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Manufacture of ceramics by using coal ash as starting material
13 Space heating and cooling 03/00826 Manufacture of ceramics by using coal ash as starting material Shintani, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 274,932 (Cl. C04B351 00), 25 Sep 2002, Appl. 2001/123,626, 15 Mar 2001. 3. (In Japanese) The ceramics are manufactured by mixing 15-70 weight% Zn and/or ZnO powder with 30-85 coal ash to form a mixture, molding, and firing. Coal ash from power plant can be effectively used. 03/00827 Permeability of fiber-containing refractory castables, Part 2 Innocentini, M. D. M. rt (11.Americtrn Ccr~lmi~. Sot ictl Bullrtin. 2002. 81, (8), 65-68. The thermal degradation of various types of fibres and the consequences for fluid flow during the heat treatment of green castables were evaluated using hot-air permeametry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The permeability of fibre-containing refractory castables was highly sensitive to the characteristics of the fibres, especially those related to their thermal decomposition. Tests conducted at room temperature showed that no significant permeability increase was expected to occur prior to thermal treatment. The volumetric fibre load and the presence of residual solid products from the fibre degradation within the porous channels were the main variables affecting the permeability behaviour of the fibres. Synthetic fibres, such as polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and Nomex, produced the most considerable improvement in permeability. The performance of natural fibres, such as cellulose and jute, was highly dependent on the total elimination of charred fibre residues. 03/00828 Recent advances in the development of dense ceramic membranes for hydrogen separation Balachandran, U. rt al. Preprints of’Symposia Amrrican Chrniicrll Society, Division of’Fuel Chemistr!3, 2002, 47, (2), 820 82 1. Cermet membranes are developed that non-galvanically separated H2 from gas mixtures and the results from H2 permeation tests of the various cermet membranes are discussed. The cermet membranes are classified as ANL-1, -2, or -3, based on the Hz transport properties of the metal and matrix phases. ANL-1, contains a metal with low H2 permeability in a H2-permeable matrix, BCY. The H2 flux was increased with ANL-2a membranes by replacing the metal in ANL-la with a Hz transport metal. In ANL-3 membranes, the BCY matrix of ANL-1 and -2 membranes is replaced by a ceramic with superior mechanical properties and thermodynamic stability, e.g. A1203 or ZrOz. The highest measured Hz flux was 16.2 cm3 (STP)/min-cmfor an ANL-3a membrane at 900”. For ANL-3 membranes with thickness of 0.04-0.5 mm, the permeation rate is limited by the bulk diffusion of H2 through the metal phase. Permeation rates may be increased by decreasing the membrane thickness. The permeation rates in a syngas atmosphere for times up to 190 h showed no degradation in performance, indicating that ANL-3 membranes may be suitable for long-term, practical Hz separation. 03/00829 Refrigerating apparatus utilizing latent heat of clathrate Yamaguchi, T. and Matsuoka, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 243,218 (Cl. F24F5/00), 28 Aug 2002, Appl. 2001136,914, 14 Feb 2001. 8. (In Japanese) The title apparatus comprises a heat-transport circuit and a refrigerant circuit connected via a main heat exchanger. The heat-transport circuit is filled with a heat-transport medium composed of water and HFC134a. A pressure tank is connected in the heat-transport circuit. Nz gas is sealed in the pressure tank. The heat-transport medium in the heat-transport circuit is pressurized by the pressure tank for increasing formation temperature and improving formation speed of clathrate. 03/00830 Structural design of ceramic internals of HTR-10 Zhang, Z. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Desigil, 2002, 218, (l--3), 123.. 136. This article describes the structural design requirements, structural arrangement and structural features of the ceramic and metallic internals of the 10 MW high-temperature gas-cooled reactor-test module (HTR-10). The graphite properties used in the ceramic internals are provided, along with the results of an operating stress analysis of the graphite components and the metallic components. Satisfactory results were obtained for the machining and installation of the ceramic components and the stress analysis of the graphite and metallic components of HTR-10. 03/00831 Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics Barbieri, L. et al. Waste Management, 2002, 22, (8). 859-863. The use of glassy frits obtained from municipal incinerator bottom ash and glass cullet, as sintering promoters in the production process of porcelainized stoneware, was investigated. The emphasis was on studying the similarities and differences with respect to the standard body. The characterization involved the application of several 174
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
May 2003
techniques: chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, linear shrinkage during firing, water absorption, bending strength and spot resistance test. The results show that the addition of these glassy frits in the body improve the characteristics of water absorption and spot resistance which is related to the absence of surface porosity originated by the glassy phase. Moreover, addition of glassy frits to the porcelanized stoneware body does not change significantly its bending strength. In the firing conditions used there is a slight worsening in the tiles planarity, while there is a significant modification of the color, which becomes darker with respect to the base body.
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SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
03/00832 A linear model of the effects of residence time distribution on mixing pattern in a ventilated airspace Liao, C.-M. and Liang, H.-M. Building rrnd Environment, 2003. 38, (l),
II 21.
The ability of a simple linear response model is evaluated to explain the mixing efficiencies in an incomplete mixing ventilated :iirspace. Data interpretation and mean residence time calculation for a specified output concentration profile can also be evaluated. The residence time distribution (RTD) functions take the form of the two-parameter gamma distribution and account for different mixing types such as complete mixing, piston flow (no mixing), incomplete mixing, and various combinations of the above types. In these combinations, the different mixing types simulated by different RTDs conceptually represent airflow regions in series. The mixing efficiency was introduced to characterize the extent 01 degree of mixing in a ventilation system in that mixing efficiency equals zero for piston flow (no mixing), unity for complete mixing, and a value in between these two extremes for incomolete mixing. An environmental chamber experiment was conducted to generate several output profiles to evaluate the applicability of the model. Carbon dioxide was employed as the tracer gas. The results show that an overall root-mean-squared error value of 8.64 + 5.25 ppm is low, indicating that the combination mixing patterns are generally found to be minimally biased and give better fitting than other simpler mixing patterns. Despite their neglect of molecular diffusion and possible temporal/spatial nonlinearities, these linear response models appear reasonably robust, making them at least as useful to building microenvironment designers in reconsidering the possibilities and consequences of various forms of incomplete mixing related to indoor air quality problems. I
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03/00833 A prediction tool for the temperature field of double facades von Grabe, J. Enrrgj, und Buildings, 2002, 34, (9). 891 899. This paper deals with the development and validation of a simulation algorithm for the temperature behaviour and the flow characteristics of double facades. It has been developed in order to obtain a tool that enables the energy consultant to make quick design decisions without being required to use fairly complicated CFD tools. In order to determine the degree of accuracy of the algorithm, a double facade has been monitored under controlled conditions and the results have been compared against the predicted values for several design situations. The resulting inaccuracy in some cases can be traced back to how the flow resistance of various geometries are modelled. 03/00834 A robust control strategy for combining DCV control with economizer control Wang, S. and Xu, X. Energv Conversion rmd Manmgemenr, 2002. 43. (18). 2569-2588. Combining demand controlled ventilation (DCV) control and economizer control achieves acceptable and even better indoor air quality with minimum coil energy consumption. The control instability during the transition processes between different control modes are among the major difficulties faced when utilizing economizer control and when combining DCV control with economizer control in applications. A robust control strategy, using ‘freezing’, gain scheduling, integral term reset and feedback transition control for different transition is developed for addressing these problems. They are processes, evaluated on an air handling unit (AHU) using various simulation tests. The test results demonstrate that the robust control strategy allows stable and robust AHU control. 03/00835 Analysis of a metal hydride cold storage module Abraham, K. et ul. International Journal of Hvdrogen Energ)‘, 2003, 28. (4). 419-427.
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
May 2003
techniques: chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, linear shrinkage during firing, water absorption, bending strength and spot resistance test. The results show that the addition of these glassy frits in the body improve the characteristics of water absorption and spot resistance which is related to the absence of surface porosity originated by the glassy phase. Moreover, addition of glassy frits to the porcelanized stoneware body does not change significantly its bending strength. In the firing conditions used there is a slight worsening in the tiles planarity, while there is a significant modification of the color, which becomes darker with respect to the base body.
13
SPACE HEATING COOLING
AND
03/00832 A linear model of the effects of residence time distribution on mixing pattern in a ventilated airspace Liao, C.-M. and Liang, H.-M. Building rrnd Environment, 2003. 38, (l),
II 21.
The ability of a simple linear response model is evaluated to explain the mixing efficiencies in an incomplete mixing ventilated :iirspace. Data interpretation and mean residence time calculation for a specified output concentration profile can also be evaluated. The residence time distribution (RTD) functions take the form of the two-parameter gamma distribution and account for different mixing types such as complete mixing, piston flow (no mixing), incomplete mixing, and various combinations of the above types. In these combinations, the different mixing types simulated by different RTDs conceptually represent airflow regions in series. The mixing efficiency was introduced to characterize the extent 01 degree of mixing in a ventilation system in that mixing efficiency equals zero for piston flow (no mixing), unity for complete mixing, and a value in between these two extremes for incomolete mixing. An environmental chamber experiment was conducted to generate several output profiles to evaluate the applicability of the model. Carbon dioxide was employed as the tracer gas. The results show that an overall root-mean-squared error value of 8.64 + 5.25 ppm is low, indicating that the combination mixing patterns are generally found to be minimally biased and give better fitting than other simpler mixing patterns. Despite their neglect of molecular diffusion and possible temporal/spatial nonlinearities, these linear response models appear reasonably robust, making them at least as useful to building microenvironment designers in reconsidering the possibilities and consequences of various forms of incomplete mixing related to indoor air quality problems. I
”
03/00833 A prediction tool for the temperature field of double facades von Grabe, J. Enrrgj, und Buildings, 2002, 34, (9). 891 899. This paper deals with the development and validation of a simulation algorithm for the temperature behaviour and the flow characteristics of double facades. It has been developed in order to obtain a tool that enables the energy consultant to make quick design decisions without being required to use fairly complicated CFD tools. In order to determine the degree of accuracy of the algorithm, a double facade has been monitored under controlled conditions and the results have been compared against the predicted values for several design situations. The resulting inaccuracy in some cases can be traced back to how the flow resistance of various geometries are modelled. 03/00834 A robust control strategy for combining DCV control with economizer control Wang, S. and Xu, X. Energv Conversion rmd Manmgemenr, 2002. 43. (18). 2569-2588. Combining demand controlled ventilation (DCV) control and economizer control achieves acceptable and even better indoor air quality with minimum coil energy consumption. The control instability during the transition processes between different control modes are among the major difficulties faced when utilizing economizer control and when combining DCV control with economizer control in applications. A robust control strategy, using ‘freezing’, gain scheduling, integral term reset and feedback transition control for different transition is developed for addressing these problems. They are processes, evaluated on an air handling unit (AHU) using various simulation tests. The test results demonstrate that the robust control strategy allows stable and robust AHU control. 03/00835 Analysis of a metal hydride cold storage module Abraham, K. et ul. International Journal of Hvdrogen Energ)‘, 2003, 28. (4). 419-427.