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Maximal power generated during sprinting on a treadmill ergometer
J. Bfomchanicx
0021-92w/92 $5.00 + 0.00 Pergamcm Press Ltd
Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 761-774, 1592
Printed in Great Britain
RANGE OF MOTION OF THB ANKLE JOINT COMPLEX -- IN VIVO T.L. Allinger and J.R. Engsberg Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. The purpose of this investigation was 1) to develop a method to quantify a range of motion of the ankle joint complex (AJC), in vivo, and 2) demonstrate the use of the method with an elderly (55-80 years old, n=lO) and a young (20-35 years old, n=7) group of subjects.Motion between the calcaneusand tibia, at the talocruraJ and talocalcanesl joints, was defined as the AJC. Motion of the AJC is regulated by the geomett’y,of the articulating surfaces,the numerous ligaments surroundiig the joints (l), and the musculotendon forces about these joints (2). The ranges of motion of the AJC were measured (Euler angles) between the leg and the foot using a six degree of freedom (three rotational and three translational) fixture. Generally, the elderly subjects’ AJC ranges of motion were smaller then the young subjects’. However, dorsiflexion and eversion were similar for both groups. Speculations for decreasedAJC range of motion as a person’s age increasesinclude: 1) a decreasedactivity level, 2) an increased stiffness of the joints, and/or 3) a decreased muscle force thus giving smaller AJC motions. Comparing dynamic AJC orientations to the AJC range of motion may indicate potential orientations where injury may occur (e.g. near or outside the range of motion).
ANIMATION MD ANtiYSIS OF SPORT BVBNTS THROUGH 3D COBPUTIU?MODBLLING R.M. Angulo Department of Biomechanics, Olympic Training Center, CAB Sant Cugat de1 Valles, 08190 Barcelona, SPAIN The use of a 3D solid parametric design of the human body on the computer together with animation and analysis software, enables the possibility of exploring the sport event from any perspeotive and add to it the relevant quantitative data. The computer-aided analysis of mechanical systems has been applied into the sport biomechanics field with a new system called COHPARM-SPORT. Data collection is done with professional video cameras at 50 fr/s. 3D coordinates of 19 or 21 body landmarks are calculated using the DLT method. Error reduction and differentiation is obtained through quintic spline smoothing function technique. A mechanical design of the human body consisting of 40 d.o.f and 31 angles is introduced in the CGHPHlB-SPORT together with their relatives velocities and accelerations. The reaation forces and joint torques values are calculated solving the inverse dynamic problem. The athlete's movement is reproduced in the computer using 17 synthetically designed solid elements. The system enables an interactive manipulation of the real life movement reproduction. Together with animation, plots of any calculated parameter versus time can be visualized at the same time.
MAXIMAL POWER GENERATED DURING ERGOMETER Alain Belli, Michcl Dumnscaudand Jean-Claudechatard
SPRINTING
ON A TREADMILL
GIP Exerclce,Tecmachine, Universiti de Saint-Etienne,CHU - Pavillon 12, 42650 Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds- FRANCE
Maximal power generated during five sprints (hap) on a treadmill ergometer and maximal rise of center of gravity (MH) performed during five counter movement jumps were measured on twenty one professional MxxcTplayers (age : 21.2 yearsf 2.5, weight : 68.9 kg f 5.0). During the sprint test, the subjects, attached by the waist, had to drive the passive belt of the treadmill w as fast as possibleduring 8 seconds.‘Jlrepower produced was computed using traction force and belt velocity transducers. Counter movemeot jbmps were also paformed and the rise of center of gravity (MH) was computed from the ffy dme measumment. MPwas 18.4 watt&f2.19,MH was0.41mfO.04,aad so signifiiantrclationship was found between these hvo pammemm. FurWmore compamd to the data of the literature the ME was significantly higher than maximal power usually found when using cycle ergometer but was significantly lower than maximalpowermeaaumddnrlngttncksprlntmnning. It is then suggested that in order to measure maximal power during sprinting, the treadmill ergometer is more spe&ic than other iaboramry testsbut it is not a perfect sprint simulation. 761
0021-92w/92 $5.00 + 0.00 Pergamcm Press Ltd
Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 761-774, 1592
Printed in Great Britain
RANGE OF MOTION OF THB ANKLE JOINT COMPLEX -- IN VIVO T.L. Allinger and J.R. Engsberg Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. The purpose of this investigation was 1) to develop a method to quantify a range of motion of the ankle joint complex (AJC), in vivo, and 2) demonstrate the use of the method with an elderly (55-80 years old, n=lO) and a young (20-35 years old, n=7) group of subjects.Motion between the calcaneusand tibia, at the talocruraJ and talocalcanesl joints, was defined as the AJC. Motion of the AJC is regulated by the geomett’y,of the articulating surfaces,the numerous ligaments surroundiig the joints (l), and the musculotendon forces about these joints (2). The ranges of motion of the AJC were measured (Euler angles) between the leg and the foot using a six degree of freedom (three rotational and three translational) fixture. Generally, the elderly subjects’ AJC ranges of motion were smaller then the young subjects’. However, dorsiflexion and eversion were similar for both groups. Speculations for decreasedAJC range of motion as a person’s age increasesinclude: 1) a decreasedactivity level, 2) an increased stiffness of the joints, and/or 3) a decreased muscle force thus giving smaller AJC motions. Comparing dynamic AJC orientations to the AJC range of motion may indicate potential orientations where injury may occur (e.g. near or outside the range of motion).
ANIMATION MD ANtiYSIS OF SPORT BVBNTS THROUGH 3D COBPUTIU?MODBLLING R.M. Angulo Department of Biomechanics, Olympic Training Center, CAB Sant Cugat de1 Valles, 08190 Barcelona, SPAIN The use of a 3D solid parametric design of the human body on the computer together with animation and analysis software, enables the possibility of exploring the sport event from any perspeotive and add to it the relevant quantitative data. The computer-aided analysis of mechanical systems has been applied into the sport biomechanics field with a new system called COHPARM-SPORT. Data collection is done with professional video cameras at 50 fr/s. 3D coordinates of 19 or 21 body landmarks are calculated using the DLT method. Error reduction and differentiation is obtained through quintic spline smoothing function technique. A mechanical design of the human body consisting of 40 d.o.f and 31 angles is introduced in the CGHPHlB-SPORT together with their relatives velocities and accelerations. The reaation forces and joint torques values are calculated solving the inverse dynamic problem. The athlete's movement is reproduced in the computer using 17 synthetically designed solid elements. The system enables an interactive manipulation of the real life movement reproduction. Together with animation, plots of any calculated parameter versus time can be visualized at the same time.
MAXIMAL POWER GENERATED DURING ERGOMETER Alain Belli, Michcl Dumnscaudand Jean-Claudechatard
SPRINTING
ON A TREADMILL
GIP Exerclce,Tecmachine, Universiti de Saint-Etienne,CHU - Pavillon 12, 42650 Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds- FRANCE
Maximal power generated during five sprints (hap) on a treadmill ergometer and maximal rise of center of gravity (MH) performed during five counter movement jumps were measured on twenty one professional MxxcTplayers (age : 21.2 yearsf 2.5, weight : 68.9 kg f 5.0). During the sprint test, the subjects, attached by the waist, had to drive the passive belt of the treadmill w as fast as possibleduring 8 seconds.‘Jlrepower produced was computed using traction force and belt velocity transducers. Counter movemeot jbmps were also paformed and the rise of center of gravity (MH) was computed from the ffy dme measumment. MPwas 18.4 watt&f2.19,MH was0.41mfO.04,aad so signifiiantrclationship was found between these hvo pammemm. FurWmore compamd to the data of the literature the ME was significantly higher than maximal power usually found when using cycle ergometer but was significantly lower than maximalpowermeaaumddnrlngttncksprlntmnning. It is then suggested that in order to measure maximal power during sprinting, the treadmill ergometer is more spe&ic than other iaboramry testsbut it is not a perfect sprint simulation. 761