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Mapping the brain in a structural way helps in localising brain function
Abstracts 7th IOP Scientific Meeting /International rying them. The expert, in fact, “dissects” a 3-D MRI image of the brain on the computer screen while he enters from the keyboard all the information that is deemed necessary, always proceeding in an organised fashion. The questions that the expert is called to answer, along this process, stem from the BDB entity-relationship diagrams. The MRI images used are composed of 256 l-mm thick slices each containing 256x256 l-mm3 voxels. BRAINQUERY handles a large number of windows. Each window holds an MRI slice (.TIF, .PCX, .GIF or other format), or any other bitmap and can be moved or resized to any size. Images can be zoomed (pixel or image zooming) and comparisons between images can be made. Finally, BRAINQUERY contains image-processing functions such as smoothing, sharpening and image segmentation, while it can print any of these images or save it in the numerous bitmap formats that it supports. Reference
[l] Anogianakis, G., G.F.A. Harding, M. Peters, M. Apostolakis. G. Foroglou, J. Vieth and A. loannides (1994) Biomagnetic methodologies for the non-invasive: investigauons ofthe human brain - MAGNOBRAIN. AlM Special Methods Programs Biomed.. Elsevier.
Mapping localising
the brain in a structural brain function
Issue 10 Computer
way helps in
G. Anogianakis a.h,M. Apostolakis a, S. Bountzioukas a, K. Krotopoulou
‘, G. Nendides b, P. Spirakis ‘, D. Terpou ‘, A.
Tsakalidis ‘, a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle Universiw of Thessnloniki, 54006 Thessnloniki, Greece, ’ BIOTRAST UETR Thessaloniki, Greece, ’ Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patms, Patras, Greece
Journal of Psychophysiology 18 (1994) 87-159
91
information is of the utmost importance. Such a database (BDB) has been produced within the framework of the ATMhIAGNOBRAIN project. The BDB isolates and maps the essential anatomical, functional structures and the electrical features of the human brain, which are necessary to localize brain function. This information is obtained from electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, neuropathological, neurosurgical and radiological (CT and MRI) studies. In order to organize this information, the human brain is divided into l-mm3 cubes, and the known and essential brain structures and features for every such cube are described. The cube co-ordinates are given with respect to a 3-D proportional grid system, which adapts itself to brains of all dimensions. The BDB utilizes a data model and an entity-relationship model (E-R). This model is based on a perception of a real world that consists of a set of basic objects called entities and the relationships among those objects The entities and relationships of the BDB include information about the set of co-ordinates that a brain area with a known anatomical name contains, the brain space that a cerebral function or a nervous circuit takes up and the physicochemical characteristics that a brain area has. Neurones and fibres are important components of the brain. The BDB gives information about neurone types that exist in different brain locations, and about the path that fibres follow in connecting certain brain areas together. Finally, the BDB includes some general information about the known pathologies that may appear in the brain, their symptoms or signs, and the findings that may be expected of functional tests designed to test them.
Biomagnetic investigation
methodologies for the non-invasive of the human brain
G. Anogianakis ‘, G.F.A. Harding h, aBiotrast Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a rapidly developing technology for the non-invasive investigation of the brain. Biomagnetic data require substantial computational manipulation before they can be presented in a format useful to the clinician. Both EEG and MEG can be used to localize electrically active populations of neurones within the brain. In order to optimise their localisation ability, however, the sources themselves, as well as the head, must be properly modelled (in a mathematical sense). In this respect the inverse problem can be stated as follows: once the magnetic field has been measured at a number of magnetometer positions simultaneously, one should be able to find the primary current distribution on the basis of the experimental data and some additional knowledge. The inverse problem has no unique solution, Consequently, it is very important to have as much a priori information about the brain as possible. A database that contains such a priori
UETe Thessaloniki, Greece, h Aston University, Deparment of Vision Sciences, Birmingham, UK
Biomagnetism is a non-invasive method that infers the distribution of the electric currents of the brain from measurements of the magnetic fields that they induce. It can thus become the basis for the “functional imaging” of the brain provided that its localisation ability is improved and it is integrated with other functional evaluation and anatomical imaging techniques for the brain. MAGNOBRAIN represents an attempt to provide tools that help to integrate the disciplines of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and evoked magnetic fields (EMF) with those of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), automated anatomical analysis, electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EP). Three requirements that promote the goal of such integration, have been developed through MAGNOBRAIN:
[l] Anogianakis, G., G.F.A. Harding, M. Peters, M. Apostolakis. G. Foroglou, J. Vieth and A. loannides (1994) Biomagnetic methodologies for the non-invasive: investigauons ofthe human brain - MAGNOBRAIN. AlM Special Methods Programs Biomed.. Elsevier.
Mapping localising
the brain in a structural brain function
Issue 10 Computer
way helps in
G. Anogianakis a.h,M. Apostolakis a, S. Bountzioukas a, K. Krotopoulou
‘, G. Nendides b, P. Spirakis ‘, D. Terpou ‘, A.
Tsakalidis ‘, a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle Universiw of Thessnloniki, 54006 Thessnloniki, Greece, ’ BIOTRAST UETR Thessaloniki, Greece, ’ Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patms, Patras, Greece
Journal of Psychophysiology 18 (1994) 87-159
91
information is of the utmost importance. Such a database (BDB) has been produced within the framework of the ATMhIAGNOBRAIN project. The BDB isolates and maps the essential anatomical, functional structures and the electrical features of the human brain, which are necessary to localize brain function. This information is obtained from electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, neuropathological, neurosurgical and radiological (CT and MRI) studies. In order to organize this information, the human brain is divided into l-mm3 cubes, and the known and essential brain structures and features for every such cube are described. The cube co-ordinates are given with respect to a 3-D proportional grid system, which adapts itself to brains of all dimensions. The BDB utilizes a data model and an entity-relationship model (E-R). This model is based on a perception of a real world that consists of a set of basic objects called entities and the relationships among those objects The entities and relationships of the BDB include information about the set of co-ordinates that a brain area with a known anatomical name contains, the brain space that a cerebral function or a nervous circuit takes up and the physicochemical characteristics that a brain area has. Neurones and fibres are important components of the brain. The BDB gives information about neurone types that exist in different brain locations, and about the path that fibres follow in connecting certain brain areas together. Finally, the BDB includes some general information about the known pathologies that may appear in the brain, their symptoms or signs, and the findings that may be expected of functional tests designed to test them.
Biomagnetic investigation
methodologies for the non-invasive of the human brain
G. Anogianakis ‘, G.F.A. Harding h, aBiotrast Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a rapidly developing technology for the non-invasive investigation of the brain. Biomagnetic data require substantial computational manipulation before they can be presented in a format useful to the clinician. Both EEG and MEG can be used to localize electrically active populations of neurones within the brain. In order to optimise their localisation ability, however, the sources themselves, as well as the head, must be properly modelled (in a mathematical sense). In this respect the inverse problem can be stated as follows: once the magnetic field has been measured at a number of magnetometer positions simultaneously, one should be able to find the primary current distribution on the basis of the experimental data and some additional knowledge. The inverse problem has no unique solution, Consequently, it is very important to have as much a priori information about the brain as possible. A database that contains such a priori
UETe Thessaloniki, Greece, h Aston University, Deparment of Vision Sciences, Birmingham, UK
Biomagnetism is a non-invasive method that infers the distribution of the electric currents of the brain from measurements of the magnetic fields that they induce. It can thus become the basis for the “functional imaging” of the brain provided that its localisation ability is improved and it is integrated with other functional evaluation and anatomical imaging techniques for the brain. MAGNOBRAIN represents an attempt to provide tools that help to integrate the disciplines of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and evoked magnetic fields (EMF) with those of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), automated anatomical analysis, electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EP). Three requirements that promote the goal of such integration, have been developed through MAGNOBRAIN: