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Long-term trends in direct and indirect household energy intensities: a factor in dematerialisation?
18
limits the efficiencv of the Dower eeneration. recent combustion tests of RDF have shown’that calcium Gditives in RDF appeared to inhibit HCI emission. More fundamental studies about the combustion characteristics of RDF will lead to a better understanding of the reduction mechanism of HCl emission and a better control of it. The combustion characteristics of cylindrical RDF pellets were studied by the thermogravimetric method. Weight losses and the temperature profiles inside a RDF pellet (2-4 cm in length, 2 cm in diameter) were measured under various operating conditions. The results demonstrated that the heating rate of the RDF and the concentration of oxygen significantly affected the pattern of weight loss as well as the temperature profiles of the RDF pellets.
W/W676 Incorporating sustainable development considerations into energy sector decision-making: Malm6 Flintranen district heating facility case study Bardouille, P. and Koubsky, J. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (lo), 689-711. The paper introduces an on-going doctoral research study aimed at facilitating the operationalization of sustainable energy systems. The study focuses upon the analysis of existing and development of new methods for the incorooration of socio-environmental considerations into large-scale investment decision-making in the energy sector. The final output of the research study, to be completed by the end of 2001, will be a-Framework for Sustainable Energy Sector Investment Analysis and Decision Support. The Framework will be designed for application by energy companies in decision-making processes concerning the selection of new power generation alternatives. In order to broadly identify decision-making parameters applied in energy sector decision processes, primary data collection for the study involves the retrospective analysis of decision cases. The results of one portion of information gathering undertaken as part of the aforementioned data collection are presented in the paper. A retrospective case study analysis was carried out on an investment decision-making process concerning the Flintrgnen biomass-based district heating plant in southern Sweden. To analyse the case study data, an analytical module was developed. Examination of the Flintranen case using the analytical module revealed several weaknesses in the decision-making methods applied to the planning of the facility, originating primarily from the incorporation of only a limited number of decision parameters or considerations into investment calculations. Furthermore, analysis showed that, had appropriate socio-environmental decision-support methods been incorporated into the decision process, considerable financial and internal environmental costs associated with the facilitv could have been avoided and environmental risk linked to its operation decreased. Lessons learned from the Flint&ten case will be utilized as input into the ongoing identification and development of parameters considered as important for inclusion in the Framework for Sustainable Energy
Sector Investment
Analysis and Decision
Energy conversionand recycling
W/W661 Method for obtaining storable products of calorific energy and synthetical oils, by processing waste rubber materials with coal Mastral, L. et al. U.S. US 5,936,134 (Cl. 585-241; CO7Cl/OO), 10 Aug 1999, Appl. 824,297, 26 Mar 1997. 7. A method is described for the production of synthetic oils and storable products of calorific energy, by co-processing waste rubber materials, in particular waste tires and coal optionally in the presence of a material containing iron as a catalyst. The steps comprise of mixing triturated waste rubber material having a particle size of 1-5 mm and coal having particle sizes of 0.2-l mm until obtaining a mixture. Heating the mixture in a reactor to a temperature between 300” and 500”, during 3-180 minutes, at a pressure between atmospheric pressure and 10 MPa, to enable a processing step basically consisting of a pyrolysis/hydropyrolysis. During the piocedsing step, gases are generated containing approximately 50% CO and COz and another 50% by volume of Cr_,-hydrocarbons, and having a calorific energy between 6000 and 8000 kcal/Nm’, the gases being collected whereas the material resulting from the reaction f a mixture of solids and liquids which is subjected to extraction with organic solvents whereby an extract and a solid first residue are obtained. The extract is subjected to fractionation, producing an asphaltene residue with a high calorific value as well as synthetic oils.
Method treatment of waste plastic by coal carbonization in coke oven
00100682
Ishiguro, H. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 263,980 [99 263,980] (Cl. ClOB53/00), 28 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/88,321, 18 Mar 1998. 6. (In Japanese) The treatment process of waste plastics involves the waste being charged into a carbonization chamber of a coke oven. The products that evolve include coke, coke-oven gas and other products. The other products are separated in a tar decanter for float separation, the recovered materials include ammonia water and organic liquids.
00100683 Numerical results of microdischarge formation in dielectric-barrier discharges for CO2 recycling Engli, W. et al. Greenhouse Gas Control Technol. Proc. Inr. Con/., 4th, 1999, 1099-1101. Edited by Eliasson B., Riemer P., Wokaun A. Imaging of a vector field using a line integral convolution technique is used to visualize a vector field and a scalar field combined in one picture. The large radial extension at the dielectric and the thin charge layer at the dielectric surface is typical for a COz-H mixture. The evolution time of a microdischargeis about 10 nanoseconds and a narrow channel of high electron density (1014/cm3) arises. A torus-like structure of electron density distribution is formed at the dielectric.
Support.
W/W679 Long-term trends in direct and indirect household energy intensities: a factor in dematerialisation? Vringer, K. and Blok, K. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (IO), 713-727. Dematerialization is assumed to contribute significantly to the alleviation of environmental problems. One of the possible causes of dematerialization is a chanee in the consumotion oattems of households. The aim of this artiile is to analyse ‘changks in consumption patterns of Dutch households in the period between 1948 to 1996 in order to discover whether these changes haven influenced the energy intensity of society. Due to the rise in consumption, the total household energy requirement per capita grew on average by 2.4% per year over a period of 48 years (this figure ignores efficiency changes in the supplying sectors). In the same period the total energy intensity of households fluctuated but on average changed from 5.6 to 6.3 MJ/ MLG, an increase of 0.25% per year. If we exclude the direct energy consumption we find a slight decline in the indirect energy intensity, namely from 3.8 to 3.6 MJMLG (-0.14% per year). No significant trends to a lower energy intensity are found and there is no indication of dematerialization of the consumption patterns. If governments pursue a policy of sustainable development they have to take into account the fact that dematerialization of the consumption pattern does not seem to be an autonomous process.
00100680 Manufacture method of fuels using waste plastics Matsuzaki, I. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 246,880 [99 246,880] (Cl. ClOL5/48), 14 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/69,432, 3 Mar 1998. 6. (In Japanese j A method for manufacturing fuels using waste plastics, involves mixing the waste plastics and oil tank residues-using a heating system, adding catalysts of Ca(OH)z and/or Fe powder and transforming the resultant mixture into solid, gel and particulate-type fuels.
00100684 Pyrolysis kinetics of refuse-derived fuel Lin, K-S. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 60, (2), 103-110. In a 300 tons per day waste pre-treatment plant, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) was mechanically separated from municipal solid waste (MSW). Pyrolysis of the RDF produced approximately 28% of oils and 30% of non-condensable hydrocarbon gases and 42% of solid residues at 773 K. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were utilized in quantitative prediction of the RDF pyrolysis rate. The global pyrolysis reaction rate was calculated using key component fractions (paper, PS, LDPE, HDPE and PVC) of RDF using the weighed sum method. Good agreement was found in pyrolysis-kinetics between RDF itself and the weighed sum method of the plastic components in RDF. Similar results were also provided for pyrolysis of RDF in the fixed-bed reactor. This approach allows one to easily account for varying RDF compositions, thus rendering the model more generally valid.
00100685 Recycling by pyrolysis of thermoset composites: characteristics of the liquid and gaseous fuels obtained Torres, A. Fuel, 2000, 79, (8), 897-902. A sheet moulding compound (SMC) of fibre-glass and ortho-phthalic polyester has been pyrolysed in a laboratory installation at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C for 30 minutes. Solid residues of 72-82 wt%, gas yields of 6-12 wt% and liquid yields of 9-13 wt% were obtained. It was observed that over 400°C. the temuerature had no sienificant influence. however, there certainly ‘was influence under 400”(?, both in pyrolysis vields and in the comDosition and characteristics of the liauids and gases obtained. The pirolysis liquids are a cornplexmixturk~~cS-c2, organic compounds, mainly aromatic and with numerous oxygenated compounds. They have high gross calorific values (34-37 MJ kg-‘) and are non-polluting liquid fuels. Approximately 40% weight of such liquids could be used as petrol and the remaining 60% could be mixed with fuel oils. The gas fraction produced is very rich in CO and COz consequently, its gross calorific values are rather low (13.9-16.4 MJ m3 N); however, it can have an energy source to self-sustain the process. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
71
limits the efficiencv of the Dower eeneration. recent combustion tests of RDF have shown’that calcium Gditives in RDF appeared to inhibit HCI emission. More fundamental studies about the combustion characteristics of RDF will lead to a better understanding of the reduction mechanism of HCl emission and a better control of it. The combustion characteristics of cylindrical RDF pellets were studied by the thermogravimetric method. Weight losses and the temperature profiles inside a RDF pellet (2-4 cm in length, 2 cm in diameter) were measured under various operating conditions. The results demonstrated that the heating rate of the RDF and the concentration of oxygen significantly affected the pattern of weight loss as well as the temperature profiles of the RDF pellets.
W/W676 Incorporating sustainable development considerations into energy sector decision-making: Malm6 Flintranen district heating facility case study Bardouille, P. and Koubsky, J. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (lo), 689-711. The paper introduces an on-going doctoral research study aimed at facilitating the operationalization of sustainable energy systems. The study focuses upon the analysis of existing and development of new methods for the incorooration of socio-environmental considerations into large-scale investment decision-making in the energy sector. The final output of the research study, to be completed by the end of 2001, will be a-Framework for Sustainable Energy Sector Investment Analysis and Decision Support. The Framework will be designed for application by energy companies in decision-making processes concerning the selection of new power generation alternatives. In order to broadly identify decision-making parameters applied in energy sector decision processes, primary data collection for the study involves the retrospective analysis of decision cases. The results of one portion of information gathering undertaken as part of the aforementioned data collection are presented in the paper. A retrospective case study analysis was carried out on an investment decision-making process concerning the Flintrgnen biomass-based district heating plant in southern Sweden. To analyse the case study data, an analytical module was developed. Examination of the Flintranen case using the analytical module revealed several weaknesses in the decision-making methods applied to the planning of the facility, originating primarily from the incorporation of only a limited number of decision parameters or considerations into investment calculations. Furthermore, analysis showed that, had appropriate socio-environmental decision-support methods been incorporated into the decision process, considerable financial and internal environmental costs associated with the facilitv could have been avoided and environmental risk linked to its operation decreased. Lessons learned from the Flint&ten case will be utilized as input into the ongoing identification and development of parameters considered as important for inclusion in the Framework for Sustainable Energy
Sector Investment
Analysis and Decision
Energy conversionand recycling
W/W661 Method for obtaining storable products of calorific energy and synthetical oils, by processing waste rubber materials with coal Mastral, L. et al. U.S. US 5,936,134 (Cl. 585-241; CO7Cl/OO), 10 Aug 1999, Appl. 824,297, 26 Mar 1997. 7. A method is described for the production of synthetic oils and storable products of calorific energy, by co-processing waste rubber materials, in particular waste tires and coal optionally in the presence of a material containing iron as a catalyst. The steps comprise of mixing triturated waste rubber material having a particle size of 1-5 mm and coal having particle sizes of 0.2-l mm until obtaining a mixture. Heating the mixture in a reactor to a temperature between 300” and 500”, during 3-180 minutes, at a pressure between atmospheric pressure and 10 MPa, to enable a processing step basically consisting of a pyrolysis/hydropyrolysis. During the piocedsing step, gases are generated containing approximately 50% CO and COz and another 50% by volume of Cr_,-hydrocarbons, and having a calorific energy between 6000 and 8000 kcal/Nm’, the gases being collected whereas the material resulting from the reaction f a mixture of solids and liquids which is subjected to extraction with organic solvents whereby an extract and a solid first residue are obtained. The extract is subjected to fractionation, producing an asphaltene residue with a high calorific value as well as synthetic oils.
Method treatment of waste plastic by coal carbonization in coke oven
00100682
Ishiguro, H. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 263,980 [99 263,980] (Cl. ClOB53/00), 28 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/88,321, 18 Mar 1998. 6. (In Japanese) The treatment process of waste plastics involves the waste being charged into a carbonization chamber of a coke oven. The products that evolve include coke, coke-oven gas and other products. The other products are separated in a tar decanter for float separation, the recovered materials include ammonia water and organic liquids.
00100683 Numerical results of microdischarge formation in dielectric-barrier discharges for CO2 recycling Engli, W. et al. Greenhouse Gas Control Technol. Proc. Inr. Con/., 4th, 1999, 1099-1101. Edited by Eliasson B., Riemer P., Wokaun A. Imaging of a vector field using a line integral convolution technique is used to visualize a vector field and a scalar field combined in one picture. The large radial extension at the dielectric and the thin charge layer at the dielectric surface is typical for a COz-H mixture. The evolution time of a microdischargeis about 10 nanoseconds and a narrow channel of high electron density (1014/cm3) arises. A torus-like structure of electron density distribution is formed at the dielectric.
Support.
W/W679 Long-term trends in direct and indirect household energy intensities: a factor in dematerialisation? Vringer, K. and Blok, K. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (IO), 713-727. Dematerialization is assumed to contribute significantly to the alleviation of environmental problems. One of the possible causes of dematerialization is a chanee in the consumotion oattems of households. The aim of this artiile is to analyse ‘changks in consumption patterns of Dutch households in the period between 1948 to 1996 in order to discover whether these changes haven influenced the energy intensity of society. Due to the rise in consumption, the total household energy requirement per capita grew on average by 2.4% per year over a period of 48 years (this figure ignores efficiency changes in the supplying sectors). In the same period the total energy intensity of households fluctuated but on average changed from 5.6 to 6.3 MJ/ MLG, an increase of 0.25% per year. If we exclude the direct energy consumption we find a slight decline in the indirect energy intensity, namely from 3.8 to 3.6 MJMLG (-0.14% per year). No significant trends to a lower energy intensity are found and there is no indication of dematerialization of the consumption patterns. If governments pursue a policy of sustainable development they have to take into account the fact that dematerialization of the consumption pattern does not seem to be an autonomous process.
00100680 Manufacture method of fuels using waste plastics Matsuzaki, I. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 246,880 [99 246,880] (Cl. ClOL5/48), 14 Sep 1999, Appl. 1998/69,432, 3 Mar 1998. 6. (In Japanese j A method for manufacturing fuels using waste plastics, involves mixing the waste plastics and oil tank residues-using a heating system, adding catalysts of Ca(OH)z and/or Fe powder and transforming the resultant mixture into solid, gel and particulate-type fuels.
00100684 Pyrolysis kinetics of refuse-derived fuel Lin, K-S. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1999, 60, (2), 103-110. In a 300 tons per day waste pre-treatment plant, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) was mechanically separated from municipal solid waste (MSW). Pyrolysis of the RDF produced approximately 28% of oils and 30% of non-condensable hydrocarbon gases and 42% of solid residues at 773 K. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were utilized in quantitative prediction of the RDF pyrolysis rate. The global pyrolysis reaction rate was calculated using key component fractions (paper, PS, LDPE, HDPE and PVC) of RDF using the weighed sum method. Good agreement was found in pyrolysis-kinetics between RDF itself and the weighed sum method of the plastic components in RDF. Similar results were also provided for pyrolysis of RDF in the fixed-bed reactor. This approach allows one to easily account for varying RDF compositions, thus rendering the model more generally valid.
00100685 Recycling by pyrolysis of thermoset composites: characteristics of the liquid and gaseous fuels obtained Torres, A. Fuel, 2000, 79, (8), 897-902. A sheet moulding compound (SMC) of fibre-glass and ortho-phthalic polyester has been pyrolysed in a laboratory installation at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C for 30 minutes. Solid residues of 72-82 wt%, gas yields of 6-12 wt% and liquid yields of 9-13 wt% were obtained. It was observed that over 400°C. the temuerature had no sienificant influence. however, there certainly ‘was influence under 400”(?, both in pyrolysis vields and in the comDosition and characteristics of the liauids and gases obtained. The pirolysis liquids are a cornplexmixturk~~cS-c2, organic compounds, mainly aromatic and with numerous oxygenated compounds. They have high gross calorific values (34-37 MJ kg-‘) and are non-polluting liquid fuels. Approximately 40% weight of such liquids could be used as petrol and the remaining 60% could be mixed with fuel oils. The gas fraction produced is very rich in CO and COz consequently, its gross calorific values are rather low (13.9-16.4 MJ m3 N); however, it can have an energy source to self-sustain the process. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
71