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Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in the Chicken1
345
RESEARCH NOTES
MEASUREMENT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE IN THE CHICKEN 1 DOUGLAS K. ANDERSON,2 ROBERT K. RINGER 3 AND S. RICHARD HEISEY 4 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (Received for publication October 12, 1971)
POULTRY SCIENCE 51: 345-347,
INTRODUCTION
The intimate relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nervous tissue has led to numerous studies of this fluid in a variety of mammalian species (Pappenheimer and Heisey, 1963; Bering and Sato, 1963; Hayes and Corey, 1970; and others). However, few reports have appeared concerning the CSF in an avian species (Woollam and Millen, 1956; Anderson and Hazelwood, 1968). The purpose of this report is to describe a technique for measuring CSF pressure in the chicken and to present data obtained with this technique. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Sexually mature, female, Single Comb White Leghorn chickens weighing between 1 and 2 kg. were used in these experiments. The birds were anesthetized with intravenous sodium phenobarbital (170 mg./ kg. body wt.). The left carotid artery was cannulated with PE 90 tubing and arterial pressure monitored using a Statham P23AC pressure transducer and Grass model 5 polygraph. 1 Journal Article No. 5679, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 Pre-Doctoral Fellow, National Institutes of Health. 3 Professor,: Departments of Physiology and Poultry Science. 4 Research Career Development Awardee, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke.
1972
With the animal prone, the neck was acutely flexed and the head secured in a stereotoxic frame modified to accommodate the head of a chicken. The head was elevated so that the external auditory meatus was approximately 10 cm. above heart level. A midline incision was made posterior to the comb that extended to the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. The atlanto-occipital membrane overlying the cisterna magna was exposed by blunt dissection of the complexus and longus colli anterior muscles. Illustrated in Fig. 1 is the system for measuring CSF pressure. The cisterna magna was punctured with a short-bevel, 23 gauge, hubless needle held in a micromanipulator and connected to a Statham P23BC pressure transducer (placed at the level of the external auditory meatus) by a short length of PE 50 tubing. The needle, directed anteriorly at a 28 degree angle to the atlanto-occipital membrane, was rapidly lowered to a depth of 8 mm. below the dura. This was accompanied with a sharp rise in CSF pressure; pressure dropped quickly when the needle was withdrawn 3 to 4 mm. This fall in CSF pressure concomitant with pulsations in the pressure trace was used to indicate proper needle placement. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Fig. 2 are reported a representative
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
ABSTRACT A technique for measuring the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure from the cisterna magna of anesthetized chickens is described. The mean CSF pressure for 20 adult, female, White Leghorn chickens was 42.0 ± 3.4 mm. H 2 0. Waves associated with respiratory movements and the arterial pulse were visible in the CSF pressure record. CSF pressure increased following jugular compression; a response similar to that seen in mammals.
346
RESEARCH NOTES 23 gauge needle
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
\ POLYGRAPH Left carotid artery
FIG. 1. Diagram of the CSF pressure measuring system in reference to a sagittal midline section of the chicken head. Needle in cisterna magna. CH, cerebral hemispheres; C, cerebellum; M, medulla.
blood pressure (upper) and CSF pressure (lower) recording. In this experiment mean CSF pressure was between 45 to 50 mm. H 2 0 approximating the average CSF pressure of 42.0 ± 3.4 mm. FLO calculated for 20 animals. This value for CSF pressure is approximately 2.5 times lower than that reported by Woollam and Millen (1956) for chicks, possibly due to differences in animal age, anesthesia and method for measuring CSF pressure. As shown in Fig. 2, three waves appeared in the CSF pressure recording. The larger wave (2 sec. duration) followed respiratory movements, with maxima and minima associated with expiration and inspiration, respectively. The smaller waves (4/sec.) were synchronous with the heart beat and were probably associated with arterial pulse pressure (Adolph ct al., 1967). Superimposed was a third, slower wave (20 sec. duration) in both the arterial and CSF pressure records. These waves corresponded with the so-called "Mayer" or "Traube-Hering" waves allegedly due to cyclic activity in pressoreceptor and chemoreceptor afferents to the medullary vasomotor center reported in mammals (Ganong, 1969).
In mammals, acute, bilateral jugular occlusion produces an elevation of CSF pressure (Queckenstedt test). Chickens responded in a like manner; when the jugular veins were clamped, mean CSF pressure increased to 3 to 4 times the control. SUMMARY
The technique described is a simple and reliable way of measuring CSF pressure in the chicken. These experiments demonstrated that CSF pressure reflects respiratory and cardiac cycles and that it is ele-
Carotid arterial pressure mmHg
mm HjO
"^-
'-
'^mnm»^mvmmmr^^
Fie. 2. Systemic arterial (top trace, mm. Hg) and CSF pressure (bottom trace, mm. H 2 0) records from one experiment.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
RESEARCH NOTES
vated by jugular vein occlusion analogous to similar responses in mammals. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to Mr. Robert B. Ewing, U.S.D.A. A.R.S., Avian Anatomy Project, East Lansing, Michigan, for the art work in Figure 1. REFERENCES
Bering, E. A., and 0 . Sato, 1963. Hydrocephalus: Changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. J. Neuro. Surg. 20: 1050-1063. Ganong, W. F., 1969. Review of Medical Physiology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California. 628 pp. Hayes, K. C , and J. Corey, 1970. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 872-873. Pappenheimer, J. R., and S. R. Heisey, 1963. Exchange of material between cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Proceedings of the First Pharmacological Meeting, 4 : 95-105. Woollam, D. H. M., and J. W. Millen, 1956. The relationship between hypovitaminosis A and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the chick: an experimental study. Brit. J. Nutrition, 10: 355-363.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 344) A 1956 graduate of North Dakota State University with a B.S. in agricultural education, he taught vocational agriculture in Larimore, North Dakota, after graduation. His most recent position was Public Affairs Assistant for Peavey Company, Minneapolis. He has been active in a number of agricultural committees of State and local Chambers of Commerce, and has worked extensively with Future Farmers of America. The coveted "Salesman of the Year" title, awarded by Merck Chemical Division's Animal Health and Feed Products Department, was won by S. D. Allen, Jr., who, just prior to receiving the title was elevated to Product Manager for Poultry Products. A. G. Herosian has been named a Sales Representative for Animal Health and Feed Products, Merck Chemical Division. His territory is southern Georgia, and all of Florida except the ten western counties in the Panhandle. Since September, 1970, he has been a Sales Development Representative in Arizona and Imperial Valley, California. He joined Merck in June, 1969, after graduating from Tufts University. Dr. Herbert J. Smith has been appointed Southern Field Research Station Manager in Marietta, Georgia, by the Animal Science Division, Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories. He will conduct developmental research studies of experimental and inline Merck products, in cooperation with universities, experimental stations
and large commercial operations in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas. He received a D.V.M. degree at Auburn University in 1964. Lee Boyd has been named a Sales Trainee, Animal Health & Feed Products, Merck Chemical Division. Henry W. Gadsden has been elected as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Merck & Co., Inc. He has been President since 1965, and will continue to be Chief Executive Officer. A native of New York City, Mr. Gadsden graduated from Yale University in 1933 with a B.S. degree. During World War II he was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the U.S. Army, serving as Executive Officer of the Philadelphia Ordnance District. He served as Merck's Executive Vice President from 1955 to 1965, and had been a Vice President and Director of Sharp & Dohme, Incorporated, at the time that company merged with Merck in 1953. Dr. Antonie T. Knoppers was elected President. He was formerly a Senior Vice President. He joined Merck in 1952, and served as President of Merck Sharp & Dohme International from 1957 to 1967, when he was elected a Senior Vice President of Merck & Co., Inc. He received a M.D. degree from the University of Amsterdam, and a Doctor of Pharmacology degree from the University of Leyden. He became a citizen of the United States in 1958.
(Continued on page 353)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
Adolph, R. J., H. Fukusumi and N. O. Fowler, 1967. Origin of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. Am. J. Physiol. 212 : 840-846. Anderson, D. K., and R. L. Hazelwood, 1968. Chicken cerebrospinal fluid: normal composition and response to insulin administration. J. Physiol. 202: 83-9S.
347
RESEARCH NOTES
MEASUREMENT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE IN THE CHICKEN 1 DOUGLAS K. ANDERSON,2 ROBERT K. RINGER 3 AND S. RICHARD HEISEY 4 Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (Received for publication October 12, 1971)
POULTRY SCIENCE 51: 345-347,
INTRODUCTION
The intimate relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nervous tissue has led to numerous studies of this fluid in a variety of mammalian species (Pappenheimer and Heisey, 1963; Bering and Sato, 1963; Hayes and Corey, 1970; and others). However, few reports have appeared concerning the CSF in an avian species (Woollam and Millen, 1956; Anderson and Hazelwood, 1968). The purpose of this report is to describe a technique for measuring CSF pressure in the chicken and to present data obtained with this technique. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Sexually mature, female, Single Comb White Leghorn chickens weighing between 1 and 2 kg. were used in these experiments. The birds were anesthetized with intravenous sodium phenobarbital (170 mg./ kg. body wt.). The left carotid artery was cannulated with PE 90 tubing and arterial pressure monitored using a Statham P23AC pressure transducer and Grass model 5 polygraph. 1 Journal Article No. 5679, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 Pre-Doctoral Fellow, National Institutes of Health. 3 Professor,: Departments of Physiology and Poultry Science. 4 Research Career Development Awardee, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke.
1972
With the animal prone, the neck was acutely flexed and the head secured in a stereotoxic frame modified to accommodate the head of a chicken. The head was elevated so that the external auditory meatus was approximately 10 cm. above heart level. A midline incision was made posterior to the comb that extended to the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. The atlanto-occipital membrane overlying the cisterna magna was exposed by blunt dissection of the complexus and longus colli anterior muscles. Illustrated in Fig. 1 is the system for measuring CSF pressure. The cisterna magna was punctured with a short-bevel, 23 gauge, hubless needle held in a micromanipulator and connected to a Statham P23BC pressure transducer (placed at the level of the external auditory meatus) by a short length of PE 50 tubing. The needle, directed anteriorly at a 28 degree angle to the atlanto-occipital membrane, was rapidly lowered to a depth of 8 mm. below the dura. This was accompanied with a sharp rise in CSF pressure; pressure dropped quickly when the needle was withdrawn 3 to 4 mm. This fall in CSF pressure concomitant with pulsations in the pressure trace was used to indicate proper needle placement. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Fig. 2 are reported a representative
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
ABSTRACT A technique for measuring the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure from the cisterna magna of anesthetized chickens is described. The mean CSF pressure for 20 adult, female, White Leghorn chickens was 42.0 ± 3.4 mm. H 2 0. Waves associated with respiratory movements and the arterial pulse were visible in the CSF pressure record. CSF pressure increased following jugular compression; a response similar to that seen in mammals.
346
RESEARCH NOTES 23 gauge needle
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
\ POLYGRAPH Left carotid artery
FIG. 1. Diagram of the CSF pressure measuring system in reference to a sagittal midline section of the chicken head. Needle in cisterna magna. CH, cerebral hemispheres; C, cerebellum; M, medulla.
blood pressure (upper) and CSF pressure (lower) recording. In this experiment mean CSF pressure was between 45 to 50 mm. H 2 0 approximating the average CSF pressure of 42.0 ± 3.4 mm. FLO calculated for 20 animals. This value for CSF pressure is approximately 2.5 times lower than that reported by Woollam and Millen (1956) for chicks, possibly due to differences in animal age, anesthesia and method for measuring CSF pressure. As shown in Fig. 2, three waves appeared in the CSF pressure recording. The larger wave (2 sec. duration) followed respiratory movements, with maxima and minima associated with expiration and inspiration, respectively. The smaller waves (4/sec.) were synchronous with the heart beat and were probably associated with arterial pulse pressure (Adolph ct al., 1967). Superimposed was a third, slower wave (20 sec. duration) in both the arterial and CSF pressure records. These waves corresponded with the so-called "Mayer" or "Traube-Hering" waves allegedly due to cyclic activity in pressoreceptor and chemoreceptor afferents to the medullary vasomotor center reported in mammals (Ganong, 1969).
In mammals, acute, bilateral jugular occlusion produces an elevation of CSF pressure (Queckenstedt test). Chickens responded in a like manner; when the jugular veins were clamped, mean CSF pressure increased to 3 to 4 times the control. SUMMARY
The technique described is a simple and reliable way of measuring CSF pressure in the chicken. These experiments demonstrated that CSF pressure reflects respiratory and cardiac cycles and that it is ele-
Carotid arterial pressure mmHg
mm HjO
"^-
'-
'^mnm»^mvmmmr^^
Fie. 2. Systemic arterial (top trace, mm. Hg) and CSF pressure (bottom trace, mm. H 2 0) records from one experiment.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
RESEARCH NOTES
vated by jugular vein occlusion analogous to similar responses in mammals. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to Mr. Robert B. Ewing, U.S.D.A. A.R.S., Avian Anatomy Project, East Lansing, Michigan, for the art work in Figure 1. REFERENCES
Bering, E. A., and 0 . Sato, 1963. Hydrocephalus: Changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. J. Neuro. Surg. 20: 1050-1063. Ganong, W. F., 1969. Review of Medical Physiology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California. 628 pp. Hayes, K. C , and J. Corey, 1970. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 872-873. Pappenheimer, J. R., and S. R. Heisey, 1963. Exchange of material between cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Proceedings of the First Pharmacological Meeting, 4 : 95-105. Woollam, D. H. M., and J. W. Millen, 1956. The relationship between hypovitaminosis A and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the chick: an experimental study. Brit. J. Nutrition, 10: 355-363.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 344) A 1956 graduate of North Dakota State University with a B.S. in agricultural education, he taught vocational agriculture in Larimore, North Dakota, after graduation. His most recent position was Public Affairs Assistant for Peavey Company, Minneapolis. He has been active in a number of agricultural committees of State and local Chambers of Commerce, and has worked extensively with Future Farmers of America. The coveted "Salesman of the Year" title, awarded by Merck Chemical Division's Animal Health and Feed Products Department, was won by S. D. Allen, Jr., who, just prior to receiving the title was elevated to Product Manager for Poultry Products. A. G. Herosian has been named a Sales Representative for Animal Health and Feed Products, Merck Chemical Division. His territory is southern Georgia, and all of Florida except the ten western counties in the Panhandle. Since September, 1970, he has been a Sales Development Representative in Arizona and Imperial Valley, California. He joined Merck in June, 1969, after graduating from Tufts University. Dr. Herbert J. Smith has been appointed Southern Field Research Station Manager in Marietta, Georgia, by the Animal Science Division, Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories. He will conduct developmental research studies of experimental and inline Merck products, in cooperation with universities, experimental stations
and large commercial operations in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas. He received a D.V.M. degree at Auburn University in 1964. Lee Boyd has been named a Sales Trainee, Animal Health & Feed Products, Merck Chemical Division. Henry W. Gadsden has been elected as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Merck & Co., Inc. He has been President since 1965, and will continue to be Chief Executive Officer. A native of New York City, Mr. Gadsden graduated from Yale University in 1933 with a B.S. degree. During World War II he was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the U.S. Army, serving as Executive Officer of the Philadelphia Ordnance District. He served as Merck's Executive Vice President from 1955 to 1965, and had been a Vice President and Director of Sharp & Dohme, Incorporated, at the time that company merged with Merck in 1953. Dr. Antonie T. Knoppers was elected President. He was formerly a Senior Vice President. He joined Merck in 1952, and served as President of Merck Sharp & Dohme International from 1957 to 1967, when he was elected a Senior Vice President of Merck & Co., Inc. He received a M.D. degree from the University of Amsterdam, and a Doctor of Pharmacology degree from the University of Leyden. He became a citizen of the United States in 1958.
(Continued on page 353)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Carolina University on April 25, 2015
Adolph, R. J., H. Fukusumi and N. O. Fowler, 1967. Origin of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. Am. J. Physiol. 212 : 840-846. Anderson, D. K., and R. L. Hazelwood, 1968. Chicken cerebrospinal fluid: normal composition and response to insulin administration. J. Physiol. 202: 83-9S.
347