- Email: [email protected]
Marine treatment of sewage and sludge
Volume 20/Number 2/February 1989
C o l o u r M o n i t o r to M e e t EEC Standards Kent Industrial Measurements have designed a new colour monitor to meet a recent EEC directive on the acceptable colour of abstracted and potable water. Its main applications will be on raw water intakes where the reading helps to determine the loading on the plant, and on the final treated water following coagulation to provide an indication of the plant's performance and to ensure that the colour of the water provided to the consumer is less than the 30 degrees Hazen stipulated in the EEC directive. The colour of the water, measured in degrees Hazen, is determined by comparing the amount of light absorbed by the sample with that absorbed by a
Sewage in the Sea Marine Treatment of Sewage and Sludge, Proceedings of the conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Brighton, 29-30 April 1987. Thomas Telford, London, 1988. 296 pp. ISBN: 0-7277-1301-9. Despite initial misgivings, of the 'Oh n o - - n o t another conference volume' variety, this book secured my early attention and retained it through much of its length. Between them the contributors to the conference represented an impressive range of expertise on the desirability, practicality, and consequences of discharging sewage and sludge to the sea. This compilation of their contributions to the conference is of interest not for its scientific worth (although it contains some useful review material on site specific ouffall effluent and sludge dumping effects), but for its presentation of current marine discharge practices and their control in Europe, North America, and Australia. The fundamental regulatory dichotomy between a precautionary approach and a posteriori effects assessment is a recurring theme in a number of the papers, and indeed examination of the arguments underlying this present division is a principal virtue of the book. The scene is set by a light and concise outline, by Lord Nathan, of the political constraints to environmental legislation. His perception that proposals from the European Commission 'do not derive from heavenly inspiration reduced to draft legislation by the light of pure reason' was sufficient to predispose this reader to his basic message that application of the precautionary principle must be supported by 'cogent evidence'. Following this keynote address there are five sections each comprising three or four individual contributions with an appended discussion. In an initial overview section regulatory activities in control of marine pollution in the European Community (Mandl) and the USA (Davies) are reviewed, the application of regulatory controls to the sewage disposal problems of
standard solution. This new monitor conforms to the EEC directive by filtering the sample to 0.45 ~tm and using a measuring wavelength of 400 nm. It is designed to operate in unattended and often remote locations, with facilities for remote or local indication, recording or data processing of the measured variable or alarm condition. A major feature of the unit is its auto-cleaning system where the monitor automatically flushes the system with a solution of sodium hydrochlorite at user-programmable intervals to remove any build up of solids and algae. This process can also be initiated manually either locally or remotely. Enquiries should be addressed to: Mr. C. Rushton, Kent Industrial Measurements Ltd., Oldends Lane, Stonehouse, Glos. GL10 3TA, UK.
a typical UK water authority is considered (Matthews) and the principles and practices of a British environmental pressure group concerned with coastal contamination by sewage are described (Wakefield). The second and third sections describe current practice in the treatment and disposal of sewage and sludge through sea outfalls and by discharging at sea from vessels. The former includes considerations of French (Quetin), Australian (Whyte) and UK (Huntingdon & Rumsey) practices, whilst the latter reviews European trends and practices (Parker & MacIntyre) and considers in detail the experiences of two of the UK local authorities who use dumping at sea as a major disposal option (Harper & Greer). These are followed by a section on economic considerations in which the comparative costs of those environmental options for the disposal of sewage open to each of four UK local authorities are discussed (Colwyn and Abercromby areas in Wales by Pattinson & Jones, Thanet by Midmer & Brown, Weymouth and Portland by Tyler, and The London area by Green & Hanbury of the Thames Water Authority). A fifth and final section entitled 'The way ahead' contains three papers including a brief review of developments in environmental impact monitoring (Cooper & Lack), and two papers on the engineering of ouffalls by Charlt0n, who considers engineering improvements to the design and performance monitoring of long sea ouffalls, and by Reynolds & Willis who discuss current and future developments in outfaU design and construction. The overall design of the proceedings is thus informative and logical and they remain of interest through to the last section, where, at least for this reader, an excellent opportunity was lost. It is disappointing that the paper on environmental impact monitoring drew only on the experience of one UK based organization and thus presents but a partial view of that field. It would have been salutary to have been able to compare this local experience with current practice in North America and mainland Europe. Moreover in a number of the contributions open or implied criticisms are voiced as to the utility of both the precautionary approach and the imposition of group standards for allowable pollutant input levels across 97
Marine PollutionBulletin industries or regions. These matters are contentious, and serious arguments are raised in some contributions both for and against these principles. Apart from the reconciliatory remarks made in the keynote address to the conference no further attempt is made to discuss these controversies in a general context. The fact that the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA has switched the emphasis of its efforts to regulate marine discharges from close control of individual inputs to a global approach (termed 'multimedia' by Davies) aimed at coordinating and controlling Federal, State, and local control actions across wide areas has considerable
implications for future actions on this side of the Atlantic. It may be no longer practicable for site managers and control authorities to insist, on the basis of site specific studies, that discharge effects have only local implications. Local contributions to basin-wide effects will in future have to be considered seriously (cf. recent events in the Baltic and North Seas). A detailed consideration of these wider issues would have been an excellent conclusion to what is in other respects a useful summary of current practices in the discharge of sewage and sludge to the marine environment and their consequent effects. T. H. P E A R S O N
This Section contains abstracts and, where appropriate, illustrations of recently issued United States patents and published patent applications filed from over 30 countries under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. This information was obtained from recent additions to the Pergamon PATSEARCH -~online database in accordance with interest profiles developed by the Editors. Further information about Pergamon PATSEARCH ® can be obtained from Pergamon Orbit InfoLine Inc., 8000 Westpark Drive, McLean, Virginia 22102 U.S.A. Copies of complete patents announced in this Section are available from Pergamon Orbit InfoLine Inc. for $8 per copy. Payment with order is required. Orders outside North America add $2 for air postage. Order by patent number for Pergamon Orbit InfoLine only.
4773884 SEPARATE LUBRICATING SYSTEM FOR MARINE PROPULSION DEVICE
KuniyoshiMatsumoto, Iwatashi, Shizuoka ken, Japan Several embodiments of separate lubricating systems for two-cycle internal combustion engines and particularly those of outboard motors. In each embodiment, the lubricating system includes a relatively large lubricant storage tank that is adapted to be carried in the hull of the associated watercraft and a relatively small lubricant delivery tank carried by the engine of the outboard motor. A pump is provided for transferring lubricant from the storage tank to the delivery tank and warning devices are incorporated to indicate when the level in each of the tanks falls below a predetermined value. Furthermore, the transfer pump is disabled upon the falling of the level of the liquid in the storage tank below a predetermined value. The pump is positioned in proximity to this storage tank and is juxtaposed and plumbed in such a way that it will not pick up foreign particles from the bottom of the tank, but will always have its inlet and outlet subject to liquid so that the pump will not run dry. A system is provided for disabling the 98
pump if the motor is tilted up and the delivery tank is vented in such a way that lubricant will not be spilled when the engine is tilted up and regardless of its angular position. Several embodiments of arrangements are disclosed for delivering lubricant from the delivery tank to the various components of the engine.
4774345 AMINE-COMPLEXED ZINC SALTS OF ORGANIC DIACIDS Evo Martins, Richard A Slepetys assigned to Engelhard Corporation Amine-complexed zinc salts of organic diacids selected from the group consisting of (i) dicarboxylic acids, (ii) diphenols, and (iii) phthalic acids. Specifically disclosed compounds include C2-C3 alkylene diamine-complexed zinc salts of thiodiphenol and sulfonyldiphenol, and ethylene diamine-complexed salts ofphthalic, isophthalic and terephthalic acids. Such amine-complexed zinc salts have utility as corrosion inhibitors in coating compositions for metallic substrates, e.g., paints based on alkyds, latexes or linseed oil. Also disclosed are anticorrosion additives, comprising the aforementioned aminecomplexed salts distended on mineral fillers such as kaolin, and a method of making same by reaction of zinc oxide, amine, and organic diacid, at
C o l o u r M o n i t o r to M e e t EEC Standards Kent Industrial Measurements have designed a new colour monitor to meet a recent EEC directive on the acceptable colour of abstracted and potable water. Its main applications will be on raw water intakes where the reading helps to determine the loading on the plant, and on the final treated water following coagulation to provide an indication of the plant's performance and to ensure that the colour of the water provided to the consumer is less than the 30 degrees Hazen stipulated in the EEC directive. The colour of the water, measured in degrees Hazen, is determined by comparing the amount of light absorbed by the sample with that absorbed by a
Sewage in the Sea Marine Treatment of Sewage and Sludge, Proceedings of the conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Brighton, 29-30 April 1987. Thomas Telford, London, 1988. 296 pp. ISBN: 0-7277-1301-9. Despite initial misgivings, of the 'Oh n o - - n o t another conference volume' variety, this book secured my early attention and retained it through much of its length. Between them the contributors to the conference represented an impressive range of expertise on the desirability, practicality, and consequences of discharging sewage and sludge to the sea. This compilation of their contributions to the conference is of interest not for its scientific worth (although it contains some useful review material on site specific ouffall effluent and sludge dumping effects), but for its presentation of current marine discharge practices and their control in Europe, North America, and Australia. The fundamental regulatory dichotomy between a precautionary approach and a posteriori effects assessment is a recurring theme in a number of the papers, and indeed examination of the arguments underlying this present division is a principal virtue of the book. The scene is set by a light and concise outline, by Lord Nathan, of the political constraints to environmental legislation. His perception that proposals from the European Commission 'do not derive from heavenly inspiration reduced to draft legislation by the light of pure reason' was sufficient to predispose this reader to his basic message that application of the precautionary principle must be supported by 'cogent evidence'. Following this keynote address there are five sections each comprising three or four individual contributions with an appended discussion. In an initial overview section regulatory activities in control of marine pollution in the European Community (Mandl) and the USA (Davies) are reviewed, the application of regulatory controls to the sewage disposal problems of
standard solution. This new monitor conforms to the EEC directive by filtering the sample to 0.45 ~tm and using a measuring wavelength of 400 nm. It is designed to operate in unattended and often remote locations, with facilities for remote or local indication, recording or data processing of the measured variable or alarm condition. A major feature of the unit is its auto-cleaning system where the monitor automatically flushes the system with a solution of sodium hydrochlorite at user-programmable intervals to remove any build up of solids and algae. This process can also be initiated manually either locally or remotely. Enquiries should be addressed to: Mr. C. Rushton, Kent Industrial Measurements Ltd., Oldends Lane, Stonehouse, Glos. GL10 3TA, UK.
a typical UK water authority is considered (Matthews) and the principles and practices of a British environmental pressure group concerned with coastal contamination by sewage are described (Wakefield). The second and third sections describe current practice in the treatment and disposal of sewage and sludge through sea outfalls and by discharging at sea from vessels. The former includes considerations of French (Quetin), Australian (Whyte) and UK (Huntingdon & Rumsey) practices, whilst the latter reviews European trends and practices (Parker & MacIntyre) and considers in detail the experiences of two of the UK local authorities who use dumping at sea as a major disposal option (Harper & Greer). These are followed by a section on economic considerations in which the comparative costs of those environmental options for the disposal of sewage open to each of four UK local authorities are discussed (Colwyn and Abercromby areas in Wales by Pattinson & Jones, Thanet by Midmer & Brown, Weymouth and Portland by Tyler, and The London area by Green & Hanbury of the Thames Water Authority). A fifth and final section entitled 'The way ahead' contains three papers including a brief review of developments in environmental impact monitoring (Cooper & Lack), and two papers on the engineering of ouffalls by Charlt0n, who considers engineering improvements to the design and performance monitoring of long sea ouffalls, and by Reynolds & Willis who discuss current and future developments in outfaU design and construction. The overall design of the proceedings is thus informative and logical and they remain of interest through to the last section, where, at least for this reader, an excellent opportunity was lost. It is disappointing that the paper on environmental impact monitoring drew only on the experience of one UK based organization and thus presents but a partial view of that field. It would have been salutary to have been able to compare this local experience with current practice in North America and mainland Europe. Moreover in a number of the contributions open or implied criticisms are voiced as to the utility of both the precautionary approach and the imposition of group standards for allowable pollutant input levels across 97
Marine PollutionBulletin industries or regions. These matters are contentious, and serious arguments are raised in some contributions both for and against these principles. Apart from the reconciliatory remarks made in the keynote address to the conference no further attempt is made to discuss these controversies in a general context. The fact that the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA has switched the emphasis of its efforts to regulate marine discharges from close control of individual inputs to a global approach (termed 'multimedia' by Davies) aimed at coordinating and controlling Federal, State, and local control actions across wide areas has considerable
implications for future actions on this side of the Atlantic. It may be no longer practicable for site managers and control authorities to insist, on the basis of site specific studies, that discharge effects have only local implications. Local contributions to basin-wide effects will in future have to be considered seriously (cf. recent events in the Baltic and North Seas). A detailed consideration of these wider issues would have been an excellent conclusion to what is in other respects a useful summary of current practices in the discharge of sewage and sludge to the marine environment and their consequent effects. T. H. P E A R S O N
This Section contains abstracts and, where appropriate, illustrations of recently issued United States patents and published patent applications filed from over 30 countries under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. This information was obtained from recent additions to the Pergamon PATSEARCH -~online database in accordance with interest profiles developed by the Editors. Further information about Pergamon PATSEARCH ® can be obtained from Pergamon Orbit InfoLine Inc., 8000 Westpark Drive, McLean, Virginia 22102 U.S.A. Copies of complete patents announced in this Section are available from Pergamon Orbit InfoLine Inc. for $8 per copy. Payment with order is required. Orders outside North America add $2 for air postage. Order by patent number for Pergamon Orbit InfoLine only.
4773884 SEPARATE LUBRICATING SYSTEM FOR MARINE PROPULSION DEVICE
KuniyoshiMatsumoto, Iwatashi, Shizuoka ken, Japan Several embodiments of separate lubricating systems for two-cycle internal combustion engines and particularly those of outboard motors. In each embodiment, the lubricating system includes a relatively large lubricant storage tank that is adapted to be carried in the hull of the associated watercraft and a relatively small lubricant delivery tank carried by the engine of the outboard motor. A pump is provided for transferring lubricant from the storage tank to the delivery tank and warning devices are incorporated to indicate when the level in each of the tanks falls below a predetermined value. Furthermore, the transfer pump is disabled upon the falling of the level of the liquid in the storage tank below a predetermined value. The pump is positioned in proximity to this storage tank and is juxtaposed and plumbed in such a way that it will not pick up foreign particles from the bottom of the tank, but will always have its inlet and outlet subject to liquid so that the pump will not run dry. A system is provided for disabling the 98
pump if the motor is tilted up and the delivery tank is vented in such a way that lubricant will not be spilled when the engine is tilted up and regardless of its angular position. Several embodiments of arrangements are disclosed for delivering lubricant from the delivery tank to the various components of the engine.
4774345 AMINE-COMPLEXED ZINC SALTS OF ORGANIC DIACIDS Evo Martins, Richard A Slepetys assigned to Engelhard Corporation Amine-complexed zinc salts of organic diacids selected from the group consisting of (i) dicarboxylic acids, (ii) diphenols, and (iii) phthalic acids. Specifically disclosed compounds include C2-C3 alkylene diamine-complexed zinc salts of thiodiphenol and sulfonyldiphenol, and ethylene diamine-complexed salts ofphthalic, isophthalic and terephthalic acids. Such amine-complexed zinc salts have utility as corrosion inhibitors in coating compositions for metallic substrates, e.g., paints based on alkyds, latexes or linseed oil. Also disclosed are anticorrosion additives, comprising the aforementioned aminecomplexed salts distended on mineral fillers such as kaolin, and a method of making same by reaction of zinc oxide, amine, and organic diacid, at