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Management of Orbital Infections
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS With illustrative cases JOHN GREEN, M.D., F.A.C.S. S A I N T LOUIS
A group of cases, either of actual orbital infection or simulating such infection, is ar ranged according to methods of treatment required. In some cases conservative methods were adequate; in others, moderate surgical intervention was necessary; while others de manded radical measures to limit the infection and save the lives of the patients. Read beiore the Saint Louis Ophthalmic Society, April 25, 1930.
Inflammation of the orbit, or orbital cellulitis, is usually marked by an acute onset with swelling of the lids, chemosis, and protrusion and more or less im mobility of the globe. Severe pain and moderate to high fever are usually a part of the clinical picture. The condi tion is extremely alarming to the pa tient and his relatives, so that, as a rule, the surgeon's services are invoked without undue temporizing. It is obviously the surgeon's first duty to determine the cause, if possible, for upon a correct understanding of eti ology depends to a large extent the ap propriate therapeutic attack. In some cases a very conservative course will suffice to bring the inflammation under control; in others a minimum of sur gery answers the purpose; another group calls for very radical surgery. I desire to present a few cases, which I shall group according to methods of treatment rather than etiology. I wish to consider, first, those cases in which the most conservative methods were used; second, those in which it was necessary to resort to a minimum of surgery; and third, those in which the most radical measures were demanded to prevent extension of the infection and to save life. Case 1 W.S., male, aged eight years, was first seen May 20, 1926. On May six teenth the father had observed that the right eye was beginning to protrude. The exophthalmos had slowly in creased, accompanied by redness and swelling of the lids. At the time of ob servation the globe was advanced 5 mm. and was well splinted. The lids were red and tense, and there was mod
erate chemosis. The temperature was 101° F. History : For several months the boy had complained of toothache. On May thirteenth the right side of his face had become swollen, and he had been com pelled to stay out of school. Two days later a rash appeared, which had been called measles by the family physician. The following day the boy had com plained bitterly of sore mouth, and a dentist had lanced several gum boils. The patient was at "once transferred to the hospital on May twentieth where he was seen in consultation by Dr. R. P. Scholz, who found no evidence of nasal, tonsillar, or sinus pathology. On May twenty-first the boy's teeth were examined by Dr. P. J. Murphy, a den tist, who found multiple dental ab scesses; he extracted the upper right first and second deciduous molars, the lower right deciduous molar, the lower left deciduous molar, and the first right upper permanent molar. The follow ing day the temperature had fallen to 100 degrees. A very tense swelling, in the form of a ridge, was noted parallel to the lower orbital margin. A similar swelling, though less prominent, was observed along the upper orbital rim. It was assumed that these swellings represented the anterior fascial planes which had been pressed forward and rendered tense by edema. The only disquieting feature was a slow and irregular pulse. Dr. Leland B. Alford examined the patient, but failed to find any neurological explana tion for the bradycardia. The patient was freely purged and kept on light diet; locally iced boric compresses were used. Five days later (May twentysixth) the eye had greatly receded, and
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MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS on the twenty-seventh the boy was dis charged from the hospital. The course of the case from that time on was un eventful. By June seventeenth recov ery was complete. A direct extension of infection from the abscessed right upper desiduous and permanent teeth probably gave rise to an intraorbital phlebitis. Case 2 J.T.M., Jr., male, aged six years, was brought to. me November 22, 1927. History : A week previously the right eye had become swollen following a sty which failed to come to a head. Examination revealed a greatly swol len upper lid with deep fluctuation in the temporal half. There was chemosis confined to the temporal half of the bulbar conjunctiva; temperature, 100° F. The patient was hospitalized; con tinuous hot packs were ordered, and he was given calomel and a saline purge. The same treatment was continued for three days. Physical examination showed an acutely congested nose with mucopurulent discharge. On ausculta tion, a few rales were noted in the lower left chest posteriorly. Urinalysis was negative. On November twenty-fourth it was noted that the eye was slightly exophthalmic, down and nasally. Operation, November twenty-fifth : A 3 cm. incision was made parallel to the eyebrow and 1 cm. from it. This in cision began at a point vertical to the outer orbital rim, was deepened by blunt dissection and eventually reached a pocket of thick pus. A probe inserted at the inner end of the incision could be carried under the skin to a point just above the caruncle. Drains were inserted to the depth of the abscess, be neath the undermined skin. The after treatment consisted of bichloride packs, with drainage and saline irrigation of the abscess cavity. The general progress was satisfactory, although three days after operation there was a slight degree of exophthalmos and chemosis. On December fourth, the bov was discharged from the hospital with drainage omitted. At this time there was partial ptosis, no
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exophthalmos, and only a small sinus which was rapidly closing. Six weeks later there persisted a very slight de gree of ptosis. Comment: It is questionable whether this case should be classified as an or bital inflammation. It seems probable that the depth of the abscess and its proximity to the orbital tissues gave rise to orbital edema and hence exoph thalmos. Case 3 M.D., aged thirteen years, was re ferred to me on April 5, 1930. The patient had been suffering for a num ber of weeks with a rather severe head cold with discharge. Five or six days before coming to Saint Louis it had been noticed that the right eyelids were very much swollen and that the eye ball had begun to protrude. Examina tion was made by Dr. Beisbarth, for I was out of the city. He found an exophthalmos forward and outward with a globe nearly immobile. X-ray plates of the sinuses revealed clouding of the right antrum and the ethmoid cells. Nasal examination by Dr. F. K. Hansel failed to reveal any pus. Tem perature was 100.6° F. The boy had rather an uncomfortable night. The following day the exophthalmos was more marked and Dr. Beisbarth thought he detected fluctuation near the upper inner angle of the orbit. Ac cordingly, under ether, a 1.5 cm. in cision was made into the orbit at this site. Exploration by probe and blunt dissection was carried back 3 to 4 cm. No pus was found. Hot boric packs were continued. There was very little change in the appearance of the eye for two days when it was noted that there was in creased motility of the globe with a slight diminution in the exophthalmos. At the same time pus appeared in the middle meatus and the nasopharynx. The following day pus began to flow freely from the incision. Eventually it was found possible to pass a probe about 5 cm. into the orbit where it en countered roughened bone. On April eighteenth mercurochrome injected through the incision passed into the
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nose by way of the middle meatus, com ing out through an opening in the re gion of the posterior ethmoid cells. Treatment consisted of deep drainage with rubber tissue (the drain being carried as far back as the opening into the nose), daily irrigation with boric acid solution, and radiant light treat ment. The exophthalmos is rapidly re ceding and motility has been restored. Vision is normal; there are no eyeground changes. Case 4 Miss M.G., aged sixteen years, was seen March 19, 1926. History: Right eye had begun to be come more prominent than its fellow three years ago. Exophthalmos had increased for two years, but during the past year had not shown any change. At no time had there been severe pain. No history of general illness. Patient had been under the observation of a half dozen eye, ear, nose, and throat men, and had had operations on her right frontal and maxillary sinuses. She had finally consulted Dr. William T. Coughlin who asked me to see her. Examination: There was marked exophthalmos (8 mm.). There was gen eral limitation of motion, most marked at nasal side. Pupil moderately dilated and reacted to light. Vision: fingers counted at twelve feet. Ophthalmoscopically, great swelling of disc with slight tortuosity and engorgement of veins. The rhinological examination was negative. X-ray showed the eth moid region devoid of air spaces, with enlarged orbital cavity. Dr. Coughlin made an incision in the line of the eyebrow from the junction of the middle to the inner half and ex tending inward and slightly downward. Dissection into the orbit revealed a tu mor near to the periosteum but not at tached to it; the tumor was attached rather firmly to the sphenoidal fissure. The tumor was gotten out piecemeal and proved to be a myxoma. Two days later infection was well established. Pus poured from the drainage wound, and the lids were red and puffy. Cold packs were used. On March twenty-seventh
the patient was given streptococcus serum intravenously and scarlet fever serum intramuscularly. Culture showed staphylococcus. Patient was given three doses of scarlet fever serum and showed definite improvement on March thirtieth. A later culture showed strep tococci. Drainage was continued until April twenty-third when she was dis charged from the hospital. At this time right vision was 6/10 partly. The swell ing of the nerve head had entirely sub sided. On February 4, 1927, eleven months from the time of the operation, vision was 6/6 in each eye. Ophthalmoscopic appearances were negative, but there was a slight enophthalmos. Patient was last seen in 1929 when it was found that the right eye was divergent, but with normal vision. Case 5 A.B., male, aged ten years, entered the eye clinic at Washington University on March 15, 1916. History: Ten days before entering the clinic it had been noticed that the right eyeball was more prominent than its fellow. This had been ascribed by the family to a slight injury to the eye lid sustained ten days previously. (The patient had been struck on the closed lids by a piece of chalk thrown by a playmate.) The exophthalmos had steadily increased, unaccompanied by pain. Examination: The protrusion was forward and somewhat downward. Up per lids tense and swollen; cornea roughened and dry by reason of failure of the lids to close completely. Mod erate chemosis. Ophthalmoscopic ex amination showed red reflex only (cloudy cornea). Vision was hand motion at three feet. Rhinological ex amination by Dr. Sluder was negative. On palpation near the upper outer or bital rim, fluctuation was apparently elicited. Physical examination was en tirely negative. White blood cells, 19,000; hemoglobin, 95 per cent. Urine showed a heavy trace of albumin and much pus. Wassermann and Pirquet tests were negative. Family history
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS and past history were negative. Teeth were in good condition. Operation was proposed and ac cepted. An incision 5 cm. long was made parallel to the eyebrow and 0.5 cm. from it. By blunt dissection, the upper and outer part of the orbital cav ity was opened. The exploration was continued by searching with the little finger to the nasal and temporal walls. A probe was passed in all directions nearly to the apex of the orbit, but no pus was found. Rubber tissue drains were inserted and the lids approximated with sutures to prevent further erosion of the cornea. Two days after opera tion it appeared that the patient was improving. The temperature had reached 98.6°; the tenseness of the palpebral skin was less. A day or so later the chemosis having increased, the bulbar conjunctiva was incised in sev eral places. Eight days after operation, the cornea broke down forming an ul cer with hypopyon. Optochin one per cent and atropin 0.5 percent were prescribed. During the two weeks sub sequent to the operation the eye con tinued to protrude slowly. On March nineteenth an exploration was made re vealing a tumor; a fragment of it was excised. The urine, which had cleared of pus, now contained large quantities of it; sodium citrate, which had been given for the first week and then omitted, was resumed. The exophthalmos became greater and very painful. In the meantime the pathologist re ported that the fragment of the tumor showed a round cell sarcoma. Com plete exenteration of the orbit with re moval of the periosteum was performed by Dr. Clopton. Convalescence was complicated by measles. The patient was discharged from the hospital May 1, 1915. He was readmitted May 29, 1915; between that day and his dis charge, June 11, 1915, he received three x-ray treatments. At this time there was no sign of recurrence. On August thirty-first he was readmitted because of recurrence of the tumor which in creased in spite of massive doses of xray. He died January 15, 1916. The patient was seen by several of
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the ophthalmologists of the staff, and all agreed that the appearances pointed to orbital cellulitis rather than tumor.
Case 6 W.S., male, aged sixty-eight years, was seen July 26, 1920, in consultation with Dr. C. F. Pfingsten. Ten months previously the patient had been struck on the forehead by an iron bar; the nose had been abraded and (the patient thinks) possibly fractured. He had re cently had a mucopurpulent discharge from the nose. Examination showed a dense and brawny induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the site of the lacrimal sac which was ten der. Exploration of the lacrimal pas sages failed to reveal pus, and the nasal duct was permeable. At this time the diagnosis of prelacrimal abscess seemed justified. The patient was sent to the hospital for x-rays of the head. X-ray examination showed a frac ture through the roof of the orbit. In the meantime the patient got rapidly worse, developing intense pain and moderate exophthalmos. Dr. W . T. Coughlin was called in consultation. Curved incisions were made parallel with the eyebrow and lower orbital margin. These two incisions were joined at the side of the nose and the incision was extended across the bridge of the nose. A drain was inserted deeply at the junction of the two in cisions and rubber tissue was packed into the line of the incisions. Hot moist boric packs were used continual ly. Under this treatment, the patient improved rapidly. Ten days after the operation the packs were discontinued and the drains removed. On August eighteenth the vision had risen to 6/12. For a time there was edema of the lower lid incident to interference with the lymphatic return flow. The final visual outcome was 6/6. Two years later the left eye was suc cessfully operated upon for cataract. Case 7 E.H., a physician, aged twenty-seven years, entered St. Mary's Hospital at 10 p.m., January 10, 1925.
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Ocular history: On January fifth a sty, located on the right lower lid near the outer angle, had come to a head and had been opened by the patient with a new gold hypodermic needle which had been "flamed" before use. The lid had continued painful and the following day, January sixth, three more styes, in close proximity to the first, had appeared on the lower lid. On January seventh, the lower lid had been much swollen and the styes had shown a tendency to coalesce. At this time the upper lid had become swollen. The patient had consulted a local oculist who had used appropriate treatment (hot applications, etc.). On January eighth it had been noted that the globe was beginning to protrude, accom panied by deep boring pain and fever. On January ninth, a plug had been re moved from the site of the original sty. He had been urged to enter a hospital but had temporized until January tenth when he entered St. Mary's Hospital where I saw him at 10 :30 p.m. Examination: The right eye was pushed forward to a level with the bridge of the nose and was completely splinted. The lower half of the bulbar conjunctiva was chemotic; vision, fin gers at five feet. The inner half of the lower lid was occupied by coalescing hordeola; the outer angle presented a necrotic mass which included the outer third of the lower lid, the skin at the outer angle, and the conjunctiva of the globe and lid at this site. The patient was immediately sent to the operating room. Under ethylene gas, several pus pockets on the lower inner lid margin were evacuated by in cision and curettage. The necrotic area at the outer angle was explored and it was found that it led into the orbit fully 5 cm. This pocket was en larged by blunt dissection ; considerable necrotic material and a few drops of thick pus were spooned out and curetted out. A free canthotomy was done. A 1.5 cm. incision was made into the orbit extending from near the outer angle upward and inward and 0.5 cm. below the eyebrow. A similar incision was made through the lower
lid into the orbit. Rubber tissue drains were placed in these openings. Vase line was smeared freely over the ex posed cornea and a moist boric pack was applied. Cultures from the orifice of the sinus and the depth of the orbit showed staphylococcus aureus. The patient spent a restless night despite morphia and compound empirin tablets, and the condition the following afternoon was decidedly worse, with great pain and increased exophthalmos. The deep orbital drain was removed and the cavity irrigated, the fluid re turning being blood stained. Dr. W. T. Coughlin was called in consultation and advised very free incisions into the orbit through the upper and lower lids. Accordingly the patient was again anesthetized and a curvilinear incision was made entirely through the upper lid extending from the outer to the in ner angle and about 1 cm. from the eye brow. This incision was carried into the orbital fat on either side of the levator tendon, but the latter and its over lying fascia were carefully avoided. A similar incision was made through the lower lid into the orbital fat. Both in cisions were packed wide open with rubber tissue stuffed with gauze. The drains inserted at the first operation were not disturbed. After treatment: Hot boric packs were applied almost continuously day and night. The eye was kept anointed with vaseline. Codeine and cmpirin tablets were given freely for pain. Dur ing the early postoperative days the temperature did not rise above 100.6°, most of the time being well below 100°. The wide orbital incisions oozed serum and blood, but at no time was pus ob served. On the other hand, pus soon appeared at the opening of the sinus and there were points of great tender ness over the upper portion of the antrum and along the lower orbital mar gin. The right preauricular gland was enlarged. Vision dropped to light per ception. About a week later, palpa tion in the mouth at the outer gingival border revealed bulging and tenderness, the abscess having burrowed into the cellular tissues of the cheek.
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS
Ophthalmoscopic examination showed white retinal edema overlying the lower half of the retina. The disc could not be seen. Improvement was slow and the exophthalmos did not begin to recede no ticeably until January fifteenth. On January sixteenth pressure over the right temporal region produced a free flow of pus from the sinus. On Janu ary eighteenth I gave a subscapular in jection of 2 c.c. of sterile defatted milk. This was followed by a slight rise in temperature to 101.4°. Three days later, 6 c.c. wrere given. I could not convince myself that the slightest good came from these milk injections. On January twenty-third, a full blown sty was observed near the inner angle of the left eye. This was prompt ly opened and rapidly subsided with
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out giving rise to any further trouble. During the course of the cellulitis, a careful physical examination was made. This proved entirely negative with the exception of one occasion when a trace of sugar was found in the urine. He was regarded as a diabetic and twenty-five units of insulin were given. The blood Wassermann test was nega tive. Clinical and x-ray examination of the sinus showed nothing abnormal. After recovery it was found that the right nerve head was completely atrophic with narrowed arteries and veins. In July, 1928, a plastic operation on the lid greatly improved the position of the outer angle. (A more detailed account of case 7 was published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, 1926, vol ume 9, pages 34-37.) 3720 Washington avenue.
A group of cases, either of actual orbital infection or simulating such infection, is ar ranged according to methods of treatment required. In some cases conservative methods were adequate; in others, moderate surgical intervention was necessary; while others de manded radical measures to limit the infection and save the lives of the patients. Read beiore the Saint Louis Ophthalmic Society, April 25, 1930.
Inflammation of the orbit, or orbital cellulitis, is usually marked by an acute onset with swelling of the lids, chemosis, and protrusion and more or less im mobility of the globe. Severe pain and moderate to high fever are usually a part of the clinical picture. The condi tion is extremely alarming to the pa tient and his relatives, so that, as a rule, the surgeon's services are invoked without undue temporizing. It is obviously the surgeon's first duty to determine the cause, if possible, for upon a correct understanding of eti ology depends to a large extent the ap propriate therapeutic attack. In some cases a very conservative course will suffice to bring the inflammation under control; in others a minimum of sur gery answers the purpose; another group calls for very radical surgery. I desire to present a few cases, which I shall group according to methods of treatment rather than etiology. I wish to consider, first, those cases in which the most conservative methods were used; second, those in which it was necessary to resort to a minimum of surgery; and third, those in which the most radical measures were demanded to prevent extension of the infection and to save life. Case 1 W.S., male, aged eight years, was first seen May 20, 1926. On May six teenth the father had observed that the right eye was beginning to protrude. The exophthalmos had slowly in creased, accompanied by redness and swelling of the lids. At the time of ob servation the globe was advanced 5 mm. and was well splinted. The lids were red and tense, and there was mod
erate chemosis. The temperature was 101° F. History : For several months the boy had complained of toothache. On May thirteenth the right side of his face had become swollen, and he had been com pelled to stay out of school. Two days later a rash appeared, which had been called measles by the family physician. The following day the boy had com plained bitterly of sore mouth, and a dentist had lanced several gum boils. The patient was at "once transferred to the hospital on May twentieth where he was seen in consultation by Dr. R. P. Scholz, who found no evidence of nasal, tonsillar, or sinus pathology. On May twenty-first the boy's teeth were examined by Dr. P. J. Murphy, a den tist, who found multiple dental ab scesses; he extracted the upper right first and second deciduous molars, the lower right deciduous molar, the lower left deciduous molar, and the first right upper permanent molar. The follow ing day the temperature had fallen to 100 degrees. A very tense swelling, in the form of a ridge, was noted parallel to the lower orbital margin. A similar swelling, though less prominent, was observed along the upper orbital rim. It was assumed that these swellings represented the anterior fascial planes which had been pressed forward and rendered tense by edema. The only disquieting feature was a slow and irregular pulse. Dr. Leland B. Alford examined the patient, but failed to find any neurological explana tion for the bradycardia. The patient was freely purged and kept on light diet; locally iced boric compresses were used. Five days later (May twentysixth) the eye had greatly receded, and
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MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS on the twenty-seventh the boy was dis charged from the hospital. The course of the case from that time on was un eventful. By June seventeenth recov ery was complete. A direct extension of infection from the abscessed right upper desiduous and permanent teeth probably gave rise to an intraorbital phlebitis. Case 2 J.T.M., Jr., male, aged six years, was brought to. me November 22, 1927. History : A week previously the right eye had become swollen following a sty which failed to come to a head. Examination revealed a greatly swol len upper lid with deep fluctuation in the temporal half. There was chemosis confined to the temporal half of the bulbar conjunctiva; temperature, 100° F. The patient was hospitalized; con tinuous hot packs were ordered, and he was given calomel and a saline purge. The same treatment was continued for three days. Physical examination showed an acutely congested nose with mucopurulent discharge. On ausculta tion, a few rales were noted in the lower left chest posteriorly. Urinalysis was negative. On November twenty-fourth it was noted that the eye was slightly exophthalmic, down and nasally. Operation, November twenty-fifth : A 3 cm. incision was made parallel to the eyebrow and 1 cm. from it. This in cision began at a point vertical to the outer orbital rim, was deepened by blunt dissection and eventually reached a pocket of thick pus. A probe inserted at the inner end of the incision could be carried under the skin to a point just above the caruncle. Drains were inserted to the depth of the abscess, be neath the undermined skin. The after treatment consisted of bichloride packs, with drainage and saline irrigation of the abscess cavity. The general progress was satisfactory, although three days after operation there was a slight degree of exophthalmos and chemosis. On December fourth, the bov was discharged from the hospital with drainage omitted. At this time there was partial ptosis, no
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exophthalmos, and only a small sinus which was rapidly closing. Six weeks later there persisted a very slight de gree of ptosis. Comment: It is questionable whether this case should be classified as an or bital inflammation. It seems probable that the depth of the abscess and its proximity to the orbital tissues gave rise to orbital edema and hence exoph thalmos. Case 3 M.D., aged thirteen years, was re ferred to me on April 5, 1930. The patient had been suffering for a num ber of weeks with a rather severe head cold with discharge. Five or six days before coming to Saint Louis it had been noticed that the right eyelids were very much swollen and that the eye ball had begun to protrude. Examina tion was made by Dr. Beisbarth, for I was out of the city. He found an exophthalmos forward and outward with a globe nearly immobile. X-ray plates of the sinuses revealed clouding of the right antrum and the ethmoid cells. Nasal examination by Dr. F. K. Hansel failed to reveal any pus. Tem perature was 100.6° F. The boy had rather an uncomfortable night. The following day the exophthalmos was more marked and Dr. Beisbarth thought he detected fluctuation near the upper inner angle of the orbit. Ac cordingly, under ether, a 1.5 cm. in cision was made into the orbit at this site. Exploration by probe and blunt dissection was carried back 3 to 4 cm. No pus was found. Hot boric packs were continued. There was very little change in the appearance of the eye for two days when it was noted that there was in creased motility of the globe with a slight diminution in the exophthalmos. At the same time pus appeared in the middle meatus and the nasopharynx. The following day pus began to flow freely from the incision. Eventually it was found possible to pass a probe about 5 cm. into the orbit where it en countered roughened bone. On April eighteenth mercurochrome injected through the incision passed into the
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nose by way of the middle meatus, com ing out through an opening in the re gion of the posterior ethmoid cells. Treatment consisted of deep drainage with rubber tissue (the drain being carried as far back as the opening into the nose), daily irrigation with boric acid solution, and radiant light treat ment. The exophthalmos is rapidly re ceding and motility has been restored. Vision is normal; there are no eyeground changes. Case 4 Miss M.G., aged sixteen years, was seen March 19, 1926. History: Right eye had begun to be come more prominent than its fellow three years ago. Exophthalmos had increased for two years, but during the past year had not shown any change. At no time had there been severe pain. No history of general illness. Patient had been under the observation of a half dozen eye, ear, nose, and throat men, and had had operations on her right frontal and maxillary sinuses. She had finally consulted Dr. William T. Coughlin who asked me to see her. Examination: There was marked exophthalmos (8 mm.). There was gen eral limitation of motion, most marked at nasal side. Pupil moderately dilated and reacted to light. Vision: fingers counted at twelve feet. Ophthalmoscopically, great swelling of disc with slight tortuosity and engorgement of veins. The rhinological examination was negative. X-ray showed the eth moid region devoid of air spaces, with enlarged orbital cavity. Dr. Coughlin made an incision in the line of the eyebrow from the junction of the middle to the inner half and ex tending inward and slightly downward. Dissection into the orbit revealed a tu mor near to the periosteum but not at tached to it; the tumor was attached rather firmly to the sphenoidal fissure. The tumor was gotten out piecemeal and proved to be a myxoma. Two days later infection was well established. Pus poured from the drainage wound, and the lids were red and puffy. Cold packs were used. On March twenty-seventh
the patient was given streptococcus serum intravenously and scarlet fever serum intramuscularly. Culture showed staphylococcus. Patient was given three doses of scarlet fever serum and showed definite improvement on March thirtieth. A later culture showed strep tococci. Drainage was continued until April twenty-third when she was dis charged from the hospital. At this time right vision was 6/10 partly. The swell ing of the nerve head had entirely sub sided. On February 4, 1927, eleven months from the time of the operation, vision was 6/6 in each eye. Ophthalmoscopic appearances were negative, but there was a slight enophthalmos. Patient was last seen in 1929 when it was found that the right eye was divergent, but with normal vision. Case 5 A.B., male, aged ten years, entered the eye clinic at Washington University on March 15, 1916. History: Ten days before entering the clinic it had been noticed that the right eyeball was more prominent than its fellow. This had been ascribed by the family to a slight injury to the eye lid sustained ten days previously. (The patient had been struck on the closed lids by a piece of chalk thrown by a playmate.) The exophthalmos had steadily increased, unaccompanied by pain. Examination: The protrusion was forward and somewhat downward. Up per lids tense and swollen; cornea roughened and dry by reason of failure of the lids to close completely. Mod erate chemosis. Ophthalmoscopic ex amination showed red reflex only (cloudy cornea). Vision was hand motion at three feet. Rhinological ex amination by Dr. Sluder was negative. On palpation near the upper outer or bital rim, fluctuation was apparently elicited. Physical examination was en tirely negative. White blood cells, 19,000; hemoglobin, 95 per cent. Urine showed a heavy trace of albumin and much pus. Wassermann and Pirquet tests were negative. Family history
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS and past history were negative. Teeth were in good condition. Operation was proposed and ac cepted. An incision 5 cm. long was made parallel to the eyebrow and 0.5 cm. from it. By blunt dissection, the upper and outer part of the orbital cav ity was opened. The exploration was continued by searching with the little finger to the nasal and temporal walls. A probe was passed in all directions nearly to the apex of the orbit, but no pus was found. Rubber tissue drains were inserted and the lids approximated with sutures to prevent further erosion of the cornea. Two days after opera tion it appeared that the patient was improving. The temperature had reached 98.6°; the tenseness of the palpebral skin was less. A day or so later the chemosis having increased, the bulbar conjunctiva was incised in sev eral places. Eight days after operation, the cornea broke down forming an ul cer with hypopyon. Optochin one per cent and atropin 0.5 percent were prescribed. During the two weeks sub sequent to the operation the eye con tinued to protrude slowly. On March nineteenth an exploration was made re vealing a tumor; a fragment of it was excised. The urine, which had cleared of pus, now contained large quantities of it; sodium citrate, which had been given for the first week and then omitted, was resumed. The exophthalmos became greater and very painful. In the meantime the pathologist re ported that the fragment of the tumor showed a round cell sarcoma. Com plete exenteration of the orbit with re moval of the periosteum was performed by Dr. Clopton. Convalescence was complicated by measles. The patient was discharged from the hospital May 1, 1915. He was readmitted May 29, 1915; between that day and his dis charge, June 11, 1915, he received three x-ray treatments. At this time there was no sign of recurrence. On August thirty-first he was readmitted because of recurrence of the tumor which in creased in spite of massive doses of xray. He died January 15, 1916. The patient was seen by several of
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the ophthalmologists of the staff, and all agreed that the appearances pointed to orbital cellulitis rather than tumor.
Case 6 W.S., male, aged sixty-eight years, was seen July 26, 1920, in consultation with Dr. C. F. Pfingsten. Ten months previously the patient had been struck on the forehead by an iron bar; the nose had been abraded and (the patient thinks) possibly fractured. He had re cently had a mucopurpulent discharge from the nose. Examination showed a dense and brawny induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the site of the lacrimal sac which was ten der. Exploration of the lacrimal pas sages failed to reveal pus, and the nasal duct was permeable. At this time the diagnosis of prelacrimal abscess seemed justified. The patient was sent to the hospital for x-rays of the head. X-ray examination showed a frac ture through the roof of the orbit. In the meantime the patient got rapidly worse, developing intense pain and moderate exophthalmos. Dr. W . T. Coughlin was called in consultation. Curved incisions were made parallel with the eyebrow and lower orbital margin. These two incisions were joined at the side of the nose and the incision was extended across the bridge of the nose. A drain was inserted deeply at the junction of the two in cisions and rubber tissue was packed into the line of the incisions. Hot moist boric packs were used continual ly. Under this treatment, the patient improved rapidly. Ten days after the operation the packs were discontinued and the drains removed. On August eighteenth the vision had risen to 6/12. For a time there was edema of the lower lid incident to interference with the lymphatic return flow. The final visual outcome was 6/6. Two years later the left eye was suc cessfully operated upon for cataract. Case 7 E.H., a physician, aged twenty-seven years, entered St. Mary's Hospital at 10 p.m., January 10, 1925.
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JOHN GREEN
Ocular history: On January fifth a sty, located on the right lower lid near the outer angle, had come to a head and had been opened by the patient with a new gold hypodermic needle which had been "flamed" before use. The lid had continued painful and the following day, January sixth, three more styes, in close proximity to the first, had appeared on the lower lid. On January seventh, the lower lid had been much swollen and the styes had shown a tendency to coalesce. At this time the upper lid had become swollen. The patient had consulted a local oculist who had used appropriate treatment (hot applications, etc.). On January eighth it had been noted that the globe was beginning to protrude, accom panied by deep boring pain and fever. On January ninth, a plug had been re moved from the site of the original sty. He had been urged to enter a hospital but had temporized until January tenth when he entered St. Mary's Hospital where I saw him at 10 :30 p.m. Examination: The right eye was pushed forward to a level with the bridge of the nose and was completely splinted. The lower half of the bulbar conjunctiva was chemotic; vision, fin gers at five feet. The inner half of the lower lid was occupied by coalescing hordeola; the outer angle presented a necrotic mass which included the outer third of the lower lid, the skin at the outer angle, and the conjunctiva of the globe and lid at this site. The patient was immediately sent to the operating room. Under ethylene gas, several pus pockets on the lower inner lid margin were evacuated by in cision and curettage. The necrotic area at the outer angle was explored and it was found that it led into the orbit fully 5 cm. This pocket was en larged by blunt dissection ; considerable necrotic material and a few drops of thick pus were spooned out and curetted out. A free canthotomy was done. A 1.5 cm. incision was made into the orbit extending from near the outer angle upward and inward and 0.5 cm. below the eyebrow. A similar incision was made through the lower
lid into the orbit. Rubber tissue drains were placed in these openings. Vase line was smeared freely over the ex posed cornea and a moist boric pack was applied. Cultures from the orifice of the sinus and the depth of the orbit showed staphylococcus aureus. The patient spent a restless night despite morphia and compound empirin tablets, and the condition the following afternoon was decidedly worse, with great pain and increased exophthalmos. The deep orbital drain was removed and the cavity irrigated, the fluid re turning being blood stained. Dr. W. T. Coughlin was called in consultation and advised very free incisions into the orbit through the upper and lower lids. Accordingly the patient was again anesthetized and a curvilinear incision was made entirely through the upper lid extending from the outer to the in ner angle and about 1 cm. from the eye brow. This incision was carried into the orbital fat on either side of the levator tendon, but the latter and its over lying fascia were carefully avoided. A similar incision was made through the lower lid into the orbital fat. Both in cisions were packed wide open with rubber tissue stuffed with gauze. The drains inserted at the first operation were not disturbed. After treatment: Hot boric packs were applied almost continuously day and night. The eye was kept anointed with vaseline. Codeine and cmpirin tablets were given freely for pain. Dur ing the early postoperative days the temperature did not rise above 100.6°, most of the time being well below 100°. The wide orbital incisions oozed serum and blood, but at no time was pus ob served. On the other hand, pus soon appeared at the opening of the sinus and there were points of great tender ness over the upper portion of the antrum and along the lower orbital mar gin. The right preauricular gland was enlarged. Vision dropped to light per ception. About a week later, palpa tion in the mouth at the outer gingival border revealed bulging and tenderness, the abscess having burrowed into the cellular tissues of the cheek.
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL INFECTIONS
Ophthalmoscopic examination showed white retinal edema overlying the lower half of the retina. The disc could not be seen. Improvement was slow and the exophthalmos did not begin to recede no ticeably until January fifteenth. On January sixteenth pressure over the right temporal region produced a free flow of pus from the sinus. On Janu ary eighteenth I gave a subscapular in jection of 2 c.c. of sterile defatted milk. This was followed by a slight rise in temperature to 101.4°. Three days later, 6 c.c. wrere given. I could not convince myself that the slightest good came from these milk injections. On January twenty-third, a full blown sty was observed near the inner angle of the left eye. This was prompt ly opened and rapidly subsided with
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out giving rise to any further trouble. During the course of the cellulitis, a careful physical examination was made. This proved entirely negative with the exception of one occasion when a trace of sugar was found in the urine. He was regarded as a diabetic and twenty-five units of insulin were given. The blood Wassermann test was nega tive. Clinical and x-ray examination of the sinus showed nothing abnormal. After recovery it was found that the right nerve head was completely atrophic with narrowed arteries and veins. In July, 1928, a plastic operation on the lid greatly improved the position of the outer angle. (A more detailed account of case 7 was published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, 1926, vol ume 9, pages 34-37.) 3720 Washington avenue.