would, indeed, seem, in view of the now accepted doctrines as to the distribution of the long-headed and short-headed races throughout Europe, that the French are half Germans, the Germans half
THE THERAPY OF WHOOPING-COUGH.
As
almost entire
ethnology of the Aryans and the merging of the
the Anglo-Saxons mainly Scandinavians, the Celtic Fringe not Celtic at all but Iberian. Even the Basques would seem to have ceased to be a homogeneous racial relic, and to be Iberians or Alpines according as they live south or north of the Pyrenees. Not a little of the Germanisation of the older ethnologists may be said to have been due to the teachings of Max Muller, whose assiduously preached Aryans, emanating from a vague plateau in Central Asia, He was followed by were virtually Germans. Bergmann, among others, with his Scythian ancestry of the Slavonic and Teutonic races, and among ourselves by such brilliant historians as Stubbs and Freeman, who traced the institutions of our AngloSaxon ancestors to the German forests and to their denizens as described in the " Germania" of Tacitus. Historians such as Coote, with his theory of Roman influences, and anthropologists have for many years been fighting counter to these doctrines. By the aid of craniometry it is now pretty well established that Europe is at most divided between two or three strata of races-the dolichocephalic, the mesocephalic, and the brachycephalic. The dolichocephalic are the oldest, and are pre-Aryan. On the high authority of Ripley, Keith, Chalmers Mitchell, and others we now know that the dolichocephals or long-heads, coming originally from the northern shores of Africa, have encircled Europe to the north-west as far as Finland. The short-heads are at most only a zone or offshoot in Central Europe of some race derived from Asia, and are perhaps the Aryans or Aryan Celts. They brought with them from beyond the Black Sea the Sanskritic languagedrift, cremation, and the use of metals. That peculiar and, to our taste, unpleasing type of German head, which looks square and is exemplified by the portraits of Von Hindenburg, may be said to be in type Alpine. It is in appearance, if not in fact, brachycephalic, and its squareness may be the origin of the word boche-a French argot word meaning blockhead (see Rigaud’s "Argot Moderne," 1888). This type of German probably owes his aspect to original brachycephaly, aided by sexual selection. He is rather Bavarian than- Prussian, but the type, so common in the German army, Primitive is found throughout the empire. peasant women marry the type of man voted
255
.handsome by their fellows. A fleshy-necked, shorttaaded type has probably always set Gretchen adoring. The Basque, as Professor Ripley points out, has often a long head behind his peculiar but not unpleasing brachycephalic type of face, and sometimes the Teutonic square-head may be really long. ’Proverbialwisdom is favourable to the longheaded man, who is held to be sagacious, whereas the bullet.-headed man is the dunderhead, the ignoble creature, the barbarian. " He would have whipped poor bullet-head, so they called the negro," says De Foe in "ColonelJack" (1722). And the seventeenth century Dictionary of the Canting Crew " speaks of " a dull silly fellow" as "bullet-headed." The French have some 15 idiomatic sayings referring to the head, but in only one case do we find an allusion to its shape. They say " C’est une tête
carr6e"in reference
to
an
obstinate
fellow.
According to Ripley, people do not as a rule pay regard to the- shape of the head, despite the above citations. ’The long-headed Greeks of antiquity made their statues brachycephalic. It is a question, indeed, whether the broad heads are in any way inferior to the long heads in intellectual achievement or the capacity for civilisation. And this being so, it would be wiser for the Anglo-Saxon to pride himself on the excellent use that during the centuries he has made of culture-drifts, which have given him freedomand other benefits, rather than on the shape of his skull. RETINAL GLIOMA IN A BOY AGED 13.
with a metastasis into the vitreous. Alternatively he calls it a neuro-epithelial glioma, or a gliosarcoma, or a glioma sarcomatodes. He has found a single case [like his own in the literature of the subject, to which he makes numerous referenoes. But how trauma of the eye can give rise to the development of such a tumour as is described above he is not able to say. CEREBRO-SPINAL FEVER IN RELATION TO CERTAIN COSMIC PHENOMENA.
IN the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps for November, Lieutenant Arthur Compton the results of a series of interesting observagives tions concerned with the temperature and the relative humidity of the air in relation to the cases of cerebro.spinal fever occurring at Weymouth during March-June, 1915. Referring to humidity, Lieutenant Compton shows that whenever the curve passed through a maximum value the occurrence of a case of the disease was an almost invariable accompaniment. In other words, the degree of saturation of the atmosphere by water-vapour may be an etiological factor in determining an outbreak of the disease. Referring to temperature, Lieutenant Compton’s observations reveal the fact that cases of the disease most often made their appearance in connexion with minimum readings on the curve or when the maximum and minimum temperatures were not widely separated. That is to say, that the cases are most liable to occur when the temperature conditions are equable. No doubt equable
1915,
GLIOMA of the retina almost always occurs in temperature conditions, as Lieutenant Compton infants or young children, and is most often, points out, are favourable to the survival of the indeed, congenital. Dr. E. Paparcone has recently I meningococcus in the air, and possibly also to its describeda case occurring in a boy aged 13 within multiplication there. The number of cases of a month of a slight injury to the eye. While cerebro-spinal fever dealt with in this investigaplaying the boy ran his right eye against a low tion was only 15, and it remains to be seen if branch of a tree; the blow was painful but seemed similar careful observations in other localities and to cause no further trouble. A few days later the with larger numbers of cases yield similar results. sight of the eye began to fail. A month later the From the material available Lieutenant Compton ’boy was seen by Dr. Paparcone, who found the left seems to have demonstrated that two factors may ’eye quite normal; the vision of the right eye was determine the incidence of cases of cerebro-spinal reduced to 5/30, the cornea, iris, and intra-ocular fever—namely, s-udden saturation of the atmotension were normal, but examination of the fundus sphere by water-vapour, combined with equable showed a large oval white area in the internal and conditions of temperature. lower segment about the equator of the eye. The white surface was not shiny, was fairly sharply delimited, and was traversed by two minute blood- INVERSION OF THE PELVIC BONES AS A CAUSE OF DEFORMITY. vessels ; there was no retinal oedema or elevation. Leucosarcoma of the choroid was diagnosed, to the A NOVEL cause of female pelvic deformity, due exclusion of tuberculoma, detachment of the retina, to developmental inversion of the pelvic bones, cysticercus, and some congenital defect. The whereby the ilio-sacral or ischio-pubic segments patient disappeared for four months and returned take on a male instead of a female type, is described with a manifest intra-ocular tumour. The eye was Dr. D. Berry Hart in the -current number of the removed under local anaesthesia; the boy was in by Medical Review. In addition to the Edinburgh perfect health more than a year later. Examina- characters ordinarily assigned to the female human tion of the eye showed a tumour free in the width and roominess with lighter vitreous and another .adherent to the choroid. pelvis-greater structure-Dr. Hart calls attention to the general The tumour was found under the microscope to different shape of the sacro-sciatic notch as seen in consist of small round cells consisting mainly of the two sexes. In the male the arch forming the nucleus and grouped closely round blood-vessels; border of the notch is comparatively sharp structures resembling the so-called Wintersteiner’s upper and is formed by the ilium alone, whereas in the rosettes were seen; the blood-vessels were female the arch is flattened and the posterior curve numerous and thin-walled. Cyst-formation and is formed by the sacrum. Again, in the haemorrhages were not observed. A few canals male the principally auricular surface is usually made sacral between the gliomatous cells were detected; of and half two a or even three sacral vertebrae, ganglion cells and neuroglial cells were not seen. up in while the female two vertebrae take part in only ’The general structure of the tumour was that of this from conditions such as structure, apart special a tubular angiosarcoma; Dr. Paparcone concludes that it was an endophytic glioma of the retina, kyphosis or the existence of six sacral segments. If inversion or change of sexual type of the 1 Lo Sperim., Florence, 1915, vol. lxix., p. 855. pelvic bones occur, the sacro-sciatic notch in