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Lung tumor KRAS and TP53 mutations in nonsmokers reflect exposure to PAH-rich coal combustion emissions
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) 02/02237 Interactions of a tradable green certificate market with a tradable permits market Morthorst, P. E. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (5), 345-353. The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an important goal in the energy and environmental policies of the European Union (EU) and its member states. According to a recent directive-proposal from the EU-commission, the inclusion of renewable technologies is one of the important ways to achieve this emission reduction. More policy instruments are on hand to pursue this objective. Frequently discussed currently is the establishing of a market for tradable permits for CO2-emissions to achieve emission reductions in the power industry. In parallel with this is the introduction of a green certificate market to promote the development of renewables. If these two instruments are brought into play at the same time, two separate markets with two individual targets will co-exist in a number of countries. With a focus on the green certificate market, this paper discusses how these two markets may interact with each other in international trade. Three different cases are analysed: (1) A green certificate market without any tradable permits scheme, (2) a green certificate market in combination with a tradable permits scheme, based on grandfathering and, finally. (3) a green certificate market in combination with a tradable permits bidding scheme. Emphasis is placed on analysing the pricing mechanisms in international trade at the green certificate and tradable permits market in relation to the value of the reductions in GHG-emissions actually achieved. The influence of the permits scheme on the spot market price of electricity is shown, and the benefits of trading green certificates compared to a domestic implementation of renewable technologies are discussed. The main conclusion is that only if a green certificate market is combined with a tradable permit scheme based on a bidding procedure will trade in certificates be equivalent to the domestic development of renewables. Using the bidding system no other country will have to pay for CO2-reductions in the home country of the renewable development, as would otherwise be the case if a tradable permit system based on grandfathering were introduced or even worse-if no tradable permits were introduced at all. Finally, it must be stated that even if the green certificate market were introduced alongside with a tradable permit bidding system, there still would be no incentives for international certificate trade on account of the need for GHG-reductions. In the version of the green certificate market discussed in this paper no GHGcredits are attached to certificates. This means that the development of renewables will add to GHG-reductions only in those countries, where the plants are established, no matter what kind of tradable permit scheme is adopted.
02/02238 Lung tumor KRAS and TP53 mutations in nonsmokers reflect exposure to PAH-rich coal combustion emissions DeMarini, D. M. et al. Cancer Research, 2001, 61, (18). 6679-6681. The TP53 and codon 12 KRAS mutations in lung tumours were determined from 24 non-smokers whose tumours were associated, with exposure to smoky coal. Among any tumours studied previously, these showed the highest percentage of mutations that (a) were G ---+ T transversions at either KRAS (86%) or TP53 (76%), (b) clustered at the G-rich codons 153-158 of TP53 (33%), and (c) had 100% of the guanines of the G ~ T transversions on the non-transcribed strand. This mutation spectrum is consistent with an exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are the primary component of the smoky coal emissions. These results show that mutations in the TP53 and KRAS genes can reflect a specific environmental exposure.
02/02239 Measures reducing the environmental impact of mining activity of the Katowice Coal Holding Co. with special consideration of a pilot plant for concentration of brines in the Wesola Coal Mine Gajos, S. e/al. Zesz. Nauk. Politech. S/ask., Gorn., 2000, 246, (5), 155171. (In Polish) Industrial activity of colliers influences the environment deforming the area, storing wastes, emitting dust and gases, polluting surface waters with brine and sewage. To decrease or even eliminate those influences on the environment a wide range of investments is carried out to protect surface waters, to reduce dust and gas emission as welt as noise and also land reclamation is being done. The paper presents the implementation of the ecological undertakings carried out in the colliers of the Katowice Coal Holding Ltd.
02/02240 Mercury in coal of Guizhou China and its environmental impacts Feng, X. et al. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1293 1307. Guizhou located in Southwestern China is one of the major coal production provinces and is one of the areas in China where acid deposition occurs frequently due to coal combustion emissions. 48 Coal samples from the major coal mines in Guizhou were collected by underground channel sampling. The concentration and occurrence
modes of Hg in the coal samples were detected. The average Hg content in coal is 0.53 rng kg 1, which is much higher than that in other coal production provinces in China. Results from the sequential extensions and float-sink experiments show that Hg exists mainly in pyrite, therefore traditional physical coal cleaning will remove a large part of Hg from coal with the liberation and removal of pyrite. However, at present only 7.8% of annual coal output in Guizhou is performed with physical coal cleaning processes. During the last 20 years, Hg emissions from coal combustion in Guizhou were estimated and a clearly increasing trend of annual Hg emission can be seen due to the increase of coal consumption, which is in parallel with the increase of economy and population. In 1998, 8.5 t Hg was emitted into the atmosphere from coal combustion in Guizhou and the implementation of physical coal cleaning is an effective way to reduce Hg emission from coal combustion in the area. Hg in air and proportion of Guiyang, which is the most industrialized area in the province and is classified as one of the most seriously polluted cities in China, was measured at one sampling site in Guiyang. TGM concentration in the air increased at an annual rate of 7.0% 1996-1999, which is the same as the increase rate of Hg emission from coal combustion in Guiyang 1996-1998. During a measurement campaign in October 1999, the divalent gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration averaged at 454 pg m 3, which is much higher than that in background area. It is clearly that coal combustion emission is the primary Hg source in Guiyang. The average total Hg in rainwater of 1996 was estimated to be 32.9 ng 1-1, and the total deposition of Hg in the area was 143.0 g km z in 1996.
02/02241 Multi-lateral emission trading: lessons from interstate NOx control in the United States Farrell, A. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (13), 1061-1072. Marketable emission permit mechanisms are increasingly proposed as efficient means of managing environmental pollution problems such as greenhouse gas emissions. Existing examples of emissions trading in the literature have so far been limited to domestic efforts put in the place through the action of a national legislature, which has no parallel in international polities. This paper examines two efforts to establish multi-lateral emissions trading for nitrogen oxides among various states with the USA. One, the Ozone Transport Commission's Nox Budget program is a success. The other, the Ozone Transport Assessment Group and the federal government's subsequent NOx SIP Call has not resulted in a multi-lateral emissions control program, let alone an efficient, market-based one. Due to the relative similarities of the states (compared to highly heterogeneous nations of the world) these are 'best case' examples, and explaining the vast differences in outcomes will help explain the potential and the challenges in developing an international emission trading program to control greenhouse gas emissions.
02/02242 Natural-gas-fueled cogeneration - an overview of the emission aspects Klimstra, J. Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2001, 2, (36), 1077 1082. Cogeneration of electricity and heat (or cooling) is an effective means to lower fuel consumption without reducing energy use. There is a close to direct relationship between energy use and affluence level. Therefore, cogeneration is an interesting option for saving fuel without sacrificing wealth. A high efficiency in fuel utilization also means less CO2 production. Moreover, the use of natural gas means a low specific CO2 production compared to other fossil fuels. Modern natural-gasfuelled engines have a high energy conversion efficiency. As a result, gas-engine-based cogeneration installations can have a COz emission per kWh that is a factor of 5 lower than that for coal-fired central power plants. In addition, the specific NOx emission can be factor of 5 lower than that for the average energy use. Other emissions, such as CO and aldehydes, can be adequately reduced with state-of-the-art technologies. This paper compares the emissions from cogeneration installations with those of separate generation. The use of coherent physical units ensures a proper comparison.
02/02243 Neutronic and safety aspects of inert matrix fuel utilization in fast reactors for plutonium and minor actinides transmutation Krivitski, I. Y. el al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2001, 38, (3~1-), 391394. The solving of ecological problems of future nuclear power is connected with the solving of long-lived radioactive waste utilization problems. It concerns primarily plutonium and minor actinides (MAs), accumulated in the spent fuel of nuclear reactors. One of the ways this can be solved is to use a fast reactor with uranium-free or inert matrix fuel (IMF). The physics of this type of reactor was widely investigated during last year for BN-800 reactors. The solution of the most important problems was: a decrease in non-uniformity of power distribution and an increase of the Doppler effect. The next stage of such core investigations is an evaluation of self-protection to beyond
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2002
289
02/02238 Lung tumor KRAS and TP53 mutations in nonsmokers reflect exposure to PAH-rich coal combustion emissions DeMarini, D. M. et al. Cancer Research, 2001, 61, (18). 6679-6681. The TP53 and codon 12 KRAS mutations in lung tumours were determined from 24 non-smokers whose tumours were associated, with exposure to smoky coal. Among any tumours studied previously, these showed the highest percentage of mutations that (a) were G ---+ T transversions at either KRAS (86%) or TP53 (76%), (b) clustered at the G-rich codons 153-158 of TP53 (33%), and (c) had 100% of the guanines of the G ~ T transversions on the non-transcribed strand. This mutation spectrum is consistent with an exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are the primary component of the smoky coal emissions. These results show that mutations in the TP53 and KRAS genes can reflect a specific environmental exposure.
02/02239 Measures reducing the environmental impact of mining activity of the Katowice Coal Holding Co. with special consideration of a pilot plant for concentration of brines in the Wesola Coal Mine Gajos, S. e/al. Zesz. Nauk. Politech. S/ask., Gorn., 2000, 246, (5), 155171. (In Polish) Industrial activity of colliers influences the environment deforming the area, storing wastes, emitting dust and gases, polluting surface waters with brine and sewage. To decrease or even eliminate those influences on the environment a wide range of investments is carried out to protect surface waters, to reduce dust and gas emission as welt as noise and also land reclamation is being done. The paper presents the implementation of the ecological undertakings carried out in the colliers of the Katowice Coal Holding Ltd.
02/02240 Mercury in coal of Guizhou China and its environmental impacts Feng, X. et al. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1293 1307. Guizhou located in Southwestern China is one of the major coal production provinces and is one of the areas in China where acid deposition occurs frequently due to coal combustion emissions. 48 Coal samples from the major coal mines in Guizhou were collected by underground channel sampling. The concentration and occurrence
modes of Hg in the coal samples were detected. The average Hg content in coal is 0.53 rng kg 1, which is much higher than that in other coal production provinces in China. Results from the sequential extensions and float-sink experiments show that Hg exists mainly in pyrite, therefore traditional physical coal cleaning will remove a large part of Hg from coal with the liberation and removal of pyrite. However, at present only 7.8% of annual coal output in Guizhou is performed with physical coal cleaning processes. During the last 20 years, Hg emissions from coal combustion in Guizhou were estimated and a clearly increasing trend of annual Hg emission can be seen due to the increase of coal consumption, which is in parallel with the increase of economy and population. In 1998, 8.5 t Hg was emitted into the atmosphere from coal combustion in Guizhou and the implementation of physical coal cleaning is an effective way to reduce Hg emission from coal combustion in the area. Hg in air and proportion of Guiyang, which is the most industrialized area in the province and is classified as one of the most seriously polluted cities in China, was measured at one sampling site in Guiyang. TGM concentration in the air increased at an annual rate of 7.0% 1996-1999, which is the same as the increase rate of Hg emission from coal combustion in Guiyang 1996-1998. During a measurement campaign in October 1999, the divalent gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration averaged at 454 pg m 3, which is much higher than that in background area. It is clearly that coal combustion emission is the primary Hg source in Guiyang. The average total Hg in rainwater of 1996 was estimated to be 32.9 ng 1-1, and the total deposition of Hg in the area was 143.0 g km z in 1996.
02/02241 Multi-lateral emission trading: lessons from interstate NOx control in the United States Farrell, A. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (13), 1061-1072. Marketable emission permit mechanisms are increasingly proposed as efficient means of managing environmental pollution problems such as greenhouse gas emissions. Existing examples of emissions trading in the literature have so far been limited to domestic efforts put in the place through the action of a national legislature, which has no parallel in international polities. This paper examines two efforts to establish multi-lateral emissions trading for nitrogen oxides among various states with the USA. One, the Ozone Transport Commission's Nox Budget program is a success. The other, the Ozone Transport Assessment Group and the federal government's subsequent NOx SIP Call has not resulted in a multi-lateral emissions control program, let alone an efficient, market-based one. Due to the relative similarities of the states (compared to highly heterogeneous nations of the world) these are 'best case' examples, and explaining the vast differences in outcomes will help explain the potential and the challenges in developing an international emission trading program to control greenhouse gas emissions.
02/02242 Natural-gas-fueled cogeneration - an overview of the emission aspects Klimstra, J. Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2001, 2, (36), 1077 1082. Cogeneration of electricity and heat (or cooling) is an effective means to lower fuel consumption without reducing energy use. There is a close to direct relationship between energy use and affluence level. Therefore, cogeneration is an interesting option for saving fuel without sacrificing wealth. A high efficiency in fuel utilization also means less CO2 production. Moreover, the use of natural gas means a low specific CO2 production compared to other fossil fuels. Modern natural-gasfuelled engines have a high energy conversion efficiency. As a result, gas-engine-based cogeneration installations can have a COz emission per kWh that is a factor of 5 lower than that for coal-fired central power plants. In addition, the specific NOx emission can be factor of 5 lower than that for the average energy use. Other emissions, such as CO and aldehydes, can be adequately reduced with state-of-the-art technologies. This paper compares the emissions from cogeneration installations with those of separate generation. The use of coherent physical units ensures a proper comparison.
02/02243 Neutronic and safety aspects of inert matrix fuel utilization in fast reactors for plutonium and minor actinides transmutation Krivitski, I. Y. el al. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2001, 38, (3~1-), 391394. The solving of ecological problems of future nuclear power is connected with the solving of long-lived radioactive waste utilization problems. It concerns primarily plutonium and minor actinides (MAs), accumulated in the spent fuel of nuclear reactors. One of the ways this can be solved is to use a fast reactor with uranium-free or inert matrix fuel (IMF). The physics of this type of reactor was widely investigated during last year for BN-800 reactors. The solution of the most important problems was: a decrease in non-uniformity of power distribution and an increase of the Doppler effect. The next stage of such core investigations is an evaluation of self-protection to beyond
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2002
289