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Lower gamma-band phase synchronization involves in top-down attention in the attentional blink
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
the interval between target and deviant had no effect on behavioral performance or P3 latencies. These changes of the amplitude of ERPs elicited by frequent or infrequent stimuli reflect the temporal transition in passive attention. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.826
Lower gamma-band phase synchronization involves in top-down attention in the attentional blink Ken Kiharaa, Yuji Takedab a raduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Japan b Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan Attentional selection of visual information is considered to be modulated by both bottom-up and by top-down processes. Previous visual search studies have proposed that top-down and bottom-up attentional control would be reflected in the strength of the 22–34 Hz (lower gamma-band) and 36–56 Hz (higher gammaband) frequency band synchronization respectively, in monkeys (Buschman & Miller, 2007, Science, 315, 1860–1862) as well as humans (Phillips & Takeda, 2009, Int J Psychophysiol, 73, 350-354; Phillips & Takeda, 2010, Int J Psychophysiol, 75, 39–43). These findings suggest that lower and higher gamma-band synchrony, respectively, reflect top-down and bottom-up modulation of spatial attention. However, no empirical evidence has been presented thus far that documents a relationship between gamma-band synchronizations and temporal attention. To address this issue, we assessed the lower and higher gamma-band synchronizations during a temporal attention task by using rapid serial visual presentation. In this task, the identification of the first target (T1) impairs the processing of the second target (T2) when both targets are separated by less than 500 ms, which is called attentional blink (AB; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992, JEP:HPP, 18, 849–860). It is thought that successful top-down attentional control of T1 is responsible for the T2 deficit (Olivers & Meeter, 2008, Psychol Rev, 115, 836–863). To examine the relationship between the synchronization frequency and attentional processing during the task, phase-locking values (PLVs; Lachaux et al., 1999, Hum Brain Mapp, 8, 194–208) time-locked to the T1 onset were computed separately for trials in which both T1 and T2 were correctly identified and for trials in which T1 was identified but T2 was missed (i.e., the AB occurred). The PLV results showed that, from approximately 300 ms before T1 onset to the onset of a T2, synchrony between brain regions in the lower gamma-band synchronization was less when the AB did not occur than when the AB occurred, while no effect was observed in the higher gamma-band synchronization. These results suggest that the transient attenuation of synchronization in the lower gamma-band before T1 onset was related to successful T2 identification. Therefore, we conclude that the 22–34 Hz gamma-band synchronization is related to top-down visual attention independently of whether the task depends on spatial or temporal control. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.827
Auditory selective attention and ERP: Comparison between the ABR and Nd Kazunari Ikeda Center for the Research and Support of Educational Practice, Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan
203
Dense efferent pathways in the mammalian auditory system can modify the processing at subcortical and peripheral sites. Human studies using the frequency-following response and otoacoustic emission have confirmed the subcortical and peripheral selective attention effects, whereas the auditory brainstem response (ABR) has failed to reveal such an effect. In this study the human ABR and attention-related negativity (Nd) were simultaneously recorded for a dichotic listening task and the influence of the interaural frequency combination was compared. Twelve right-handed participants performed dichotic listening tasks in which the standard (P = 0.99) and target (P = 0.01) tones to one ear had frequencies respectively at 0.5 and 0.6 kHz while those stimuli to the other ear at 1 and 1.2 kHz, all presented at 35-dB SL intensity with SOA 180–320 ms. Each participant received two dichotic combinations, i.e., one combination was 0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear and the other 1 kHz to the left ear and 0.5 kHz to the right ear. The ERP measures were compared between relevant and irrelevant conditions. Scalp potentials were recorded from a Cz-electrode with reference to the earlobes or mastoids, and then they were averaged for standard tones over 2000 epochs in the ABR and 1000 in the Nd. Recording sessions revealing the explicit Nd were preferentially applied to data analysis. A significant Nd occurrence was identified for the two dichotic combinations of stimuli and it was thus symmetrical between the combinations. A significant difference in the ABR between relevant and irrelevant conditions was found only for a dichotic combination, i.e., 0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear. Behavioral measures to targets suggested response facilitation for the above combination (0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear). The present results suggest that the ABR modification due to selective attention might be available in a limited dichotic condition and also they agree partially with studies supporting the laterality linked to dichotic frequency differences (the left ear advantage for lower frequencies relative to the right ear advantage for higher frequencies). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.828
Early and late components of stimulus-preceding negativity prior to face, word, and symbol stimuli Yoshimi Ohgamia, Yasunori Kotania, Jun-Ichiro Araib, Shigeru Kiryuc, Yusuke Inoued a Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan b Daikin Industries, Japan c The University of Tokyo, Japan d Kitasato University, Japan Stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) is an event-related potential (ERP) that relates to anticipation for an upcoming stimulus. In the present study, we recorded the SPN preceding face, word, and symbol stimuli, and conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the components of the SPN. Thirty right-handed volunteers participated in the experiment and underwent a time estimation task. In the task, participants had to press a button four seconds after an instruction stimulus. A feedback stimulus about task performance was presented two seconds after the button press, and the contents of the feedback stimulus were manipulated. There were four experimental conditions: (a) Face, (b) Word, (c) Symbol, and (d) No Feedback as a control condition where the feedback stimulus was omitted. In the Face condition, a photograph of smiling face was presented when the time estimation was correct while a photograph of a frowning face was presented for the incorrect time estimation. In the Word condition, the Japanese words “ATARI” meaning correct or “HAZURE” meaning incorrect were presented as the
the interval between target and deviant had no effect on behavioral performance or P3 latencies. These changes of the amplitude of ERPs elicited by frequent or infrequent stimuli reflect the temporal transition in passive attention. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.826
Lower gamma-band phase synchronization involves in top-down attention in the attentional blink Ken Kiharaa, Yuji Takedab a raduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Japan b Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan Attentional selection of visual information is considered to be modulated by both bottom-up and by top-down processes. Previous visual search studies have proposed that top-down and bottom-up attentional control would be reflected in the strength of the 22–34 Hz (lower gamma-band) and 36–56 Hz (higher gammaband) frequency band synchronization respectively, in monkeys (Buschman & Miller, 2007, Science, 315, 1860–1862) as well as humans (Phillips & Takeda, 2009, Int J Psychophysiol, 73, 350-354; Phillips & Takeda, 2010, Int J Psychophysiol, 75, 39–43). These findings suggest that lower and higher gamma-band synchrony, respectively, reflect top-down and bottom-up modulation of spatial attention. However, no empirical evidence has been presented thus far that documents a relationship between gamma-band synchronizations and temporal attention. To address this issue, we assessed the lower and higher gamma-band synchronizations during a temporal attention task by using rapid serial visual presentation. In this task, the identification of the first target (T1) impairs the processing of the second target (T2) when both targets are separated by less than 500 ms, which is called attentional blink (AB; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992, JEP:HPP, 18, 849–860). It is thought that successful top-down attentional control of T1 is responsible for the T2 deficit (Olivers & Meeter, 2008, Psychol Rev, 115, 836–863). To examine the relationship between the synchronization frequency and attentional processing during the task, phase-locking values (PLVs; Lachaux et al., 1999, Hum Brain Mapp, 8, 194–208) time-locked to the T1 onset were computed separately for trials in which both T1 and T2 were correctly identified and for trials in which T1 was identified but T2 was missed (i.e., the AB occurred). The PLV results showed that, from approximately 300 ms before T1 onset to the onset of a T2, synchrony between brain regions in the lower gamma-band synchronization was less when the AB did not occur than when the AB occurred, while no effect was observed in the higher gamma-band synchronization. These results suggest that the transient attenuation of synchronization in the lower gamma-band before T1 onset was related to successful T2 identification. Therefore, we conclude that the 22–34 Hz gamma-band synchronization is related to top-down visual attention independently of whether the task depends on spatial or temporal control. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.827
Auditory selective attention and ERP: Comparison between the ABR and Nd Kazunari Ikeda Center for the Research and Support of Educational Practice, Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan
203
Dense efferent pathways in the mammalian auditory system can modify the processing at subcortical and peripheral sites. Human studies using the frequency-following response and otoacoustic emission have confirmed the subcortical and peripheral selective attention effects, whereas the auditory brainstem response (ABR) has failed to reveal such an effect. In this study the human ABR and attention-related negativity (Nd) were simultaneously recorded for a dichotic listening task and the influence of the interaural frequency combination was compared. Twelve right-handed participants performed dichotic listening tasks in which the standard (P = 0.99) and target (P = 0.01) tones to one ear had frequencies respectively at 0.5 and 0.6 kHz while those stimuli to the other ear at 1 and 1.2 kHz, all presented at 35-dB SL intensity with SOA 180–320 ms. Each participant received two dichotic combinations, i.e., one combination was 0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear and the other 1 kHz to the left ear and 0.5 kHz to the right ear. The ERP measures were compared between relevant and irrelevant conditions. Scalp potentials were recorded from a Cz-electrode with reference to the earlobes or mastoids, and then they were averaged for standard tones over 2000 epochs in the ABR and 1000 in the Nd. Recording sessions revealing the explicit Nd were preferentially applied to data analysis. A significant Nd occurrence was identified for the two dichotic combinations of stimuli and it was thus symmetrical between the combinations. A significant difference in the ABR between relevant and irrelevant conditions was found only for a dichotic combination, i.e., 0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear. Behavioral measures to targets suggested response facilitation for the above combination (0.5 kHz to the left ear and 1 kHz to the right ear). The present results suggest that the ABR modification due to selective attention might be available in a limited dichotic condition and also they agree partially with studies supporting the laterality linked to dichotic frequency differences (the left ear advantage for lower frequencies relative to the right ear advantage for higher frequencies). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.828
Early and late components of stimulus-preceding negativity prior to face, word, and symbol stimuli Yoshimi Ohgamia, Yasunori Kotania, Jun-Ichiro Araib, Shigeru Kiryuc, Yusuke Inoued a Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan b Daikin Industries, Japan c The University of Tokyo, Japan d Kitasato University, Japan Stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) is an event-related potential (ERP) that relates to anticipation for an upcoming stimulus. In the present study, we recorded the SPN preceding face, word, and symbol stimuli, and conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the components of the SPN. Thirty right-handed volunteers participated in the experiment and underwent a time estimation task. In the task, participants had to press a button four seconds after an instruction stimulus. A feedback stimulus about task performance was presented two seconds after the button press, and the contents of the feedback stimulus were manipulated. There were four experimental conditions: (a) Face, (b) Word, (c) Symbol, and (d) No Feedback as a control condition where the feedback stimulus was omitted. In the Face condition, a photograph of smiling face was presented when the time estimation was correct while a photograph of a frowning face was presented for the incorrect time estimation. In the Word condition, the Japanese words “ATARI” meaning correct or “HAZURE” meaning incorrect were presented as the