Mainly on planning law

Bookwatch Mainly on planning law The

law

relating

greatly

among

mirrord

in

Iaw.

In

the

term

planning

varies

and

lihral-y

of

the

of

puhlic;ttionx. honour

to

countries.

this

sheer

the LISA

bulk

of

LISA.

though

thel-e

volu~iics

interesting

arc

from

tercstetl

from

of

the

West’s

so-called

are

periodically)

750 large full). X~/\/rc//

oil

:Vtr/.r/~c~//

Daniel

Roger

300 the

reader

making.

the

through

pollution

protection feat

cncrgy

in

the

Ett~~irotrttr~trtrrl I/tttitllwoX

Incc,

11)

published

and

c011~c‘1-.

It

;I

hc

British

lady

since the fderal

LISA

end

of

countries or

few.

is ;I cast‘ in point.

wmc

from

JX)IW.

W ..I. M,

(19S5) aims to

is the ~>ro\

Butterworth\ Ricquicr’s first

judgcnicnt:

350

hut

for

Columbia Two

other4

of

Singa

/.tr,rt/

a wric4

ide outlines

areas of Singapore British.

of

;I

hii\ c none ~

British

/,rr~c, which

of the main

1;lw. The lroots arc‘

to quote

a11

1869 court

than

con-

study

by

essay

Ontario

and.

sion\

il;ii--

(It

no

hOOk

with

Separately

six

It

;I more

rent

Statement.

sections

Ix

iS to

IS15

of and

Jxllic!,

hoped

inspire

that the to J~I-C~

others and

cohe-

the meantime.

In

the adv;int;ige

the

of the sc’r-

hy the independent

ning Exchange

In ;i small

countr). often

written

owr

Plan-

(IX6 Bath Street.

communication

the

Whidl

cornpi-eh~iiSi\,~

Scot4 have

gow).

half

Iegisl~ition

will

au-

introduction

~lJ~JXlldiW\

relevant

;I

;I wmi-

OWI-

of

and later

dencc

brief

;I

conclusion\.

duce

from

em~mates irctalm

COllSi\tS

hook

Glas-

individual t:ihc\

pi-ccc-

codification.

of to be

even

omits

and

note

from

of course.

the

casts.)

is the fact

O\CI-

Port

a

from

Knetsch’\

vast

Mores-

Switzerland

Compulsory The other

essay ratha

ranges

is the following:

JwI>-

be considered

of statute4

Among

is

hooks.

It

El 13

Scottkh

basically

papers,

vice\ offe~nxi

C‘on-

L. Knetxh

area ~ from

hy to Trinidad. to the LISA.

more

it is stated

is of particulx the

format.

76 Drun-

(‘otttltc,tt.~rrtiotr.

it can

test.

tahlc\

gwgraphical

td

have

analytical

extended

and

i\

.Sc.otlrrtttl

Edinburgh

whject.

publication

uttd

further

.Jacl\

what

;I legal

a

nai-

field

thih

itt

i\ the first

instrunientS.

Khuhlall’s

<‘;~natla

of

i\ precisely

What that

so mai-IcecIl! on

four

trtitl

st;indard

of the

tests

in

of Eciinhurgh.

This

the

(.sic,)

anti compensation

of

lii~lit.5

;I\ ail

pxticu-

to he set

typicall\ The

Thk

Iaw in the

legal

J3rcducing

which

ICI’V

\oliinie

seem

;I

I’ropcrl!.

is

7Y R). on

in

hook

G;irdens.

rcproducc

pub-

1’111-c1111.\c

This

~ a .\tlrrl\~. In fact.

\tucly

systems

differ

<‘;iiiad~~

Butter\vorths

(;.

Van-

(‘olumhia.

in-

involved and

Pitr(~/tuvc

Society

(I.au

\heiigh

and

chapter. N.

wcond

thored

these

legal eupo\ition.

purchase

whject

find

.Yitt,~~rporc~

focused

lished

Edwards

fascinating

en\.iroiiment~iI

and

police

hy John M.

Gwen

rawly

the

howev-

Singapore

cotrl[,lrhsot-~

,2ftr/rrj~vicc (198-l).

the

by

final

comes

Butterworth\

~‘ol~ttt2ltkt

I?> Buttcrbarths.

would

to compare USA

written

IOKJ.

is

readal~lc

flri/i.dt

rc-

arc

acquisition

(‘ottipttl5ot;i~

wniinar

law i\ relcgatetl

same

house o/’

India

The only disappoint-

\ix-page the

pul\ory

A similar

was that

East

will

is that planning

iiici-c‘

I>!

rise to complications. reader

(‘ottt/t~~tt,~(tlioti

the

compression

give

ciiscussrtl.

ment

l.cilr’

and the

eminently

clearly ;I

the

suhsquelltl~

interested

lishing

rcgul;~tion

;II~;IS.

which

The

theory

by

It is the modific;itions.

From

decision

and

and

Crown.

to

anti puicle

policy

I.cot,:

reviwd

(1

o\c‘i

author5

feder;ilism

digestible

achick cd

itr

,just

control.

of natural

of

Ltrbc.

federal

of toxic ~uhstances. environment.

;I

1%‘. Fintlley

pqys.

;I

held

‘still

of cotii-se.

modified.

was

of land

Singapore

The imported

Ia11cl

cr.

fklp-

includes

(195.3). In

Farhcr

PO

ha\e

I~tt~~irotrttic~trrtrl

by

A. (small)

which

events’. all

into

good.

(‘olllp~lll~

sonic

55165).

publishers

serie

~oluiiic

to

Publishing.

MN

saiiic

US

.Clcitti/c~.c

extends

Box 3526. St Paul. the

Ltrn,

(West

pages

of

notes that the theory

imported

hold4

daunting.

pamphlet

.S~~lc~c~tcrl Eti~~irotittic~trtcil (issued

Iau

complexities

law

relevant

who

in the principle\

The

couii-

Ricquier technical

strongly

those

Jxzllsation.

tries. The siLe and

work.

to

colllplllsol-\

several

other

cruclite

commended

Many of the books refers-rd

to in this issue of I3ooX ~twtcli 21-t‘

i\ an

This

has the duhiou\

of being top of the intcrnation-

aI Icague. the

is

planning

to

Britain conclu-

of Barry

two books

Ptrrchsc

md

edition\

nw

(5ttttpdsot~~~ (Estates

(‘ottt/~c,ti.srrrioti

7

Davies

19X5) and

ccl,

l,rr~a of C’otttptl\or:\~

3

cwcr

cd.

the

length

(.3&l and for

ence

is

moSt

interesting but

legalistic

1984).

field

at

Both

almost

367 pages).

My prefer-

short has an

style.

of this branch

its annual

School

and

casiei-

for

Washington

CITIES

of

less both

;I

cleai-

of the Iah.

of Law continues

.lolrrtttrl

;I

chap

Nevcrtheles~,

Back to the USA: versity‘\

has

historical

hooks can bc recommended exposition

books identical

who not only

Da\:ies

also

Keith P~rrch~r.w

(Ruttcrworths.

C‘ottz~tctrstrtiotr

L~mdon,

ter.

arc

Lknyer-Green‘\

Gazette. rrtttl

purchase

Urhtrtt

trtttl

November

LJnwith (‘Ott-

1986

Rook wutch

temporary Luw (Washington University School of Law, St Louis, MO 63130). This is always of interest and is also a bargain buy at the incredibly low price of $8.50. The 1985 issue is the 29th volume. Readers of Cities may find some of the contributions beyond their field of concern; but for those interested in the US planning scene there is much that is relevant. Of particular import is Marlin Smith’s analysis of ‘The Hamilton Bank Decision’. This concerns a US planning issue which is of great significance: whether the constitution requires that compensation be paid when a regulation is so severe that it amounts to a ‘taking’ (ie the regulation becomes equivalent to the compulsory acquisition of the rights in the land, and thus should carry with it the right to compensation). For reasons which Marlin Smith carefully analyses, the Supreme Court did not address that particular question and so ‘the taking issue’ remains a legal enigma. Michael Berger takes a more belligerent stance: ‘the law is unclear: to allow [it] to remain so is scandalous’. Cases currently in the pipeline give the Supreme Court the opportunity to give an authoritative ruling on this vexed issue. Other matters dealt with in the volume include zoning discrimination affecting retarded persons; the procedural problems facing municipalities that attempt to adopt local land use regulations; annexation in Missouri; and some constitutional problems relating to state regulation of substandard housing. Also continuing is the annual Land Use and Environmenr Law Review and Zoning and Planning Law Handbook, published by Clark Boardman (435 Hudson Street, New York 10014). The Handbook provides an invaluable, continuing update on the constantly shifting land use planning scene in the USA. The style is not legalistic; on the contrary, the contributors (almost uniformly) write clearly, easily and - for a non-lawyer comprehensibly on the issues arising from major court decisions during the year under review. To illustrate, the IYSS Zoning und Planning Law Handhook deals with eight major issues: a review of recent developments; land

CITIES November

1986

use regulation; hazardous waste facility siting; economic development; mixed use development; protecting the natural and built environment; zoning

and social issues; and afford-

able housing.

The 1986 Hrrrtdhook notes that. during the year, significant regulatory Initiatives have been taken at all levels of government in areas as diverse as public/private financing and dish antenna zoning, waste management and affordable housing, commercial development and sign and billboard regulation. Judicial decisions reviewed in the Hmdhook reflect a similar diversity and were selected for their potential to set or affirm trends in the law. Disputed issues include zoning hearing procedures, impact fees and utility service control. taking and antitrust violations, hazardous waste facility siting. subdivision exactions and state/local conflicts. Major land use problems continue to be: community development (and the related areas of growth control and infrastructure financing), methods of disposal and storage of hazardous waste and toxic materials and the effect of government regulation on property values. These issues are addressed in chapters on utility control as ;I growth management tool, strategic economic planning, ground water contamination. locally unwanted land uses, the Supreme Court’s Hamilton Bank decision and government actions which serve to increase land values. Government regulation of residential uses is addressed from two perspectives: one chapter calls for less regulation to reduce housing prices, while another discusses the replacement of government regulation by home-owner associations. Other chapters examine zoning administration procedures and zoning techniques to protect the visual environment. Two final chapters offer contrasting views on the efficacy of local zoning controls and the future of zoning. The Latld Use ut~tl Et~virotmcttt Law Ret,iew contains reprints of articles chosen through a peer review process. The articles are more substantial and detailed than those in the Handbook. Typically they are from legal journals. The 19X4 issue has

articles on the taking issue; zoning for special groups and situations: cxclusionary zoning; ‘the legitimacy of local land use control’; environmental theory; the clean air act; toxic and hazardous substances; interstate cnvironmental problems; and nuclear power regulation. These are, indeed, scholarly analyses, conveniently assembled in an annual volume.

Intricacies Of

a

different

character,

there

is a

of books aimed at those who are deeply involved in the intricacies of particular legal matters; one of particular note is the 19X5 supplement to Paul Barron’s massive F&ml Rquluriott of Real Esrcrtc (Warren. Ciorham and Lamont, 1633 Broadway, New York 10019). Most readers of the journal will not have cause to make use of such detailed texts (though it is useful to have the reference). The majority will be grateful for the academic writer who has the time - and energy ~ to review the total scene and to provide a digest of the law. So far as planning law is concerned a leading authority in the USA is Dan Mandelker. Stamper Professor of Law at Washington University in St Louis. His Lrrttd U.W Lrrw (Michie, Charlotteville. VA) is a model of clear exposition. Initially published in 1982. it now has a 1985 S~qy~k~wwt~t.A companion volume, from the same publisher, is Mandelker and Cunningham’s PIannillg u& Control of Lcml Developtnrti t: C’mrs (ml Mutcrials , which was originally published in 1979 but has been thoroughly revised for its 1985 second edition. These two books provide comprehensive accounts of the field. They are well organized, expertly crafted and (a great bonus) interesting. But it is difficult to keep up-to-date and one wishes for a loose-leaf format on the lines of Sweet and Maxwell’s Encyclopedias. The essential feature of these is that outdated material i\ replaced by revised pages which illcorporate changes in law. policy and practice. The pagination sometimes gets horribly complicated, but the result is a convenient. easy-to-handle and up-to-date statement. A move in

wealth

this

direction

NEPA

is

LNI~.

Nutiomtl

made

by

Glenview

Road,

This

has

II

Wilmette.

nearly

a hundred

ments.

Unfortunately

IYX5

no advantage

of the volume.

fore

has

to

do

consider Mandelker

for

almost

tisc:

is

future

supplementary

NEPA

in

continue\

to

be

;I vital

law.‘

Thcrc

can he no doubt

this:

which

makes that

labyrinth. well the

the

reader

XI easy pssage

with

updating

I~OI-LX

the legal

does

this

very

body of the booL,

could

Oc lbctter

but

fortna-

ted. The

satne

Zotrit~g

rrttd

Douglas lYX6).

W.

Pltrtrtritt~

and

annually: see

is

to

what

form

it

the ptwtiw ers

and

(petitions.

LISC‘ controls. nice

It

balance

makes

between

it useful

;I\ to students lities.

comprehenivc those

has

Rathkopf’s

Lrrb~

of

updated

352

reference\

by

rrtrtl Clark

lYX5).

;I

which as well

practicaI’Llt

The

detail to

Arden

treatise.

/‘/rrtfttit~,~ Boardman book

the

ning

svstcm.

The4e

fOl

each If.

The (also and

i\ clearI\,

is ;I full

this

edited

is ;I collection

the role

to /oning.

issue\ IYSOs.

The

lYS.3). Sadly.

~‘nnadian Plainning

This is

planning issues

emphasized A\sociation‘s

by the

T/rc

/o

reviwd

nothing

of it\ similar

widely

difficult

view.

(c\vn

to obtain

The

point

International

f.trtrtl

colt/

tlrc

B~I-

I_tr,~,.

the

Key~~s

Borough

moving

outside

(‘ro\sto\vn

of

presents

LJK

issue

more

difficult

Though

formative

titles).

may well of

books

catchy

of

to a par-

which

the

is made

fondness

rather

of

than

in-

It is here that subject

and

so helpful.

Of special

can hc

bibliographies value

to the UK

Catalogtrc oft& Platwittg

(Town

and

Association,

Terrace,

there

is relevant

catalogues

is the

of

-- and no

particularly

by

for

tou--

not need

number

(a problem

publishers

Rookshop

will

problems,

ticular

and

Mcditcrra-

the

to cities

sheer

in

~- (‘hicago’\

superabundance

relating

what

cfforl

and coi14tal

of Rookwatch

the

%cmc.

an arc‘;1 in the

-in

the

the

town.

I Iackncy,

the

Frcewav

publications

of

tlcvelop

IIN

of

development

of

will

amount

coopc~rative

l_ondon

ning

teacher

Enterprise

rcdevclopment

reader i\

4tuclcnt\ of real litc

facing the clas\. The

public-pribate

identifying

law.

range

and it is thus

;I comprehensive

C;uit/c

i\ :I motlcl

there

is

provide

but

and.

from the

simulation

Dockland~

be gaps.

teaching

\tudic\ arc

includt_3 ;I mired

end is in sight.

of f Iei-bert Pres4.

Im~don

and &tail.

documcntcd

i4\ucs:

Readers

thcrc

the

The

hill

in Milton

stud!

in

Icadcrship

effective

reminding

liability.

(‘ifi_-ctt’.v

ment

the

in

List‘

horne~~o~ k before

nc’in. <

and

present\,

to do 21 consitlerablc

in the

and alternative\

I.tr~la (Plannen

hale

it i\. ;I\ its ‘GISC

nianagenient

clearly

teacher. an

i\ni

procedure\

the wt2lcoinc reappearance Smith’s

011

l‘hrse

for the layman

with

M hich

of a local comprchcnmunicipal

appropriate

;I

and

PI-es\.

in the LISA

controls But

t’l~tttttittg

lo I.ftttcl Meek

of p;Lpc~-\

early

regulatory

pcrformancc

of

Associatic)n,

irange of planning

and

c‘x-

le\cl

and

G’cn .F

(l?.

;1 planning

of

of planning.

well

class

by Sir

C;cttttos

is not

land It

case studies

rc~oui-cc. the

in

planning iii

plan-

(Planner\

Planning

plan.

wildlv)

act

in Ontario.

;1re for

Ncttcr

lY7Os

kind.

;I

analysing

by Stuart

~idministration.

for

and study

reduced

to prominence

[I.

se\cn

with

is cditctl.

of touch.

wt

game4 for

Service\

of

and

(‘anada

Pursuit\: ;I

development‘.

Toronto

f’kitttwr’.r Gtiitlc

is :I

This

include

simul;1tions

i\ pub-

LISA.

volume

lYX5)

Tlrc

IYX?

i\ 2 good

Span. states.

.YoH.

to real

resident\

/‘/cottrittcy

Wynn’s

F.N.

of Trivial

Ontario

;I wmcwtlat

M.

sive

in

&

subtitle

the

of l~l;1nning tlcvcloping

I.rrn,

wide

;I

IYS3

report.

011

Martin

of

rcgulator~

Heap.

version

Avenue.

puhlication~

At

lYX3).

lightness

the

(It

interested

detail

Edith

The

his usual

is entitled,

011

conference

those

pert.

Australia.

Canadian

trends

u\i’

the

with

taken

This

in

and

clocumei~t~ition.

~iilministration

;i

be

matter\

(by

book. it

of

planning

and even further

non-residents)

:I I\

-~ lxirticulai-lb

‘land

investment

in

over

compilation

British

hypertrophy‘.

held

an array

that

changc4 it made to the law and

the

cdition.

as ;I self-contained

five-volume

to

two

with

greater

ZottitlK

published

achieve\

statement:

requiring

section

land

to practitioner5 concerned

It is indcndcd

and mak-

the

Thi\

the

the

California’s

Deslllolld

Educational

lV6.)

late

current

certainly

by Insight

For

the

to

/tcliort.

M5.l

rose

the Irrl4,

itt

accompanying

author

decision of

iic/

100 LlniverGty

in that it

The

regulations)

regulations)

to

of

to

Yl IB. (11’ the

it extend\

disappoint

from

WIR

seminar

;I

Since

covers

lYS1.

Phcc‘,

is ;I report

pages.

to

it

estate

Canxia.

prematurely.

American

has yet

to wait

to both

and

page

Curiously

at

Act.

I.td.

Uw

updated

is unique

give\ equal emphasis cases

have

takes.

that the book

(statutes.

for

be

but as no supplement we shall

lishcd

and

of

need\

Planning

expel-tisc

Boardm;m.

made

is

hy

in a loose-leaf

ready It

issued.

claims

(Clark

the uholc

I50

ranging

(reg-

indication

mere h~uilcl

l.ondon

of

in 10x3.

in

f Iarewood

volume

Rome

since

1

Square.

The

and

011 the

ctc)

conipilation

Ontario

the new

Dc~.vkhook

is published

replacement. been

al-iscs with

Kmiec

This

binder

issue

materials

is

proceedings

4tatemcnt.

system. no

IJK.)

bin-

clas

by the Association

address

Hanover

loose-leaf

is first

relevant

note

one-day

is provided

through

Mandelkcr

in the main

about

the

in

in 21 three-ring

looking

scene.

I’lrrrrttitt~y

cnvironnient all

with

the

trea-

(Its

deskbook.

cornpi-ehcnG\e

gives

somewhat

of

it

title

decisions

ccmponcnt

important

federal

the

published

claims

(Buttcrworths.

guidelines,

unique

vitalbv

useful

itself

planning

While to

the

cover-age of the 2clcographical Until I cxaniined it. I assumed

editions.

continuing

section

the

dealt

Callaghan

confirmed

evcq

The

in the preface

‘the

NEPA

ulations. Ontario

is decidedI)

that

for

arc the

there-

editing.

form

notes

of

reader

is sturdil)

to

also

time

with

at

is

book

together

The

this

(this The

pages in the main

hi\ own

the supplement, presence

der).

;I

and I hope

will

of

format

IYX4)

provides

and Maxwell

As

Canada.

reader,

placed

and up

Maicaula>

of the loose-lea1

;md

live

it as ;I very

R.W.

amens-

the

organized It

Idttrl U.Y~I’1ut2ttittcq: Prrrc/ic~r. I’rocxrlurt, trtttl Po/ic\’ hy C. 6. Macfarlane and

of

all the amendments

front

preferable

made for

Old

6000 I),

of

for

together

Sweet

n1.1.

consists

page\

is taken

Instead

printed

produced.

supplement

edition.

to suhstitutc

text.

IL

neatly

The

(3101

cumulative

in it\

format

Polic,y

Cnllaghan

which.

ity

Lifigutiott:

Ettl~irottttwtrt

published

and

in Mandelker‘s

ctttd

London

I7 SWIY

CITIES

Country Carlton SAS).

November

Planf Iouse Thiy

it

1986

compact, extremely cheap (40~ for the 1985-86 issue) and regularly updated. More ambitious is G. Vincent Barrett and Janet K. Tandy, The Interna-

tional Real Estate and Land Economics Bookshelf 1975-l 985, published in 1985 by the Center for Real Estate and Land Resource Research, New Mexico State University (Las Cruces, NM). This is an ambitious work, extending over some 300 pages. It had its origins ‘in the development of university level real estate curriculum for degree programs in the United States, Australia, England and New Zealand’. The data included in each entry is fuller than is usual and includes the International Standard Book Number, the Library of Congress card number, the book’s call number on both the Dewey and Library of Congress systems, a listing of the journals in which a review or abstract of the book has appeared, and ‘descriptors identifying topical areas covered’ (ie keywords). The preface to the bibliography explains that it represents ‘an attempt to identify all significant books written in, or translated to, English during the period covered . . The fundamental link is a heritage of land law based on English common law’. I have found the bibliography to be exceptionally useful, particularly because of its geographical coverage. But it has its limitations, the most import of which stem from the decision to classify entries under only two headings: real estate and land economics. These are too broad to be of real assistance to the enquirer interested in, say, building codes, low income housing, neighbourhoods, new towns or rent control (to pick at random a few ‘descriptors’). Moreover, there is no subject index: this considerably diminishes its utility. It is, of course, easy to criticize and anyone who has attempted to devise a subject bibliography will be aware of the difficulties. Yet the volume could be made much more useful, and I hope that Barrett and Tandy will be even more adventurous in any future edition. In the meantime, I am keeping the book handy for quick reference. While Barrett and Tandy is issued in a three-ring binder, M.S.Schulz and

CITIES November

1986

V.L. Kasen is more of a coffee table presentation. This is not a bibhography, but an Encyclopedia of Cornrn1rn-

ity Planning and Environment Manrrgement (Facts on File Publications. 1984). This proclaims itself as a ‘unique book the first to take the complex, rapidly changing concepts and terms used in community planning and make them clearly understandable to the general public, to professional and to students alike.’ Perhaps - but what is ‘community planning”? The encyclopedia has no entry for it. but the preface notes that the compilers had ‘made every effort to include all important topics’ and they hope that there are ‘no significant omi+ sions’. This is a big claim to make for a book that includes ‘land use regulation, community facility planning, economic development. transportation planning, urban design, analytic techniques and tools, housing. social planning, historic preservation. recreation and open space management. energy conservation, air and water quality management’. and so on. Certainly the book contains a large number of varied entries: bog. Disney World. inferential statistics. mid-rise housing, people mover. public use. social planning. smoke, regional tax base sharing, variable rate mortgage. Frank Lloyd Wright, zoning and zoo. Almost every term I could think of is included - but herein lies the problem: how can such a vast area be adequately treated within the covers of a single book, particularly one of only 475 pages? The answer is that it cannot. Though the entries are clear and

concise they are frequently far too short. They give a good quick answer to simple questions. In this sense the book is a useful one and it is perhaps unfair to criticize it for not being something it isn’t. But the term ‘encyclopedia’ is misleading: it would have been more appropriate to term it a ‘digest’, or even add the term ‘concise’ to the title. A very different compilation is James A. Clapp’s Tlw City: A Dictiorl-

ury of Quotable Thought ON Cities nrrd Urban Lif@, published by the Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Brunswick, NJ Research (New 08903). This is a delightful collection of ‘epigrams, epithets, verses. proverbs. scriptural references, witticisms. lyrics, literary references, historical observations, etc on cities (specific and general) and urban life from antiquity to the present day’. The entries arc listed alphabetically by author, and there are tw,o indexes - by city and by subject. It is virtually impossible to criticize a personal selection such as this, espccially since the choices are openly subjective. Moreover, I cannot reproduce my favourite quotes: there are too many of them! The reader must pick his own. It’s good fun. (I wonder whether there might be an undcrground dictionary of rlrlcprotrihl~~ thoughts?) J. Barry Cullingworth Unidel Professor of Urban Affairs and Public Policy University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716, USA

Conference report Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue Annual Meeting of the Association %7 May 1986.

of American

Annual meetings of this kind should provide a good opportunity to evaluate the current orientation and preoc-

Geographers,

Minneapolis,

MN,

cupations of a discipline. In practice. it is difficult to do more than gain an impressionistic view. with some I 000

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