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Major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops of Co–Cu–Ni ferrite
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215}216 (2000) 234}236
Major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops of Co}Cu}Ni ferrite Adam BienH kowski *, Zbigniew Kaczkowski Institute of Metrology and Measuring Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Ul. Chodkiewicza 8, PL-02-525 Warsaw, Poland Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, Al. Lotniko& w 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
Abstract Initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) as the functions of static magnetic "eld of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite were investigated. The saturation magnetostriction for the "eld equal to 2500 A/m was negative and equal to !11.1;10\ and for the "eld of 540 A/m (equal to 3H ) was equal to !8.0;10\. Other minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops are presented. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Major magnetostriction hysteresis loop; Minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops
The magnetic, piezomagnetic and magnetomechanical properties of the nickel-rich ferrites were investigated in the last 70 years, e.g., Refs. [1}8]. For experimental purposes the ferrite of chemical composition Co Cu Ni Fe O was prepared as frame-shaped cores (70 mm high, 30 mm wide and 15 mm thick) by conventional ceramic technique, for magnetic, magnetostrictive and magnetoelastic measurements [2]. The window dimensions were: height: 46 mm and width: 10 mm [2]. The density of the ferrite was equal to 5.25 Mg/m. The saturation induction of the sample was equal to 0.27 T, magnetic remanence 0.21 T, the coercivity H "180 A/m and initial permeability k "55. The j values have been measured as function of magnetic "eld H. The initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) were investigated. The measurements have been made using very sensitive semiconducting strain gauges in conjunction with an AC Wheatstone bridge. The cores have been
* Corresponding author. Tel.: #48-022-8490395; fax: #48022-8490395. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. BienH kowski).
placed in a vessel with oil. The measuring system made it possible to measure j (H) characteristics automatically using an XY recorder [2]. The j (H) have been measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetostriction for the "eld equal to 2500 A/m was negative and equal to !11.1;10\ and for the "eld 540 A/m (equal to 3H ) it was equal to !8.0;10\ (Fig. 1a). Other minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops are presented in Fig. 1b. The in#uence of maximum values of the static magnetic "eld loops on the maximum values of the magnetostriction and on the magnetostriction values at magnetic remanence is presented in Figs. 1}4. The major loop of magnetostriction after applying a magnetic "eld equal to 1470 A/m is presented in Fig. 1a. For lower magnetic "elds, the minor butter#y loops (Fig. 1b) are inside the major loop. Magnetostriction loops with constant amplitude versus inreversing magnetic "eld are presented in Fig. 2a and the magnetostriction curve after each of the magnetic "eld returning to zero is given in Fig. 1b. The di!erences between values of the magnetostriction obtained from the two methods (see Figs. 1 and 2a) are very small (Figs. 3 and 4) and somewhat lower after starting each from the remanence (Fig. 2b) than from the minima (Fig. 1b).
0304-8853/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 4 - 8 8 5 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 3 0 4 - 8
A. Bien& kowski, Z. Kaczkowski / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215}216 (2000) 234}236
235
Fig. 3. Initial magnetostriction curve j , remanent magnetos triction j and the ratio of the remanent magnetostriction to its maximum values j /j taken from Fig. 1b, for the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
Fig. 1. Initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) as the functions of the static magnetic "eld of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
Fig. 4. Initial magnetostriction curve j , remanent magneto striction j and the ratio of the remanent magnetostriction to its maximum values j /j taken from Fig. 2b, for the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
The results are comparable with the hysteresis loops of magnetic induction [8] and magnetostriction [9] and with the piezomagnetic and ultrasonic properties in other nickel-rich ferrites e.g. Ni}Co, Ni}Zn}Co and Ni}Co}Cu}Mn ferrites, e.g., Refs. [3}11]. The magnetomechanical properties (Villari e!ect) of these types of the ferrites are very interesting for technical applications [1]. The results are in good agreement with Sablik and Jiles' theory [12].
Fig. 2. Magnetostriction loops with the amplitude of the magnetic "eld equal to 240 A/m (a) and magnetostriction loops after each returning to zero of the magnetic "eld (b) of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
References [1] A. BienH kowski, Magnetospre9 z yste zjawisko Villariego w ferrytach i moz liwosH ci jego wykorzystania w budowie
236
[2] [3] [4]
[5]
A. Bien& kowski, Z. Kaczkowski / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215}216 (2000) 234}236 przetwornikoH w napre9 z enH i si" (The magnetoelastic Villari e!ect in ferrites and the possibility of utilizing it for the construction of stresses and forces transducers), Prace Naukowe Mechanika, z. 160, O"cyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa, 1995. A. BienH kowski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 112 (1992) 143. C.M. van der Burgt, Pilips Res. Rep. 8 (1953) 91. I.P. Golamina, Proceedings. of the Symposium on Electroacoustic Transducers, Krynica, 1958, PWN, Warsaw, 1961, p. 183. Z. Kaczkowski, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 9 (1963) 29.
[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Z. Kaczkowski, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Technol. 11 (1963) 41. Z. Kaczkowski, Proc. Vibr. Probab. 7 (1966) 274. Z. Kaczkowski, Electron Technol. 6 (1973) 103. J. Kulikowski, A. BienH kowski, Phys. Scripta 44 (1991) 382. J. Smit, H.P.J. Wijn, Physical Properties of Ferrites, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 6, 1954, p. 69. [11] Y. Kikuchi, N. Tsuya, H. Shimizu, M. Terajima, A. Sugijama, T. Hirone, S. Madea, J. Slimoiizaka, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univer. B7 (1955) 171. [12] M.J. Sablik, D.C. Jiles, IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 (1993) 2113.
Major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops of Co}Cu}Ni ferrite Adam BienH kowski *, Zbigniew Kaczkowski Institute of Metrology and Measuring Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Ul. Chodkiewicza 8, PL-02-525 Warsaw, Poland Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, Al. Lotniko& w 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
Abstract Initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) as the functions of static magnetic "eld of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite were investigated. The saturation magnetostriction for the "eld equal to 2500 A/m was negative and equal to !11.1;10\ and for the "eld of 540 A/m (equal to 3H ) was equal to !8.0;10\. Other minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops are presented. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Major magnetostriction hysteresis loop; Minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops
The magnetic, piezomagnetic and magnetomechanical properties of the nickel-rich ferrites were investigated in the last 70 years, e.g., Refs. [1}8]. For experimental purposes the ferrite of chemical composition Co Cu Ni Fe O was prepared as frame-shaped cores (70 mm high, 30 mm wide and 15 mm thick) by conventional ceramic technique, for magnetic, magnetostrictive and magnetoelastic measurements [2]. The window dimensions were: height: 46 mm and width: 10 mm [2]. The density of the ferrite was equal to 5.25 Mg/m. The saturation induction of the sample was equal to 0.27 T, magnetic remanence 0.21 T, the coercivity H "180 A/m and initial permeability k "55. The j values have been measured as function of magnetic "eld H. The initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) were investigated. The measurements have been made using very sensitive semiconducting strain gauges in conjunction with an AC Wheatstone bridge. The cores have been
* Corresponding author. Tel.: #48-022-8490395; fax: #48022-8490395. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. BienH kowski).
placed in a vessel with oil. The measuring system made it possible to measure j (H) characteristics automatically using an XY recorder [2]. The j (H) have been measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetostriction for the "eld equal to 2500 A/m was negative and equal to !11.1;10\ and for the "eld 540 A/m (equal to 3H ) it was equal to !8.0;10\ (Fig. 1a). Other minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops are presented in Fig. 1b. The in#uence of maximum values of the static magnetic "eld loops on the maximum values of the magnetostriction and on the magnetostriction values at magnetic remanence is presented in Figs. 1}4. The major loop of magnetostriction after applying a magnetic "eld equal to 1470 A/m is presented in Fig. 1a. For lower magnetic "elds, the minor butter#y loops (Fig. 1b) are inside the major loop. Magnetostriction loops with constant amplitude versus inreversing magnetic "eld are presented in Fig. 2a and the magnetostriction curve after each of the magnetic "eld returning to zero is given in Fig. 1b. The di!erences between values of the magnetostriction obtained from the two methods (see Figs. 1 and 2a) are very small (Figs. 3 and 4) and somewhat lower after starting each from the remanence (Fig. 2b) than from the minima (Fig. 1b).
0304-8853/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 4 - 8 8 5 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 3 0 4 - 8
A. Bien& kowski, Z. Kaczkowski / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215}216 (2000) 234}236
235
Fig. 3. Initial magnetostriction curve j , remanent magnetos triction j and the ratio of the remanent magnetostriction to its maximum values j /j taken from Fig. 1b, for the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
Fig. 1. Initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops (butter#y loops) as the functions of the static magnetic "eld of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
Fig. 4. Initial magnetostriction curve j , remanent magneto striction j and the ratio of the remanent magnetostriction to its maximum values j /j taken from Fig. 2b, for the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
The results are comparable with the hysteresis loops of magnetic induction [8] and magnetostriction [9] and with the piezomagnetic and ultrasonic properties in other nickel-rich ferrites e.g. Ni}Co, Ni}Zn}Co and Ni}Co}Cu}Mn ferrites, e.g., Refs. [3}11]. The magnetomechanical properties (Villari e!ect) of these types of the ferrites are very interesting for technical applications [1]. The results are in good agreement with Sablik and Jiles' theory [12].
Fig. 2. Magnetostriction loops with the amplitude of the magnetic "eld equal to 240 A/m (a) and magnetostriction loops after each returning to zero of the magnetic "eld (b) of the Co Cu Ni Fe O ferrite.
References [1] A. BienH kowski, Magnetospre9 z yste zjawisko Villariego w ferrytach i moz liwosH ci jego wykorzystania w budowie
236
[2] [3] [4]
[5]
A. Bien& kowski, Z. Kaczkowski / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215}216 (2000) 234}236 przetwornikoH w napre9 z enH i si" (The magnetoelastic Villari e!ect in ferrites and the possibility of utilizing it for the construction of stresses and forces transducers), Prace Naukowe Mechanika, z. 160, O"cyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa, 1995. A. BienH kowski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 112 (1992) 143. C.M. van der Burgt, Pilips Res. Rep. 8 (1953) 91. I.P. Golamina, Proceedings. of the Symposium on Electroacoustic Transducers, Krynica, 1958, PWN, Warsaw, 1961, p. 183. Z. Kaczkowski, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 9 (1963) 29.
[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Z. Kaczkowski, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Technol. 11 (1963) 41. Z. Kaczkowski, Proc. Vibr. Probab. 7 (1966) 274. Z. Kaczkowski, Electron Technol. 6 (1973) 103. J. Kulikowski, A. BienH kowski, Phys. Scripta 44 (1991) 382. J. Smit, H.P.J. Wijn, Physical Properties of Ferrites, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 6, 1954, p. 69. [11] Y. Kikuchi, N. Tsuya, H. Shimizu, M. Terajima, A. Sugijama, T. Hirone, S. Madea, J. Slimoiizaka, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univer. B7 (1955) 171. [12] M.J. Sablik, D.C. Jiles, IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 (1993) 2113.