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Magneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot interferometer with perovskite magnetic material
Journal Pre-proofs Research articles depends on the changeMagneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Perovskite Magnetic Material Ch N Rao, Xinggao Gui, Dnyandeo Pawar, Qiangguo Huang, Chandra Sekhar Beera, Peijiang Cao, Wen-jun Liu, De-liang Zhu, You-ming Lu PII: DOI: Reference:
S0304-8853(19)33828-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.166298 MAGMA 166298
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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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5 November 2019 11 December 2019 12 December 2019
Please cite this article as: C.N. Rao, X. Gui, D. Pawar, Q. Huang, C. Sekhar Beera, P. Cao, W-j. Liu, D-l. Zhu, Ym. Lu, depends on the changeMagneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Perovskite Magnetic Material, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm. 2019.166298
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Magneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Perovskite Magnetic Material Ch N Raoa, Xinggao Guia, Dnyandeo Pawara, Qiangguo Huanga, Chandra Sekhar Beerab, Peijiang Cao a,*, Wen-jun Liua, De-liang Zhua, and You-ming Lu a,*
aShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory
for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060, China. bVignan’s
Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam 530046, India
*Corresponding authors email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Abstract
Perovskite mixed valence magnetic (La0.7Ba0.3MnO3) material is explored as a magneto optical sensor by integrating onto the surface of an optical fiber. The guiding properties of core modes excited by the material cavity are modulated by the external magnetic field. The experimental results concluded that the device exhibits linear response to applied magnetic field strength in the range of 0–20mT with the sensitivity of 228 pm/mT and resolution of 0.87 Oe. Blue-shift phenomenon has been observed in the interference pattern, when a magnetic field is applied. Such wavelength shift is attributed to the influences of magneto-optical properties on optical-wave propagation. The results reveal the feasibility of developing an index-tuneable magneto-optical sensor using perovskite magnetic material. Keywords: Magneto-optic; refractive index; Perovskite magnetic material; Interference
1. Introduction: With the vast advancement in opto-electronics and magneto-optics, research on novel devices, has become important because of the tuneable refractive index and flexibility of these devices. Magnetic fluid (MF) exhibits strong optical birefringence under external magnetic field which attracts a great deal of consideration due to their amazing magneto-optic properties [1-4]. A rigorous research has been carried out on MFs and thin films [5-6].The magneto-optical devices have been demonstrated with tapered or etched fibers by integration of MFs [7-9]. Dilute and defective semiconducting materials were also utilized for magneto-optical performance based on dopant and defect induced magneto-optical effects [10-12]. The polymer (poly ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and magnetic material (Nd-Fe-B) as a composite material was used for optical fiber magnetic field measurements [13]. Generally, MF was utilised in magneto-optical devices in the form of thin films or reflective interfaces due to their large birefringence properties[14-17]. The MFs exhibit unusual optical properties when an external magnetic field is applied such as tuneable refractive index, change in birefringence, magneto-strictive and Faraday rotation. The main characteristic of these devices is to change the state of polarization under the influence of applied magnetic field. The various optical fiber models have been reported using MFs such as Fabry–Perot devices [18], single modemulti-mode-single-mode (SMS) structures [19], multimode-single-mode-multi-mode (MSM) structures [20], Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) [21], and Long Period Fiber Bragg Grating (LPFG) [22]. Peng Zu et al. reported on the effect of bandgap tunability by MF filled PCF with the sensitivity of 1.56 nm/Oe and resolution of 0.0064 Oe [23]. From recent studies in spintronic showed that the perovskite magnetic materials possess very less coercive field values. The perovskite magnetic materials are of great attention for magneto-resistance (MR) and spintronic applications. Like ferrite materials, perovskite manganese oxides such as La l-x (Ba, Sr, Ca)x MnO are well known ferromagnetic materials.
These perovskite materials exhibit magneto-optical effects such as Magneto optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and Surface magneto optic effect (SMOKE) [24-26]. In this prospective, if one could explore them by intense core mode field, it can yield extremely good out comes in the optical domain. This report mainly focusses on demonstrating a method of investigating the structural, magnetic measurement and magneto-optical effect of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. The proposed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3-optical fiber configurations could open the path as photonic platform for magneto-optic modulator, magnetic field sensors, mining detection and MRI applications.
2. Synthesis of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material Mixed valence perovskite magnetic material with the composition of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 (0
3. La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material coated magneto-optical fiber sensor design: The schematic representation of the magneto-optical fiber sensor based on La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coated Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) has shown in Fig.1(a). For the coating of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material, PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) was used as a binder. The transparent PVA polymer does not affect the state of polarization [28]. During the preparation of polymer viscous gel, PVA (1 gm) was dissolved in 50 ml of DI water at 100 0C under stirring for 15 min. In order to get a good magneto-optic sensitivity, the change of the refractive index of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 under applied magnetic field should be as large as possible. The high concentration of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 is preferred. The sensing material was prepared by mixing of 30 mg of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 powder and 3 ml of PVA gel. The composite material was further deposited on the surface of an optical fiber end by dip coating technique. The material cavity is formed between two reflecting surfaces of R1 and R2 as shown in Fig. 1(b). The optical microscope was used to find the thickness of a deposited material after heat treated at 100 0C for 24 hrs and it was found to be ~30 𝜇𝑚. The designed FPI is connected to a broadband (C+L, ALS-10-B-FC) source and an optical spectrum analyser (OSA-86146B, resolution 20pm) through inline polarizer and analyser, respectively. A portion of light is reflected from each internal cavity reflector when polarized light is propagated into the FP cavity. The fringe pattern was so formed due to the successful phase matching condition between the reflected rays from SMF and material cavity. The reflected spectrum of FPI before and after material coating has shown in Fig. 2. The flat response shows the characteristic spectrum of the bare fiber for a given input light source. The sensor head was placed between the two poles of an electromagnet which generates uniform magnetic field and regulated by current supply. The applied magnetic field direction is perpendicular to the propagation of light in the cavity. The interference pattern was further modulated with the applied magnetic field.
Fig. 3 shows X-ray diffraction pattern of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. All diffraction peaks are consistent with the JCPDS file (PDF number: 50-0308) [29, 30] which identifies the rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure. Fig. 4(a, b) show the SEM images of polydispersed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material with scale bar of 500 nm and 1µm. The average particle size is from a few nm to 500 nm. The annealed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 at 800 0C was explored for magnetic measurements (SQUID) at room temperature. Fig. 5(a) shows a graph of magnetization versus magnetic field. Fig. 5a (in inset) shows the elaborated magnetization graph of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. It shows a small hysteresis with a coercive field of 8.5 Oe and remnant magnetization of 8x10-3 emu/g. Fig. 5(b) shows the temperature dependent magnetization curve at 500 Oe. The M-T graph shows broad transition at around 320 K and the resulted magnetic measurements confirm the para-magnetism at 300K [31, 32].
4. Process of sensing mechanism: The basic principle of Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is based on the superposition of multiple reflections from the cavity. FPIs are extremely sensitive to perturbations that affect within the cavity. The cavity material acts as multi-reflecting surfaces for a given input light source. Therefore, the resultant spectrum generates an interference pattern due to the superposition of reflected rays from the surface of SMF and cavity [33] which is given by: 2𝐼𝑖(1 ― cos ∅)
𝐼𝑙 = 1 +
𝐼2𝑖 ― 2𝐼𝑖cos ∅
(1)Where 𝐼𝑙 , 𝐼𝑖 and ∅ are reflected optical power,
incident optical power and optical phase, respectively. The optical phage is given by ∅= nkd, where n, k, d are refractive index, propagation constant and material cavity length, respectively. Depending on the effective refractive index and thickness of material, a phase change is introduced between the reflected light beams at the interface and cavity. Therefore, the resultant phase difference is given by; ∆∅ = ∆neff kd =
4π∆neffd λ
(2)
where, ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓, ∆∅ and λ are effective refractive index, phase difference and wavelength, respectively. The FPI cavity is formed by magnetic material, then effective refractive index could be expressed with applied magnetic field intensity as follow [34]: ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓= 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ― 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = α ∆H………………………..(3) where α, 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 and 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 are magnetic field sensitivity of the magnetic material, refractive index of an optical fiber and refractive index of a material, respectively. The ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 is a function of applied magnetic field as expressed in the equation (3). The increase or decrease of ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ˃ 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 is constant) depends on the change in refractive index (𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙) of a material with applied magnetic field. The sharp wavelength dips in the reflected spectrum are observed when constructive or destructive interference is satisfied. According to Eq. (1), the resultant intensity reaches maximum when ɸ= (2m+1) π, where m is an integer (m=0,1,2,3,.... ). Therefore, the resonance wavelength of interference spectrum is [35]:
𝜆𝑚 =
4𝜋∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑑 (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋
(4)
From equation (4), it is signifying that the change in resonance wavelength shift (𝜆𝑚) depends on ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓. Therefore, the shifting of resonance wavelength depends on the refractive index of a material from the equation (3). The small change in resonance wavelength can be measured using FPI cavity by external parameters such as magnetic field, electric field and so on.
5. Results and Discussion:
The reflection spectra of the La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 deposited SMF with the external magnetic field has shown in Fig. 6. The fringe pattern is governed by the interfacial reflectance from the material cavity. The resonance wavelength at 1554 nm in the interference spectrum varies with variable magnetic field strength is applied. The resonance wavelength linearly shifts by 4.56 nm between 1554 nm and 1558.56 nm with the applied magnetic field from 0 to 20 mT. The wavelength shift was seen to be blue shifting due to the magnetic field induced La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 refractive index change. The change in effective refractive index due to agglomeration of magnetic particles and their magnetic moments tend to align in the direction of magnetic field when the external magnetic field is gradually increases [36]. The change in refractive index causes the change in phase. The change in the state of polarization of light with external magnetic field gives the change in phase. The variation of resonance wavelength shift with the external magnetic field has shown in in the Fig. 7. The sensitivity of the magneto-optical sensor was evaluated by tracing the shifts of resonance wavelength at 1554 nm. The sensitivity of sensor is 228 pm/mT and the resolution is 0.87Oe. The decrease in ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 is due to magnetic field induced La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 refractive index decreases. Therefore, the blue shifting of resonance wavelength (𝜆 𝑚 ) is observed due to the decrease in refractive index of a material with applied magnetic field. The intensity (fringe contrast) of the pattern was also seen to be increasing for higher order modes around the fundamental mode wavelength at 1550 nm. The increased intensity with the applied magnetic field could be attributed to better coupling for higher order weak field modes due to decrease in effective refractive index at higher magnetic fields [37]. A similar result of decreasing effective refractive index with increasing external magnetic field for magnetic fluid was reported with the sensitivity of 109.45 pm/mT [38]. Also, Zang et al. presented on the linear decrease of resonance wavelength shift with increasing magnetic field [39]. In comparison with sensitivity, Dai et al. [40] reported with clad modified
Fe3O4 magnetic fluid and have tuned FBG spectra by applied magnetic field. Hu et al. used MF for magneto-optical sensor with a sensitivity of 1.5 pm/Oe [41]. The magneto-optic properties of rare earth compounds, La1−xAxMnO3 (A= Sr, Ba, Ca and so on), have been explored experimentally as well as theoretically [42,43]. It is verified that magneto-optical properties are depends on spin-orbit coupling strength (LS) and spin polarization. Okimoto et al. have reported on optical properties of La1−xSrxMnO3 with various doping levels [44]. Ogasawara et al. have investigated the photo-induced phenomena in perovskite magnetic material by femto-second spectroscopy [45]. Loshkareva et al. highlighted in La1−xSrxCoO3 films about the optical absorption and transverse Kerr effect [46]. Therefore, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 also falls under similar category of materials as mentioned in above references. The index-based magneto-optic modulation as a sensing parameter could be used to design an ultracompact and miniaturized magneto-optical devices.
6. Conclusions A magneto-optical sensor based on La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coated SMF coupler is experimentally demonstrated. The results show that the wavelength shift is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. The enhanced magneto-optic response is noticed with direct coupling of intense core mode field using perovskite magnetic material. The resonance wavelength is blue shifted with increasing magnetic field. The perovskite magnetic material has been used to fabricate magneto-optical sensor with the sensitivity of 228 pm/mT and resolution of 0.87 Oe. We realized that the perovskite magnetic materials and their magneto-optical properties may open a new window in the photonic domain. It demonstrates promising applications in optical devices such as magneto-optical modulators, magnetic field sensors optical switches and filters.
Acknowledgements: We acknowledge National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774241 ， 51872187, 61704111, 61504083 and 51371120), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong province (Grant Nos. 2016A030313060 and 2017A030310524), the Public welfare capacity building in Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2015A010103016), the Project of Department of Education of Guangdong Province. (Grant No. 2014KTSCX110), the Science and Technology Foundation of Shenzhen (Grant No. JCYJ20160226192033020) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFB0404100 and 2017YFB0403000) for funding this work.
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Figure Captions: Fig.1. (a) Schematic of a SMF-FPI magneto-optical sensor system. (b) Optical fiber cavity design. Fig.2. The optical fiber response before and after the La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coating. Fig.3. XRD pattern of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material Fig.4. (a) and (b) show the SEM images of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 with different magnifications of 500 nm and 1µm respectively. Fig.5. (a) M-H curve of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 at room temperature and in inset shows hysteresis loop. (b) M-T at 500 Oe Fig. 6. The response of output spectrum in terms of wavelength shifts with applied magnetic field. Fig. 7. Wavelength shift versus magnetic field response.
Highlights 1. Magneto optical sensor has been designed using La0.7Ba0.3MnO3.
2. The enhanced sensitivity is noticed with direct interaction of core mode field. 3. Blue-shift phenomenon has been found with sensitivity of 228 pm/mT. 4. The designed device can be used for optical switches and magnetic field sensors.
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
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S0304-8853(19)33828-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.166298 MAGMA 166298
To appear in:
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date:
5 November 2019 11 December 2019 12 December 2019
Please cite this article as: C.N. Rao, X. Gui, D. Pawar, Q. Huang, C. Sekhar Beera, P. Cao, W-j. Liu, D-l. Zhu, Ym. Lu, depends on the changeMagneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Perovskite Magnetic Material, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm. 2019.166298
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Magneto-optical fiber sensor based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Perovskite Magnetic Material Ch N Raoa, Xinggao Guia, Dnyandeo Pawara, Qiangguo Huanga, Chandra Sekhar Beerab, Peijiang Cao a,*, Wen-jun Liua, De-liang Zhua, and You-ming Lu a,*
aShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory
for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060, China. bVignan’s
Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam 530046, India
*Corresponding authors email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Abstract
Perovskite mixed valence magnetic (La0.7Ba0.3MnO3) material is explored as a magneto optical sensor by integrating onto the surface of an optical fiber. The guiding properties of core modes excited by the material cavity are modulated by the external magnetic field. The experimental results concluded that the device exhibits linear response to applied magnetic field strength in the range of 0–20mT with the sensitivity of 228 pm/mT and resolution of 0.87 Oe. Blue-shift phenomenon has been observed in the interference pattern, when a magnetic field is applied. Such wavelength shift is attributed to the influences of magneto-optical properties on optical-wave propagation. The results reveal the feasibility of developing an index-tuneable magneto-optical sensor using perovskite magnetic material. Keywords: Magneto-optic; refractive index; Perovskite magnetic material; Interference
1. Introduction: With the vast advancement in opto-electronics and magneto-optics, research on novel devices, has become important because of the tuneable refractive index and flexibility of these devices. Magnetic fluid (MF) exhibits strong optical birefringence under external magnetic field which attracts a great deal of consideration due to their amazing magneto-optic properties [1-4]. A rigorous research has been carried out on MFs and thin films [5-6].The magneto-optical devices have been demonstrated with tapered or etched fibers by integration of MFs [7-9]. Dilute and defective semiconducting materials were also utilized for magneto-optical performance based on dopant and defect induced magneto-optical effects [10-12]. The polymer (poly ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and magnetic material (Nd-Fe-B) as a composite material was used for optical fiber magnetic field measurements [13]. Generally, MF was utilised in magneto-optical devices in the form of thin films or reflective interfaces due to their large birefringence properties[14-17]. The MFs exhibit unusual optical properties when an external magnetic field is applied such as tuneable refractive index, change in birefringence, magneto-strictive and Faraday rotation. The main characteristic of these devices is to change the state of polarization under the influence of applied magnetic field. The various optical fiber models have been reported using MFs such as Fabry–Perot devices [18], single modemulti-mode-single-mode (SMS) structures [19], multimode-single-mode-multi-mode (MSM) structures [20], Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) [21], and Long Period Fiber Bragg Grating (LPFG) [22]. Peng Zu et al. reported on the effect of bandgap tunability by MF filled PCF with the sensitivity of 1.56 nm/Oe and resolution of 0.0064 Oe [23]. From recent studies in spintronic showed that the perovskite magnetic materials possess very less coercive field values. The perovskite magnetic materials are of great attention for magneto-resistance (MR) and spintronic applications. Like ferrite materials, perovskite manganese oxides such as La l-x (Ba, Sr, Ca)x MnO are well known ferromagnetic materials.
These perovskite materials exhibit magneto-optical effects such as Magneto optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and Surface magneto optic effect (SMOKE) [24-26]. In this prospective, if one could explore them by intense core mode field, it can yield extremely good out comes in the optical domain. This report mainly focusses on demonstrating a method of investigating the structural, magnetic measurement and magneto-optical effect of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. The proposed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3-optical fiber configurations could open the path as photonic platform for magneto-optic modulator, magnetic field sensors, mining detection and MRI applications.
2. Synthesis of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material Mixed valence perovskite magnetic material with the composition of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 (0
3. La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material coated magneto-optical fiber sensor design: The schematic representation of the magneto-optical fiber sensor based on La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coated Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) has shown in Fig.1(a). For the coating of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material, PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) was used as a binder. The transparent PVA polymer does not affect the state of polarization [28]. During the preparation of polymer viscous gel, PVA (1 gm) was dissolved in 50 ml of DI water at 100 0C under stirring for 15 min. In order to get a good magneto-optic sensitivity, the change of the refractive index of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 under applied magnetic field should be as large as possible. The high concentration of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 is preferred. The sensing material was prepared by mixing of 30 mg of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 powder and 3 ml of PVA gel. The composite material was further deposited on the surface of an optical fiber end by dip coating technique. The material cavity is formed between two reflecting surfaces of R1 and R2 as shown in Fig. 1(b). The optical microscope was used to find the thickness of a deposited material after heat treated at 100 0C for 24 hrs and it was found to be ~30 𝜇𝑚. The designed FPI is connected to a broadband (C+L, ALS-10-B-FC) source and an optical spectrum analyser (OSA-86146B, resolution 20pm) through inline polarizer and analyser, respectively. A portion of light is reflected from each internal cavity reflector when polarized light is propagated into the FP cavity. The fringe pattern was so formed due to the successful phase matching condition between the reflected rays from SMF and material cavity. The reflected spectrum of FPI before and after material coating has shown in Fig. 2. The flat response shows the characteristic spectrum of the bare fiber for a given input light source. The sensor head was placed between the two poles of an electromagnet which generates uniform magnetic field and regulated by current supply. The applied magnetic field direction is perpendicular to the propagation of light in the cavity. The interference pattern was further modulated with the applied magnetic field.
Fig. 3 shows X-ray diffraction pattern of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. All diffraction peaks are consistent with the JCPDS file (PDF number: 50-0308) [29, 30] which identifies the rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure. Fig. 4(a, b) show the SEM images of polydispersed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material with scale bar of 500 nm and 1µm. The average particle size is from a few nm to 500 nm. The annealed La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 at 800 0C was explored for magnetic measurements (SQUID) at room temperature. Fig. 5(a) shows a graph of magnetization versus magnetic field. Fig. 5a (in inset) shows the elaborated magnetization graph of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3. It shows a small hysteresis with a coercive field of 8.5 Oe and remnant magnetization of 8x10-3 emu/g. Fig. 5(b) shows the temperature dependent magnetization curve at 500 Oe. The M-T graph shows broad transition at around 320 K and the resulted magnetic measurements confirm the para-magnetism at 300K [31, 32].
4. Process of sensing mechanism: The basic principle of Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is based on the superposition of multiple reflections from the cavity. FPIs are extremely sensitive to perturbations that affect within the cavity. The cavity material acts as multi-reflecting surfaces for a given input light source. Therefore, the resultant spectrum generates an interference pattern due to the superposition of reflected rays from the surface of SMF and cavity [33] which is given by: 2𝐼𝑖(1 ― cos ∅)
𝐼𝑙 = 1 +
𝐼2𝑖 ― 2𝐼𝑖cos ∅
(1)Where 𝐼𝑙 , 𝐼𝑖 and ∅ are reflected optical power,
incident optical power and optical phase, respectively. The optical phage is given by ∅= nkd, where n, k, d are refractive index, propagation constant and material cavity length, respectively. Depending on the effective refractive index and thickness of material, a phase change is introduced between the reflected light beams at the interface and cavity. Therefore, the resultant phase difference is given by; ∆∅ = ∆neff kd =
4π∆neffd λ
(2)
where, ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓, ∆∅ and λ are effective refractive index, phase difference and wavelength, respectively. The FPI cavity is formed by magnetic material, then effective refractive index could be expressed with applied magnetic field intensity as follow [34]: ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓= 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ― 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = α ∆H………………………..(3) where α, 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 and 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 are magnetic field sensitivity of the magnetic material, refractive index of an optical fiber and refractive index of a material, respectively. The ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 is a function of applied magnetic field as expressed in the equation (3). The increase or decrease of ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 ˃ 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 is constant) depends on the change in refractive index (𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙) of a material with applied magnetic field. The sharp wavelength dips in the reflected spectrum are observed when constructive or destructive interference is satisfied. According to Eq. (1), the resultant intensity reaches maximum when ɸ= (2m+1) π, where m is an integer (m=0,1,2,3,.... ). Therefore, the resonance wavelength of interference spectrum is [35]:
𝜆𝑚 =
4𝜋∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑑 (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋
(4)
From equation (4), it is signifying that the change in resonance wavelength shift (𝜆𝑚) depends on ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓. Therefore, the shifting of resonance wavelength depends on the refractive index of a material from the equation (3). The small change in resonance wavelength can be measured using FPI cavity by external parameters such as magnetic field, electric field and so on.
5. Results and Discussion:
The reflection spectra of the La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 deposited SMF with the external magnetic field has shown in Fig. 6. The fringe pattern is governed by the interfacial reflectance from the material cavity. The resonance wavelength at 1554 nm in the interference spectrum varies with variable magnetic field strength is applied. The resonance wavelength linearly shifts by 4.56 nm between 1554 nm and 1558.56 nm with the applied magnetic field from 0 to 20 mT. The wavelength shift was seen to be blue shifting due to the magnetic field induced La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 refractive index change. The change in effective refractive index due to agglomeration of magnetic particles and their magnetic moments tend to align in the direction of magnetic field when the external magnetic field is gradually increases [36]. The change in refractive index causes the change in phase. The change in the state of polarization of light with external magnetic field gives the change in phase. The variation of resonance wavelength shift with the external magnetic field has shown in in the Fig. 7. The sensitivity of the magneto-optical sensor was evaluated by tracing the shifts of resonance wavelength at 1554 nm. The sensitivity of sensor is 228 pm/mT and the resolution is 0.87Oe. The decrease in ∆𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 is due to magnetic field induced La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 refractive index decreases. Therefore, the blue shifting of resonance wavelength (𝜆 𝑚 ) is observed due to the decrease in refractive index of a material with applied magnetic field. The intensity (fringe contrast) of the pattern was also seen to be increasing for higher order modes around the fundamental mode wavelength at 1550 nm. The increased intensity with the applied magnetic field could be attributed to better coupling for higher order weak field modes due to decrease in effective refractive index at higher magnetic fields [37]. A similar result of decreasing effective refractive index with increasing external magnetic field for magnetic fluid was reported with the sensitivity of 109.45 pm/mT [38]. Also, Zang et al. presented on the linear decrease of resonance wavelength shift with increasing magnetic field [39]. In comparison with sensitivity, Dai et al. [40] reported with clad modified
Fe3O4 magnetic fluid and have tuned FBG spectra by applied magnetic field. Hu et al. used MF for magneto-optical sensor with a sensitivity of 1.5 pm/Oe [41]. The magneto-optic properties of rare earth compounds, La1−xAxMnO3 (A= Sr, Ba, Ca and so on), have been explored experimentally as well as theoretically [42,43]. It is verified that magneto-optical properties are depends on spin-orbit coupling strength (LS) and spin polarization. Okimoto et al. have reported on optical properties of La1−xSrxMnO3 with various doping levels [44]. Ogasawara et al. have investigated the photo-induced phenomena in perovskite magnetic material by femto-second spectroscopy [45]. Loshkareva et al. highlighted in La1−xSrxCoO3 films about the optical absorption and transverse Kerr effect [46]. Therefore, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 also falls under similar category of materials as mentioned in above references. The index-based magneto-optic modulation as a sensing parameter could be used to design an ultracompact and miniaturized magneto-optical devices.
6. Conclusions A magneto-optical sensor based on La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coated SMF coupler is experimentally demonstrated. The results show that the wavelength shift is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. The enhanced magneto-optic response is noticed with direct coupling of intense core mode field using perovskite magnetic material. The resonance wavelength is blue shifted with increasing magnetic field. The perovskite magnetic material has been used to fabricate magneto-optical sensor with the sensitivity of 228 pm/mT and resolution of 0.87 Oe. We realized that the perovskite magnetic materials and their magneto-optical properties may open a new window in the photonic domain. It demonstrates promising applications in optical devices such as magneto-optical modulators, magnetic field sensors optical switches and filters.
Acknowledgements: We acknowledge National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774241 ， 51872187, 61704111, 61504083 and 51371120), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong province (Grant Nos. 2016A030313060 and 2017A030310524), the Public welfare capacity building in Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2015A010103016), the Project of Department of Education of Guangdong Province. (Grant No. 2014KTSCX110), the Science and Technology Foundation of Shenzhen (Grant No. JCYJ20160226192033020) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFB0404100 and 2017YFB0403000) for funding this work.
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Figure Captions: Fig.1. (a) Schematic of a SMF-FPI magneto-optical sensor system. (b) Optical fiber cavity design. Fig.2. The optical fiber response before and after the La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 coating. Fig.3. XRD pattern of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 material Fig.4. (a) and (b) show the SEM images of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 with different magnifications of 500 nm and 1µm respectively. Fig.5. (a) M-H curve of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 at room temperature and in inset shows hysteresis loop. (b) M-T at 500 Oe Fig. 6. The response of output spectrum in terms of wavelength shifts with applied magnetic field. Fig. 7. Wavelength shift versus magnetic field response.
Highlights 1. Magneto optical sensor has been designed using La0.7Ba0.3MnO3.
2. The enhanced sensitivity is noticed with direct interaction of core mode field. 3. Blue-shift phenomenon has been found with sensitivity of 228 pm/mT. 4. The designed device can be used for optical switches and magnetic field sensors.
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
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