Long-Term Effects of Corn, Soybean Meal, Wheat Bran, and Fish Meal on Manganese Utilization in the Chick

Long-Term Effects of Corn, Soybean Meal, Wheat Bran, and Fish Meal on Manganese Utilization in the Chick KEVIN M. HALPIN and DAVID H. BAKER" Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (Received for publication August 21, 1985)

1986 Poultry Science 65:1371-1374 INTRODUCTION

Previous work in our laboratory (Halpin and Baker, 1986) indicated that some common poultry feed ingredients, i.e., corn, soybean meal, fish meal, and wheat bran, may reduce the utilization of dietary Mn. However, detrimental effects on chick performance due to feed ingredient supplementation were not observed in the previous assays that were of short (2-week) duration. Because Mn is vital for growth and bone development, and because it must be added at supplemental levels to diets for all classes of poultry, the long-term effects of these feed ingredients on Mn utilization were investigated herein. Performance, severity of perosis, and tissue Mn concentrations were assessed to determine Mn utilization over the course of a 7-week feeding period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were fed a standard corn-soybean meal starter diet (167 mg/kg Mn) during the first 7 days posthatching. Following an overnight fast, chicks were allotted to treatments so that each experimental unit had a similar mean initial weight and weight distribution. Four replicates of five chicks were fed the experimental diets for 7 weeks (8 to 57 days posthatching). The

1 Author to whom reprint requests should be addressed.

chicks were housed in heated, wire-floor starter batteries until 3 weeks of age, at which time they were moved to finishing batteries. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the assay period, and a 24-hr constant light schedule was maintained. Feed intake and weight gain were monitored at weekly intervals. Chicks were fed a Mn-deficient caseindextrose basal diet (Table 1), formulated to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements of the growing chick with the exception of Mn (NRC, 1984). Additions to the basal diet were made at the expense of dextrose. Three levels of inorganic Mn: 0, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/kg were fed, with Mn being provided as M n S 0 4 * H 2 0 . The minimal Mn requirement for the growing chick fed a casein-dextrose diet is 14 mg/kg diet (Southern and Baker, 1983). Fish meal (menhaden), wheat bran, or a corn-soybean meal mixture were added at a level of 10% to diets supplemented with 7.0 or 14.0 mg Mn/kg. At the 10% level of supplementation, these feed ingredients contributed 3.7, 16.4, and 2.0 mg Mn/kg of diet, respectively (Halpin and Baker, 1986). At the termination of the experiment, severity of perosis was evaluated. Chicks were observed independently by two evaluators and given a score ranging from 1 for no perosis to 4 for severe signs of perosis. Chicks were then killed by cervical dislocation, and the right tibia and bile were removed from the three chicks most uniform in weight within a replicate. The tissues were pooled by replicate, dried, and

1371

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ABSTRACT A 7-week assay was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of several natural feed ingredients on Mn utilization. Chicks were fed a Mn-deficient casein-dextrose diet supplemented with fish meal, wheat bran, or a corn-soybean meal mixture. Although these feed ingredients contain significant quantities of Mn, they actually depressed performance and reduced the Mn concentration in key tissues when dietary Mn was near the chick's minimal requirement. At deficient levels of dietary Mn, fish meal also had detrimental effects on those parameters, and it increased the severity of perosis as well. (Key words: manganese utilization, fish meal, wheat bran, corn, soybean meal, chick performance, tissue manganese concentration, perosis)

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TABLE 1. Composition of manganese-deficient basal diet1

%

Dextrose Casein Corn oil Mineral mixture 2 , Mn-free Glycine DL-Methionine L-Arginine NaHCC-3 Vitamin mixture 3 Choline chloride DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate, 20 mg/kg

to 100.00 20.00 3.00 5.30 2.00 .50 1.00 1.00 .20 .20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

+

'Contained 1.4 mg/kg Mn as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 2 Mineral mixture provided per kilogram of diet: CaC0 3 , 3.0 g; C a 3 ( P 0 4 ) 2 , 28.0 g; K 2 H P 0 4 , 9.0 g; NaCl, 8.8 g; M g S 0 4 - 7 H , 0 , 3.5 g ; ferric citrate, .50 g; ZnC0 3 , .10 g; C u S 0 4 - 5 H 2 0 , 20.0 mg; H 3 B 0 3 , 9.0 mg; N a 2 M o O , ' 2 H 2 0 , 9.0 mg; KI, 40.0 mg; CoSO„°7H 2 0, 1.0mg;Na 2 SeO 3 , .215 mg. 3 Vitamin mixture provided per kilogram of diet: thiamine* HCl, 20 mg; niacin, 50 mg; riboflavin, 10 mg; Ca-pantothenate, 30 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .04 mg; pyridoxins HCl, 6 mg; biotin, .6 mg; folic acid, 4 mg; inositol, 100 mg; para-aminobenzoic acid, 2 mg; vitamin K, 2 mg; ascorbic acid, 240 mg; cholecalciferol (200,000 IU/g), 600 IU; retinyl acetate (650,000 IU/g), 5200 IU.

Addition of inorganic Mn to the phytate-free basal diet significantly improved chick performance and reduced the severity of perosis (Table 2). Thus, even in a long-term assay, at least 14 mg/kg supplemental inorganic Mn was required to maximize performance and minimize the incidence of leg problems. The cornsoybean meal mixture or wheat bran did not significantly affect chick performance when added to the diet supplemented with 7.0 mg Mn/kg. However, feed efficiency was depressed when these feed ingredients were added to the diet containing 14.0 mg/kg supplemental Mn; the gain reduction was not statistically significant. Addition of fish meal to the basal diet

TABLE 2. Effect of manganese and feed ingredient supplementation on chick performance and severity of perosis1 Severity of perosis

Performance Dietary treatment

Gain

Gain/feed

1. Basal (B) 2. B + 7.0 mg Mn/kg 3. B + 14.0 mg Mn/kg

(g) 656 a 1290 c 1402 d

(g/kg) 375 a 486 c 509 d

4. As 2 + 10% corn-SBM3 5. As 2 + 10% fish meal 6. As 2 + 10% wheat bran

1321 c 1144 b 1336 c d

493c 456 b 479c

7. As 3 + 10% corn-SBM3 8. As 3 + 10% fish meal 9. As 3 + 10% wheat bran

1327 c d 1320 c 1334 c d

482c 492 c 486c

Pooled SEM4

26.9

5.1

Score 2

2.8° 2.01,bc 1.6* 1.9,ab 2.9 2.01,bc 1.7ab 2.3 C 1.7 ab .13

Means within a column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P<.05). 1

Data are means for four replicate groups of five male chicks during the 7-week (8 to 57 days posthatching) period; average initial weight was 71.3 g. 2

1 = no perosis; 2 = slight perosis; 3 = moderate perosis; 4 = severe perosis.

3

Corn-soybean meal ratios were similar to that found in a typical 23% crude protein diet, i.e., 57.33% corn and 42.67% SBM. 4

Standard error of the mean.

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Ingredient

analyzed for Mn. The tibia was ashed at 600 C for 24 hr before Mn analysis. Bile samples were dried overnight at 100 C and then wet ashed with HNO3 and H 2 0 2 (30%). Manganese was determined in all tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer, Model 306). All data were analyzed by analysis of variance procedures (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Treatment means were compared by the least significant difference procedure only if the F-value for treatment was significant (P<.05).

MANGANESE UTILIZATION IN CHICKS

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TABLE 3. Effect of manganese and feed ingredient supplementation on tissue manganese concentrations and tibia bone ash percent' Dietary treatment

Bile Mn

Bone Mn

Bone ash

(pglg dry tissue)

( ~ g l bone) g

(%)

1. Basal (B) 2. B + 7.0 mg Mnlkg 3. B + 14.0 mg Mnlkg

1 . 3 ~ ~ 2.gbcd 4.1d

.7a 1.5~ 2.4e

3 ~ . 4 ~ 40.8' 40.0'

4. As 2 + 10% corn-SBM2 5. As 2 + 10% fish meal 6. As 2 + 10% wheat bran

1 . 7 ~ ~ ~ .7a 3. 4 ~ ~

1.8' 1.5~ 1 . 9 ~ ~

40.0' 37.7b 40.5'

7. As 3 + 10% corn-SBM' 8. As 3 + 10% fish meal 9. As 3 + 10% wheat bran

3.2bcd 2.0abc 2.6abcd

2.1d 1 . 7 ~ ~ 2.1d

40.8' 39.gbC 40.3'

Pooled SEM"

.79

.08

.88

a-e Means within a column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P<.01).

'

Data are means of four samples, each sample representing pooled tissue from three uniform chicks within a replicate. 'Corn-soybean meal ratios were similar to that found in a typical 23% crude protein diet, i.e., 57.33% corn and 42.67% SBM. Standard error of the mean

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The performance data in Table 2 represent the cumulative gain and feed efficiency results obtained for the entire 7-week assay. However, the response t o feed ingredient supplementation was not consistent over time (Fig. 1).Whether due to increased palatability or some other factor, feed ingredient supplementation to the basal diet initially resulted in a growth response. This enhanced performance coincides nicely with that observed in short-term (2-week) assays (Halpin and Baker, 1985). After feeding the experimental diets for 6 weeks, however, no significant growth differences were observed due t o feed ingredient supplementation, and at 7 weeks, addition of the ingredients actually depressed growth. These data may reflect the cumulative effects with time of feed ingredient Weeks supplementation - t o the extent that Mn FIG. 1. Daily cumulative weight gain at Weeks 1 ultimately became growth limiting. through 7 of the 7-week feeding period during which Bile and tibia Mn concentrations were a casein-dextrose diet (14 mgMnIkg) was supplemented increased linearly due to inorganic Mn supwith 10% of a corn-soybean (SBM) mixture, 10% fish plementation (Table 3). Chicks fed diets unmeal, or 10% wheat bran. supplemented with Mn also exhibited depressed bone ash concentrations. Addition of wheat bran or the corn-soybean meal mixture did not depressed performance at both levels of sup- significantly affect bile Mn concentration at plemental inorganic Mn. Fish meal also signifi- either level of supplemental inorganic Mn. cantly increased the severity of perosis, while However, wheat bran and the corn-soybean wheat bran and the corn-soybean meal mixture meal mixture significantly increased bone Mn concentration when added t o diets containing were without effect.

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was near the chick's requirement. However, at lower levels of Mn supplementation, only fish meal had any detrimental effects. Moreover, fish meal increased the severity of perosis, while wheat bran and the corn-soybean meal mixture had no effect on leg soundness. REFERENCES Halpin, K. M., and D. H. Baker, 1986. Manganese utilization in the chick: Effects of corn, soybean meal, fish meal, wheat bran and rice bran on tissue uptake of manganese. Poultry Sci. 65:995—1003. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 1. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Southern, L. L., and D. H. Baker, 1983. Eimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed deficient or excess levels of manganese. J. Nutr. 113: 172-177. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY.

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7.0 mg/kg supplemental Mn, but they reduced tibia Mn concentration at the higher level of Mn supplementation. Thus, these feed ingredients appear to provide bioavailable Mn at low levels of inorganic Mn supplementation but not at higher levels. In fact, the data suggest that Mn bioavailability is actually reduced when these feed ingredients are added to diets at or above the Mn requirement (cf Table 3 and Halpin and Baker, 1986). Fish meal, in contrast to wheat bran and the corn-soy mixture, depressed bile Mn concentration at both levels of Mn supplementation, and it caused reduced Mn deposition in bone when added to diets containing 14.0 mg/kg supplemental Mn. Fish meal did not affect tibia Mn concentration at the lower level of Mn supplementation, but it did significantly reduce tibia bone ash. Thus, fish meal, wheat bran, and the cornsoybean meal mixture depressed performance and tissue Mn concentrations when dietary Mn