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Manufacture of combustion accelerator for fossil fuels
09 Combustion (burners, combustion systems) Two demonstration projects are described. At modest costs of boiler design changes, substantial decreases in NO x and SO2 emissions were achieved without impairment of technology and economic parameters.
A review of the applications of high-temperature air combustion method in pulverized coal-fired boilers, waste incineration, and hightemperature chemical reactors.
03/00726 Infrared thermographic image processing for the operation and control of heterogeneous combustion chambers
09
COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems
03/00722 A generic simulation method for the lower and upper furnace of coal-fired utility boilers using both air firing and oxy-fuel combustion with COa recirculation Zheng, L. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Con/~rence on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 1, (27), 571-579. The development of lower and upper furnace models for coat fired utility boilers, and the role of flue gas recirculation are described. It was demonstrated that by the adjustment of the flue gas recirculation amount the boiler pressure parts of lower and upper furnace could be made to perform properly without major modification by conversion from air-fired to oxy-fired operation. The lower as well as the upper furnace model predicted results very closely to measured data, and could model a wide variety of geometries and configurations. The models could also be used for variable flue gas properties and simulation of air fired systems.
03/00723 Combined preburner-catalytic combustion-postcombustion unit for Iow-NOx combustion of solid and liquid fuels and lean fuel gases Anon., GeL Gebrauchsmusterschrift De 20,200,353 (CI. F23D 14/02), 4 Jul 2002, Appl. 20,200,353, 10 Jan 2002. 12. (In German) A low-pollutant catalytic combustion unit for combined pre-combustion and catalytic combustion of liquid fuels consists of the following elements located in a downstream sequence: (1) a pre-burner, (2) a cooling channel, (3) a Venturi mixer, (4) a primary catalytic burner containing two catalytic reactors, and (5) a homogeneous (gas-phase) second burner. The pre-burner contains a fuel-air mixing chamber and a porous ceramic chamber, in which the mixing chamber has a first fuel inlet opening and a first air inlet opening. The cooling channel has a second air inlet opening next to the pre-burner; the Venturi mixer has a second fuel inlet opening. Combustion catalysts for the first and second catalytic combustion chambers are Pd-Rh/AlzO3 and SrosLa02MnAltiO19, both supported either a ceramic support or a honeycomb. The homogeneous combustion chamber is fabricated from hightemperature-resistant steel to withstand temperatures > 1260'Z Such a combustion unit is capable of burning normally polluting liquid and solid fuels (e.g. tars, biomass, low-Btu fuel gases, etc.) with low NO~ formation.
03/00724 Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring
Manca, D. and Rovaglio, R. Combustion and Flame, 2002, 130, (4), 277297. The measurement of temperature in a combustion chamber, using conventional devices such as thermocouples, can be misleading. An infrared thermographic camera can achieve a non-intrusive measure. Having acquired a still image of, for example, a kiln, it can be used to produce a map of the effective temperature of the waste bed, walls, and combustion gases. This paper describes a technique for processing an infrared image to identify what really happens within such a combustion chamber. The use of a thermographic camera, to produce a temperature map of a combustion chamber, can be helpful, particularly for control purposes. This paper addresses the criteria adopted in the selection of the thermographic system, in terms of both wavelength sensitivity and geometric location within the chamber. Moreover, a detailed description of the zonal method is reported, together with the identification procedure adopted to infer the temperature map from an infrared image. As a matter of fact, the presence of soot and fly-ash within the combustion chamber does complicate the radiative model, because a grey gas analogy must be accounted for. Soot and fly-ash give rise to a foggy and diffusive effect on the image with a consequent apparent homogeneous temperature profile. To simulate the effective radiative energy flux entering the camera lens and impinging on the CCD photoelectric cell, a raytracing technique has been developed. Each discrete area and volume, within the combustion chamber, emits a pencil of radiation, which after passing through the hot gases, reaches the CCD device. Such a light pencil is generated by the energy emitted and reflected from the discrete surfaces, plus all the energies emitted by the volumes of gas distributed along the path, minus any attenuation. The total energy balance equations, coming from the zonal method, must be coupled with the temperature-energy maps acquired by the infrared camera to identify the unknown effective temperatures. Once the temperatures of the walls and bed are known, it is possible to use them to improve the control strategy by means of a set of new measures and combustion efficiency indexes, which are usually unavailable when conventional thermocouples are adopted. Finally, a validation of the proposed procedure is presented with an online application to an incinerator for industrial solid waste. The combustion dynamics within the primary kiln is analysed and quantified, in terms of both absolute temperatures and characteristic times.
03/00727 Low sulfur coal additive for improved furnace operation Johnson, S. A. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2002 66,394 (CI. 110342: F23B7/00), 6 Jun 2002, US Appl. PV213,915, 26 Jun 2000. 17. The present invention is directed to additives for coal-fired furnaces, particularly furnaces using a layer of slag to capture coal particles for combustion. The additive(s) include Fe, mineralizer(s), handling aid(s), flow aid(s), and/or abrasive material(s). The Fe and mineralizers can lower the melting point of ash in low-Fe, high alkali coals, leading to improved furnace performance.
Kadam, K. L. Energy, 2002, 27, (10), 905-922. Electrical power plants are responsible for over one-third of the US emissions, or about 1.7 Gt CO2 per year. Power-plant flue gas can serve as a source of CO2 for microalgae cultivation, and the algae can be cofired with coal. The study objective was to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of electricity production via coal firing versus coal/algae cofiring. The LCA results demonstrate that there are potentially significant benefits to recycling CO2 toward microalgae production. As it reduces CO2 emissions by recycling it and uses less coal, there are concomitant benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are also other energy and fertilizer inputs needed for algae production, which contribute to key environmental flows. Lower net values for the algae cofiring scenario were observed for the following using the direct injection process (in which the flue gas is directly transported to the algae ponds): SOx, NOx, particulates, carbon dioxide, methane, and fossil energy consumption. Lower values for the algae cofiring scenario were also observed for greenhouse potential and air acidification potential However, impact assessment for depletion of natural resources and eutrophication potential showed much higher values. This LCA gives us an overall picture and impacts across different environmental boundaries, and hence, can help in the decision-making process for implementation of the algae scenario.
Wada, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 194,365 (Cl. Cf0L9/12), 10 Jul 2002, Appl. 2000/395,557, 26 Dec 2000. 5. (In Japanese) The combustion accelerator for gasoline, light oil, kerosine, heavy oil, natural gas, etc. is manufactured by (1) immersing pulverized bamboo into water and mixing with steamed grains (as culturing base) for producing a first raw material, (2) immersing roasted grains in seawater in a container with a lid, ripening at 10-50 ° by solar heat for immobilizing dye elements of the seawater on the roasted grains, drying, and pulverizing for producing a second raw material while collecting water drops deposited on the lid, (3) immersing a mixture of the first and the second raw materials in a mixture of the collected water and kerosene at 5-40 ° for 3-10 days, (4) adding S powder into the raw material solution and fermenting in a room filled with COz at 25-35" for 4-7 days, and (5) mixing the fermented material with kerosene at 10-50 ° and filtering producing the combustion accelerator. The combustion accelerator increases fuel efficiency and decreases generation of toxic substances in fuel exhaust gas.
03/00725 Industrial applications of advanced hightemperature air combustion technology
Peters, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (4), 291-306. The objective of this study is to measure the heat-up and the drying of a packed bed consisting of large wood particles as encountered in furnaces and to compare the predictions of a particle resolved
Miyata, K. Kagaku KOgaku. 2002. 66. (5), 286-289.
(In Japanese)
03/00728 fuels
Manufacture of combustion accelerator for fossil
03/00729 Measurements and particle resolved modelling of heat-up and drying of a packed bed
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2003 97
A review of the applications of high-temperature air combustion method in pulverized coal-fired boilers, waste incineration, and hightemperature chemical reactors.
03/00726 Infrared thermographic image processing for the operation and control of heterogeneous combustion chambers
09
COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems
03/00722 A generic simulation method for the lower and upper furnace of coal-fired utility boilers using both air firing and oxy-fuel combustion with COa recirculation Zheng, L. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Con/~rence on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 1, (27), 571-579. The development of lower and upper furnace models for coat fired utility boilers, and the role of flue gas recirculation are described. It was demonstrated that by the adjustment of the flue gas recirculation amount the boiler pressure parts of lower and upper furnace could be made to perform properly without major modification by conversion from air-fired to oxy-fired operation. The lower as well as the upper furnace model predicted results very closely to measured data, and could model a wide variety of geometries and configurations. The models could also be used for variable flue gas properties and simulation of air fired systems.
03/00723 Combined preburner-catalytic combustion-postcombustion unit for Iow-NOx combustion of solid and liquid fuels and lean fuel gases Anon., GeL Gebrauchsmusterschrift De 20,200,353 (CI. F23D 14/02), 4 Jul 2002, Appl. 20,200,353, 10 Jan 2002. 12. (In German) A low-pollutant catalytic combustion unit for combined pre-combustion and catalytic combustion of liquid fuels consists of the following elements located in a downstream sequence: (1) a pre-burner, (2) a cooling channel, (3) a Venturi mixer, (4) a primary catalytic burner containing two catalytic reactors, and (5) a homogeneous (gas-phase) second burner. The pre-burner contains a fuel-air mixing chamber and a porous ceramic chamber, in which the mixing chamber has a first fuel inlet opening and a first air inlet opening. The cooling channel has a second air inlet opening next to the pre-burner; the Venturi mixer has a second fuel inlet opening. Combustion catalysts for the first and second catalytic combustion chambers are Pd-Rh/AlzO3 and SrosLa02MnAltiO19, both supported either a ceramic support or a honeycomb. The homogeneous combustion chamber is fabricated from hightemperature-resistant steel to withstand temperatures > 1260'Z Such a combustion unit is capable of burning normally polluting liquid and solid fuels (e.g. tars, biomass, low-Btu fuel gases, etc.) with low NO~ formation.
03/00724 Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring
Manca, D. and Rovaglio, R. Combustion and Flame, 2002, 130, (4), 277297. The measurement of temperature in a combustion chamber, using conventional devices such as thermocouples, can be misleading. An infrared thermographic camera can achieve a non-intrusive measure. Having acquired a still image of, for example, a kiln, it can be used to produce a map of the effective temperature of the waste bed, walls, and combustion gases. This paper describes a technique for processing an infrared image to identify what really happens within such a combustion chamber. The use of a thermographic camera, to produce a temperature map of a combustion chamber, can be helpful, particularly for control purposes. This paper addresses the criteria adopted in the selection of the thermographic system, in terms of both wavelength sensitivity and geometric location within the chamber. Moreover, a detailed description of the zonal method is reported, together with the identification procedure adopted to infer the temperature map from an infrared image. As a matter of fact, the presence of soot and fly-ash within the combustion chamber does complicate the radiative model, because a grey gas analogy must be accounted for. Soot and fly-ash give rise to a foggy and diffusive effect on the image with a consequent apparent homogeneous temperature profile. To simulate the effective radiative energy flux entering the camera lens and impinging on the CCD photoelectric cell, a raytracing technique has been developed. Each discrete area and volume, within the combustion chamber, emits a pencil of radiation, which after passing through the hot gases, reaches the CCD device. Such a light pencil is generated by the energy emitted and reflected from the discrete surfaces, plus all the energies emitted by the volumes of gas distributed along the path, minus any attenuation. The total energy balance equations, coming from the zonal method, must be coupled with the temperature-energy maps acquired by the infrared camera to identify the unknown effective temperatures. Once the temperatures of the walls and bed are known, it is possible to use them to improve the control strategy by means of a set of new measures and combustion efficiency indexes, which are usually unavailable when conventional thermocouples are adopted. Finally, a validation of the proposed procedure is presented with an online application to an incinerator for industrial solid waste. The combustion dynamics within the primary kiln is analysed and quantified, in terms of both absolute temperatures and characteristic times.
03/00727 Low sulfur coal additive for improved furnace operation Johnson, S. A. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2002 66,394 (CI. 110342: F23B7/00), 6 Jun 2002, US Appl. PV213,915, 26 Jun 2000. 17. The present invention is directed to additives for coal-fired furnaces, particularly furnaces using a layer of slag to capture coal particles for combustion. The additive(s) include Fe, mineralizer(s), handling aid(s), flow aid(s), and/or abrasive material(s). The Fe and mineralizers can lower the melting point of ash in low-Fe, high alkali coals, leading to improved furnace performance.
Kadam, K. L. Energy, 2002, 27, (10), 905-922. Electrical power plants are responsible for over one-third of the US emissions, or about 1.7 Gt CO2 per year. Power-plant flue gas can serve as a source of CO2 for microalgae cultivation, and the algae can be cofired with coal. The study objective was to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of electricity production via coal firing versus coal/algae cofiring. The LCA results demonstrate that there are potentially significant benefits to recycling CO2 toward microalgae production. As it reduces CO2 emissions by recycling it and uses less coal, there are concomitant benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are also other energy and fertilizer inputs needed for algae production, which contribute to key environmental flows. Lower net values for the algae cofiring scenario were observed for the following using the direct injection process (in which the flue gas is directly transported to the algae ponds): SOx, NOx, particulates, carbon dioxide, methane, and fossil energy consumption. Lower values for the algae cofiring scenario were also observed for greenhouse potential and air acidification potential However, impact assessment for depletion of natural resources and eutrophication potential showed much higher values. This LCA gives us an overall picture and impacts across different environmental boundaries, and hence, can help in the decision-making process for implementation of the algae scenario.
Wada, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 194,365 (Cl. Cf0L9/12), 10 Jul 2002, Appl. 2000/395,557, 26 Dec 2000. 5. (In Japanese) The combustion accelerator for gasoline, light oil, kerosine, heavy oil, natural gas, etc. is manufactured by (1) immersing pulverized bamboo into water and mixing with steamed grains (as culturing base) for producing a first raw material, (2) immersing roasted grains in seawater in a container with a lid, ripening at 10-50 ° by solar heat for immobilizing dye elements of the seawater on the roasted grains, drying, and pulverizing for producing a second raw material while collecting water drops deposited on the lid, (3) immersing a mixture of the first and the second raw materials in a mixture of the collected water and kerosene at 5-40 ° for 3-10 days, (4) adding S powder into the raw material solution and fermenting in a room filled with COz at 25-35" for 4-7 days, and (5) mixing the fermented material with kerosene at 10-50 ° and filtering producing the combustion accelerator. The combustion accelerator increases fuel efficiency and decreases generation of toxic substances in fuel exhaust gas.
03/00725 Industrial applications of advanced hightemperature air combustion technology
Peters, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (4), 291-306. The objective of this study is to measure the heat-up and the drying of a packed bed consisting of large wood particles as encountered in furnaces and to compare the predictions of a particle resolved
Miyata, K. Kagaku KOgaku. 2002. 66. (5), 286-289.
(In Japanese)
03/00728 fuels
Manufacture of combustion accelerator for fossil
03/00729 Measurements and particle resolved modelling of heat-up and drying of a packed bed
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2003 97