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Marine reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries?
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Selected abstracts 94Z/00013 Lowland landscape design guidelines ANON (Forestry Commission), (HMSO, London), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 710303 9, price £9.95,1992, 56 pp. The booklet is intended to provide landowners and managers with an understanding of the existing landscape, as well as guidelines on how proposals for planting and other forest work can be designed in sympathy with the landscape. Sections are devoted to: design procedures; planning new woodland, showing how new woodland and shelterbelts can be created in different landscapes, and suggesting choice of species; management of existing woodland, including the choice of management systems, design of felling regimes, skylines, belts and retained trees; and detailed design elements, such as edge design, design for recreation, roadside design, ride and waterside design, etc. -J.W.Cooper 94Z/00014 Riverine fishes P . B . Bayley & H. W. Li, in: The rivers handbook. VoL 1, ed P. Calow & G.E. Petts, (Blackwell Scientific), 1993, pp 251-281. An appreciation of the adaptations of fish and the reasons for c'h'aracteristic assemblages leads to a more strategic view of riverine fisheries management than the tactical ones often employed, such as maximizing the yield of a single sp.ecies while ignoring environmental variation. Most sexaous fisheries management problems result from actions that have changed the hydrological regime, habitats and/or fish fauna, thereby disrupting the long-term, dynamic patterns to which the indigenous fishes axe adapted. This has resulted in the need for restoration in many systems. The authors discuss the options available to research and management agencies in the light of current limitations on our ability to sample fish quantitatively and our knowledge of their spatial and temporal dependence on their environment. -rrom Authors 94Z/00015 M a r i n e reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries? C . M . Roberts & N. V. C. Polunin, Ambio, 22(6), 1993, pp 363-368. Fisheries on coral reefs axe highly complex, c a n be very Odductive, but typically have little or no management. espread overfishing and delcining yields reveal an acute need for proper management, but conventional management methods are inappropriate: they require much information on the biology of stocks and are expensxv¢ and difficult to enforce. Use of marine reserves has been suggested as an alternative. Protective management potentially has several important benefits including protection of spawning stocks; provision of recruits to replenish fishing grounds; enhancement of catches in adjacent un]protecte(l areas through emigration; minimal requirement tot information on biology of stocks; and ease of enforcement. In general, field studies from widespread sites around the globe support predictions of increases in abundance and average s~ze of fishes in protected areas. However, evidence for enhanced catches in adjacent areas is more limited, and evidence to show that reserves can restock fishing grounds is lacking. -from Authors
94Z/00017 Survival a n d movements . . . . of ridagreater sandhill cranes experimentally releasee m r i o S. A. Nesbitt & I. W. Carpenter, Journal of Wildlife Management, 57(4), 1993, pp ¢~73-679. Tested two ~experimental release techniques to evalU.ate post-release survival, dispersal, and the.~m.ate preoeucU,on to migration in Grus amer!cana, as a pre.llmm, ary step m .me establishment of a non-rmgratmg poputauon ox wnoop m.g cranes. Thirty-foux eggs of migratory greater sanonm cranes (GSHC) (G. canadensis tabida) we.~ exchungedfor the clutches in 23 nests of Florida sanonm cranes (t~rt~.7 (G.c. pratensis), a non-migratory subspecies; five young were fiedged from these introductions. Concurrently, 27 captive-reared, subadult GSHC were soft-released in the same area of N-central Florida. Movements and survival of both release groups were assessed through radio telemetry. In general, dispersal was similar to normal, subadult FSHC. The experimental birds tended to move south in autumn, but did not move north in the sprm.g; frequency of southern movements was not different m control an.o experimental groups. Survival differed between experimental groups; 56% for captive-reared young (for the first year foIlowmg release) and 39% for foster-reared young (from hatching to leaving natal home range). Thus, captive-rearing and soft-release should be u s e d a s the t~rimary reinlxoduction strategy for future releases. -from Authors 94Z/00018 Down to the b e a r minimum D. Downle, Geographical Magazine, 65(3), 1993, pp 20-24. In the French Pyrenees, only eight brown bears Ursus arc tos still exist in the wild. Concerned groups propose mat the Pyrenees National Park refuge should be extended to the bears' total habitat; commercial and road development should cease and genetically similar brown bears should be imported. However, other similar bear populations are also under threat and many locals regard bears as an enemy. The bears' habitat is also disrupted by ski resort development and the proposed construction of a road through the refuge. Survival of the brown bear demands new priorities and in time could still generate profit for the area in the form of ecotourism. -L.Fricker 94Z/00019 Recreational use, valuation, and management, of killer whales (Orcinus orea) on C a n a d a ' s Pacific coast D . A . Duffns & P. Dearden, Enviromental Conservation, 20(2), 1993, pp 149-156. Non-consumptive recreational use of killer whales is used as an example of management difficulties that are associated with oceanic species. Problems associated with jurisdiction and institutional arrangements are coupled to significant levels of biological uncertainty and restricted management options, as well as to management concerns associated wxth the human domain. Two routes to regulation axe reSented, dealing respectively with the human and ecogical aspects. Both types of information axe necessary to maximize utility to both the human user and the whales. -from Authors
Regional Species 94Z/00016 Distributions of occupied and vacant butterfly habitats in fragmented landscapes C . D . Thomas, J. A. Thomas & M. S. Warren, Oecologia, 92(4), 1992, pp 563-567. Several rare UK butterflies (Plebejus argus (Lycaenidae), Hesperia comma (Hespetiidae), Thymelicus acteon (Hesperiidae) and Mellicta athalia (Hymphalidae)) are restricted to relatively large and non-isolated habitat patches, while small patches and those that are isolated from population sources remain vacant. These patterns of occurrence are generated by the dynamic processes of local extinction and colonization. Habitat patches act as terrestrial archielagos in which long-term population persistence, and ence effective long-term conservation, rely on networks of suitable habitats, sufficiently close to allow natural dispersal. -Authors
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NATURE CONSERVATION : REGIONAL 94Z/00020 Fire in Key deer habitat improves browse, prevents succession, a n d preserves endemic herbs P. C. Carlson, G. W. Tanner, J. M. Wood & S. R. Humphrey, Journal of Wildlife Management, 57(4), 1993, pp 914-928. Habitat quality reduced by fire suppression may have influenced the recent decline of Odocoileus virginianus clavium. A major foraging habitat for Key deer, the rockland ine community, as well as several plants endemic to this abitat, depend on periodic fires for continued existence. Refuge burning is opposed to residents of nearby urban development. Burning of pineland provided temporary benefits in nutritive quality and more prolonged benefits in
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Selected abstracts 94Z/00013 Lowland landscape design guidelines ANON (Forestry Commission), (HMSO, London), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 710303 9, price £9.95,1992, 56 pp. The booklet is intended to provide landowners and managers with an understanding of the existing landscape, as well as guidelines on how proposals for planting and other forest work can be designed in sympathy with the landscape. Sections are devoted to: design procedures; planning new woodland, showing how new woodland and shelterbelts can be created in different landscapes, and suggesting choice of species; management of existing woodland, including the choice of management systems, design of felling regimes, skylines, belts and retained trees; and detailed design elements, such as edge design, design for recreation, roadside design, ride and waterside design, etc. -J.W.Cooper 94Z/00014 Riverine fishes P . B . Bayley & H. W. Li, in: The rivers handbook. VoL 1, ed P. Calow & G.E. Petts, (Blackwell Scientific), 1993, pp 251-281. An appreciation of the adaptations of fish and the reasons for c'h'aracteristic assemblages leads to a more strategic view of riverine fisheries management than the tactical ones often employed, such as maximizing the yield of a single sp.ecies while ignoring environmental variation. Most sexaous fisheries management problems result from actions that have changed the hydrological regime, habitats and/or fish fauna, thereby disrupting the long-term, dynamic patterns to which the indigenous fishes axe adapted. This has resulted in the need for restoration in many systems. The authors discuss the options available to research and management agencies in the light of current limitations on our ability to sample fish quantitatively and our knowledge of their spatial and temporal dependence on their environment. -rrom Authors 94Z/00015 M a r i n e reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries? C . M . Roberts & N. V. C. Polunin, Ambio, 22(6), 1993, pp 363-368. Fisheries on coral reefs axe highly complex, c a n be very Odductive, but typically have little or no management. espread overfishing and delcining yields reveal an acute need for proper management, but conventional management methods are inappropriate: they require much information on the biology of stocks and are expensxv¢ and difficult to enforce. Use of marine reserves has been suggested as an alternative. Protective management potentially has several important benefits including protection of spawning stocks; provision of recruits to replenish fishing grounds; enhancement of catches in adjacent un]protecte(l areas through emigration; minimal requirement tot information on biology of stocks; and ease of enforcement. In general, field studies from widespread sites around the globe support predictions of increases in abundance and average s~ze of fishes in protected areas. However, evidence for enhanced catches in adjacent areas is more limited, and evidence to show that reserves can restock fishing grounds is lacking. -from Authors
94Z/00017 Survival a n d movements . . . . of ridagreater sandhill cranes experimentally releasee m r i o S. A. Nesbitt & I. W. Carpenter, Journal of Wildlife Management, 57(4), 1993, pp ¢~73-679. Tested two ~experimental release techniques to evalU.ate post-release survival, dispersal, and the.~m.ate preoeucU,on to migration in Grus amer!cana, as a pre.llmm, ary step m .me establishment of a non-rmgratmg poputauon ox wnoop m.g cranes. Thirty-foux eggs of migratory greater sanonm cranes (GSHC) (G. canadensis tabida) we.~ exchungedfor the clutches in 23 nests of Florida sanonm cranes (t~rt~.7 (G.c. pratensis), a non-migratory subspecies; five young were fiedged from these introductions. Concurrently, 27 captive-reared, subadult GSHC were soft-released in the same area of N-central Florida. Movements and survival of both release groups were assessed through radio telemetry. In general, dispersal was similar to normal, subadult FSHC. The experimental birds tended to move south in autumn, but did not move north in the sprm.g; frequency of southern movements was not different m control an.o experimental groups. Survival differed between experimental groups; 56% for captive-reared young (for the first year foIlowmg release) and 39% for foster-reared young (from hatching to leaving natal home range). Thus, captive-rearing and soft-release should be u s e d a s the t~rimary reinlxoduction strategy for future releases. -from Authors 94Z/00018 Down to the b e a r minimum D. Downle, Geographical Magazine, 65(3), 1993, pp 20-24. In the French Pyrenees, only eight brown bears Ursus arc tos still exist in the wild. Concerned groups propose mat the Pyrenees National Park refuge should be extended to the bears' total habitat; commercial and road development should cease and genetically similar brown bears should be imported. However, other similar bear populations are also under threat and many locals regard bears as an enemy. The bears' habitat is also disrupted by ski resort development and the proposed construction of a road through the refuge. Survival of the brown bear demands new priorities and in time could still generate profit for the area in the form of ecotourism. -L.Fricker 94Z/00019 Recreational use, valuation, and management, of killer whales (Orcinus orea) on C a n a d a ' s Pacific coast D . A . Duffns & P. Dearden, Enviromental Conservation, 20(2), 1993, pp 149-156. Non-consumptive recreational use of killer whales is used as an example of management difficulties that are associated with oceanic species. Problems associated with jurisdiction and institutional arrangements are coupled to significant levels of biological uncertainty and restricted management options, as well as to management concerns associated wxth the human domain. Two routes to regulation axe reSented, dealing respectively with the human and ecogical aspects. Both types of information axe necessary to maximize utility to both the human user and the whales. -from Authors
Regional Species 94Z/00016 Distributions of occupied and vacant butterfly habitats in fragmented landscapes C . D . Thomas, J. A. Thomas & M. S. Warren, Oecologia, 92(4), 1992, pp 563-567. Several rare UK butterflies (Plebejus argus (Lycaenidae), Hesperia comma (Hespetiidae), Thymelicus acteon (Hesperiidae) and Mellicta athalia (Hymphalidae)) are restricted to relatively large and non-isolated habitat patches, while small patches and those that are isolated from population sources remain vacant. These patterns of occurrence are generated by the dynamic processes of local extinction and colonization. Habitat patches act as terrestrial archielagos in which long-term population persistence, and ence effective long-term conservation, rely on networks of suitable habitats, sufficiently close to allow natural dispersal. -Authors
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NATURE CONSERVATION : REGIONAL 94Z/00020 Fire in Key deer habitat improves browse, prevents succession, a n d preserves endemic herbs P. C. Carlson, G. W. Tanner, J. M. Wood & S. R. Humphrey, Journal of Wildlife Management, 57(4), 1993, pp 914-928. Habitat quality reduced by fire suppression may have influenced the recent decline of Odocoileus virginianus clavium. A major foraging habitat for Key deer, the rockland ine community, as well as several plants endemic to this abitat, depend on periodic fires for continued existence. Refuge burning is opposed to residents of nearby urban development. Burning of pineland provided temporary benefits in nutritive quality and more prolonged benefits in
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