Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHG:LUHOHVV,QIRUPDWLRQDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJLHV$:,&7
0HDVXUHPHQWRI7HPSHUDWXUH7KURXJK5DPDQ6FDWWHULQJ =5(//,$PLUDD0RKDPHG%RX\DKLE7DKDU(]]HGLQHF DEF&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6\VWHP/DERUDWRU\6\V &RP1DWLRQDOHQJLQHHULQJ6FKRRORI7XQLV8QLYHUVLW\7XQLV(O0DQDU7XQLVLD
$EVWUDFW
7KLVSDSHUWUHDWVWKHWKHRU\RIGLVWULEXWHGRSWLFDOILEHUVHQVLQJPHDVXUHPHQWXVHGLQWKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVFLYLOOLNH WXQQHOVEULGJHVEXLOGLQJVGDPVSLSHOLQH«:KLOHUHVRUWLQJWRGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUV5DPDQVFDWWHULQJZHSUHVHQWD WKHRUHWLFDO DQG VLPXODWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW RI WHPSHUDWXUH :H KLJKOLJKW WKH HIIHFW RI GLVWDQFH LQ WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQW LQ SDUWLFXODUWKHZRUNLQWKLVDUWLFOHSURYLGHVWKHHTXDWLRQZKLFKVKRZVZHOOWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGGLVWDQFH LQRSWLFDOILEHU7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHDQWLVWRNHVVLJQDOLVVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUHIRUHWKHWHPSHUDWXUH YDULHVVOLJKWO\E\FKDQJLQJWKHSRLQWRIPHDVXUHPHQW 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHG:LUHOHVV,QIRUPDWLRQ Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Advanced Wireless, Information, DQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ7HFKQRORJLHV$:,&7
and Communication Technologies (AWICT 2015)
.H\ZRUGV5DPDQVFDWWHULQJGLVWULEXWHGVHQVRUVWLPXODWHG5DPDQVFDWWHULQJRSWLFDOILEHU2) WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQW527'5 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 1RZDGD\V VWUXFWXUDO KHDOWK PRQLWRULQJ 6+0 LV D IDPRXV DQG IXQGDPHQWDO WRRO XVHG WR FRQWURO WKH FLYLO LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVଵ 6+0V\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIPDQ\GLVWULEXWHGVHQVRUVWKLVV\VWHPLVXVHGWRFROOHFWVWUXFWXUDO LQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHVHVHQVRUVPXVWEHSODFHGDWµJRRG¶SRVLWLRQVWRGHWHFWGDPDJH&RPSDUHGWRHOHFWULFVHQVRUV WKH2SWLFDOILEHUVHQVRUV2)6 DUHWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJDQGSURPLVLQJVHQVLQJWHFKQRORJLHVGXHWRWKHDGYDQWDJHV RYHU WUDGLWLRQDO HOHFWURQLF VHQVLQJ WKHUHIRUH DFFRXQW WR WKH UHGXFHG ZHLJKW DQG YROXPH WKH KLJK SUHFLVLRQ WKH LPPXQLW\WRHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQWHUIHUHQFHWKHLQVHQVLWLYHWRH[WHUQDOSHUWXUEDWLRQVWKHHOHFWULFDOLVRODWLRQDQGORZ WUDQVPLVVLRQଵଵ&RQVLGHULQJWKHVHDGYDQWDJHVZHZLOOLQWHUHVWHGVSHFLDOO\LQGLVWULEXWHG2)6
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVDPLUD]UHOOL#HQLWUQXWQ
1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Advanced Wireless, Information, and Communication Technologies (AWICT 2015) doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.003
351
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
7KHVH 2)6 DUH DEOH WR PHDVXUH WKH FKDQJH RI D VSHFLILF SDUDPHWHU PHDVXUDQG DORQJ WKH ZKROH ILEHU WUDQVGXFHU ZKLFK LV DOZD\V FRQVLVWLQJ RI D IXVHG VLOLFD 6L2 +HQFH WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VLOLFD DQG DQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZDYH JHQHUDWH YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH PROHFXODU VWUXFWXUH RI WKHϐଵ &ODVVLFDOO\ WKH LQFLGHQW OLJKW ZDYH JHQHUDWHV DFRXVWLF ZDYHV RZLQJ WR WKH HOHFWURVWULFWLRQ HIIHFW ,Q VLOLFD RSWLFDO ILEHUV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW HIIHFWV DUH WKH QRQOLQHDU SKHQRPHQRQ 6WLPXODWHG %ULOORXLQ VFDWWHULQJ 6%6 VWLPXODWHG 5DPDQ VFDWWHULQJ 656 DQG WKH .HUU HIIHFWDUHWKHWKUHHIDPRXVQRQOLQHDU
ଶ 6RIDU5DPDQVFDWWHULQJSKHQRPHQDKDYHZLGHO\EHHQXVHGLQ6+0 FKHPLVWU\ PDWHULDOV HQJLQHHULQJ DQG SK\VLFV IRU UHVHDUFK RQ WKH QDWXUH RI LQWHUDFWLRQV DQG SURSHUWLHV RI VHPLFRQGXFWRUV'XULQJWKHODVWGHFDGHWKHLQWHUHVWLQWKHVWLPXODWHG5DPDQVFDWWHULQJDQGRWKHUQRQOLQHDURSWLFDO SKHQRPHQD KDV VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG ZLWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI RSWLFDO
ଵଶ 7KH 5DPDQ GLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRU5'76 EDVHGRQVSRQWDQHRXV656LVRQHRIWKHKLJKWHFKHTXLSPHQWVIRUUHDOWLPH PHDVXULQJWKHVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKKDVEHHQPRVWO\XVHGDQGLQYHVWLJDWHGLQUHFHQWସ ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH KLJKOLJKW KRZ ZH FDQ XVH 656 WR WDNH D WHPSHUDWXUH¶V PHDVXUHPHQW DORQJ RSWLFDO ILEHU ,Q WKH EHJLQQLQJ ZH VWDUW E\ H[SODLQHG WKH '76¶V VWDQGDUG 5DPDQ VFDWWHULQJ WHPSHUDWXUH GHSHQGHQFH DQG WKHQ ZH LQYHVWLJDWHWKHEDVLFHTXDWLRQXVHGWRPHDVXUHWHPSHUDWXUHWKURXJK5DPDQVFDWWHULQJ 3K\VLFV 7KHRUHWLFDO0RGHO 5DPDQ'LVWULEXWHG7HPSHUDWXUH6HQVRU 'LVWULEXWHG ILEHU RSWLF VHQVRUV LV XVHG WR PRQLWRU WKH YDULDWLRQ RI DHURVSDFH DQG FLYLO VWUXFWXUDO FRQGLWLRQV WKH VHQVLQJOHQJWKYDULHVIURPPHWHUVWRRYHUNP*HQHUDOO\DGLVWULEXWHGVHQVRUFDQUHSODFHPDQ\SRLQWଵଷ 5HFHQWO\WKHGLVWULEXWHGILEHURSWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHP KDVEHHQ ZLGHO\XVHG IRU PHDVXUHPHQWRI UHDOWLPHVSDFHWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQ2)LVDWUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXPDVZHOODVDVHQVRU:HUHPHG\RSWLFDOWLPH GRPDLQ UHIOHFWRPHWU\ WHFKQRORJ\ WR ORFDWH WKH PHDVXUHPHQW SRLQWV WKH V\VWHP PHDVXUHV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQIRUPDWLRQE\WKHWHPSHUDWXUHHIIHFWVRI5DPDQ
ଵସ 5DPDQ6FDWWHULQJ 5DPDQRSWLFDOWLPHGRPDLQUHIOHFWRPHWU\527'5 LVEDVHGRQEDFNVFDWWHULQJRIWKHVSRQWDQHRXV5DPDQVWRNHV DQGDQWLVWRNHVZDYHV 2SWLFDO)LEHU 3XOVHG /DVHU
6SOLWWHU
G]
'HWHFWRUVDQG 6LJQDOSURFHVVLQJXQLWV
)LJ 527'5V\VWHPIRUWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQPHDVXUHPHQW 527'5V\VWHPVIRUGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQWVKDYHDVKRUWODVHUSXOVHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHRSWLFDOILEHU 7KHVSOLWWHUQDPHGDOVRFRXSOHULQRXUFDVHLVDGHYLFHFRQQHFWLQJDVLJQDOHQWHUHGWRWZR,WPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWKH VHSDUDWLRQ RI VLJQDOV ZLWKLQ WKH RSWLFDO ILEHU 7KH EDFNVFDWWHUHG 5DPDQ SKRWRQV FRQWDLQV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH WHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQDORQJWKHRSWLFDOILEHU7KHPLQLPXPVSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHSXOVHZLGWKRIWKH LQMHFWHGODVHU
)LJ 6FDWWHUHGVSHFWUXPRIOLJKWLQWKHVHQVLQJILEHU
352
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
7KH EDVLF SULQFLSOH RI 2SWLFDO 6HQVRU LV EDVHG RQ RSWLFDO 7LPHGRPDLQ UHIOHFWRPHWU\ 27'5 LQYROYLQJ WLPH RI WHPSHUDWXUH¶V PHDVXUHPHQW LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK 5DPDQ VFDWWHULQJ LQ ZKLFK VHQVLQJ ILEHU LV FRXSOHG WR VKRUW LQWHUURJDWLQJODVHUSXOVHVDQGWKHEDFNVFDWWHUHGRSWLFDODQWL6WRNHVDQG6WRNHVFRPSRQHQWVDUHPRQLWRUHGIRUVLJQDO FKDQJHV 7KHVH DQWL6WRNHV DQG 6WRNHV FRPSRQHQWV DUH FDXVHG E\ QRQOLQHDU SURFHVV SUHFLVHO\ LQHODVWLF QDWXUH RI VSRQWDQHRXV5DPDQVFDWWHULQJLQZKLFKFKDQJHLQLQFLGHQWOLJKWWDNHVSODFHGXHWRYLEUDWLRQSURSHUWLHVRIPROHFXODU LQWKLV
ଷ 7KHVFKHPHILJ GHVFULEHVWKHVFDWWHUHGVSHFWUXPRIOLJKWLQWKHVHQVLQJILEHU,W¶VHDV\VRWR QRWLFHWKHFRPSRQHQWVDQGGLUHFWLRQRIZDYHV5DPDQVWRNHVDQGDQWLVWRNHV 6WLPXODWHG5DPDQ6FDWWHULQJ656 ,Q DQ RSWLFDO ILEHU 656 LV DQ LQHODVWLF SURFHVV ZKHUH D SKRWRQ RI WKH SXPS RSWLFDO VLJQDO LQFLGHQW VWLPXODWHV PROHFXODU YLEUDWLRQ RI WKH VLOLFD PDWHULDO DQG ORVHV SDUW RI LWV HQHUJ\ >+8,@7KHUHIRUH 656 LV FDXVHG E\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHRSWLFDOVLJQDOSKRWRQVDQGWKHHQHUJ\VWDWHVRIWKHVLOLFDPROHFXOHV 7KHVFKHPHEHORZILJ LOOXVWUDWHGWKHVWDWHHQHUJ\LQ656SURFHVV
ૅ
Y
Y
Y
Y
ૅࢊ
ૅ
ૅࢊ 5DPDQ $QWL±6WRNHV 6FDWWHULQJ
5DPDQ 6WRNHV6FDWWHULQJ
Y
Y
Y
Y
)LJ 6FKHPHRI5DPDQVFDWWHULQJ 7KHILQDOHQHUJ\VWDWHRI5DPDQ 6WRNHV VFDWWHULQJLV KLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHLQLWLDOVWDWH7KH5DPDQ6WRNHV ZDYH JDLQHG D TXDQWXP RI YLEUDWLRQ HQHUJ\ KHUH ZH VSHDN DERXW SKRWRQ¶V FUHDWLRQ VWRNHV FRPSRQHQWV 7KLV HQHUJ\ \LHOGHGE\WKHLQFLGHQWDOOLJKWSXOVHGODVHU LVXVXDOO\GLIIXVHGZLWKDORZHUIUHTXHQF\+RZHYHUWKHILQDOHQHUJ\ VWDWHRI$QWL6WRNHV5DPDQVFDWWHULQJLVORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHLQLWLDOHQHUJ\VKRZILJ 7KHHQHUJ\JDLQHGE\WKHODVHUOLJKWZKLFKLVGLIIXVHGZLWKDKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FDXVHVDORVVRI଼ 5DPDQ6FDWWHULQJGHSHQGHQFHDQGPHDVXUHPHQWV 5DPDQGHSHQGHQFHV 7KH LQHODVWLF QDWXUH RI VSRQWDQHRXV 5DPDQ VFDWWHULQJ FDXVHV DQWL6WRNHV DQG 6WRNHV FRPSRQHQWV $Q\ FKDQJH LQ SXPSOLJKWWDNHVSODFHLQWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVWKHQWKHLQFLGHQWOLJKWKDVDZLGHO\LPSDFWLQ6567KHVFDWWHUHGOLJKW SRZHURI5DPDQVWRNHVDQGDQWLVWRNHVLVLQKHUHQWO\ZHDNRIWKHRUGHURIS: DQGQHHGDPSOLILFDWLRQE\VHYHUDO RUGHUVaͳͲ RIଷ 7KHVWRNHVDQGDQWLVWRNHVRFFXSDWLRQSUREDELOLWLHVRI656DUHREWDLQHGଵ ୱ
ଵ
οు ሻ ేכሺሻ
ଵିୣ୶୮ሺି
οు
ୟୱ
ୣ୶୮ሺିేכሺሻሻ ଵିୣ୶୮ሺି
οు ሻ ేכሺሻ
:KHUHο( K ୱ െ ୮ ሻLV WKH 5DPDQ HQHUJ\ VKLIWୱ LV VFDWWHUHG ZDYHOHQJWK୮ SXPS¶V ZDYHOHQJWK K 3ODQFN¶VFRQVWDQWDQG NLVWKH%ROW]PDQQFRQVWDQW7RFKHFNWKHGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHVH HTXDWLRQVVWRNHVDQGDQWL VWRNHVRFFXSDWLRQ WRWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJH7RYDOLGDWHHTXDWLRQV DQG ZHFKRVHWRUHSUHVHQWWKH5DPDQVWRNHV DQG DQWLVWRNHV VFDWWHUHG SRZHUV DW YDU\LQJ WHPSHUDWXUH )LJ VKRZV WKDW OLIHWLPH RI DQWLVWRNHV ZDYHV LQ RSWLFDO ILEHUVHQRULVORZHUWKDQVWRNHVZDYHV
353
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357 6WRNHVDQG$QWL6WRNHVRFFXSDWLRQ
[
[
& &
& &
&
3DV
3
&
&
7LPHVVHFRQG
7LPHVVHFRQG
)LJ 6WRNHVDQG$QWLVWRNHV2FFXSDWLRQDWGLIIHUHQW7HPSHUDWXUHV 5DPDQ0HDVXUHPHQWV
ͳ ሺ͵ሻ ሺሺሻ െ ͳሻ ͳ ୱ ሺሻ ൌ ୱ כ൬ ͳ൰ሺͶሻ ሺሺሻ െ ͳሻ
ୟୱ ሺሻ ൌ ୟୱ כ
:KHUH $ K ǻ . 7 DQGǻWKH 5DPDQ IUHTXHQF\ VKLIW H[SUHVVHG LQ ହ « 7KH LQWHQVLW\ RI 5DPDQ DQWL 6WRNHV ZDYH LV VWURQJO\ GHSHQGHQW WR WHPSHUDWXUH ZKLOH WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH 6WRNHV ZDYH LV QRW DIIHFWHG E\ D WHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJH,QIDFWWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKH5DPDQOLQHVLVSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHLQLWLDOOHYHORIWKHSXPSLQWHQVLW\ ,QGHHG WKH HQHUJ\ OHYHO RI WKH DQWL6WRNHV ZDYH LV SRSXODWHG E\ WKH VWDWLVWLFDO ODZ RI %ROW]PDQQ DFFRUGLQJ WR Kכǻ ଽ
GHSHQGHQFHLQ ቀെ ሺכሻቁ 3ORWRI,QWHQVLW\RYHU7HPSHUDWXUH
[
,QWHQVLW\HQ$P
,QWHQVLW\6WRNHV ,QWHQVLW\$QWLVWRNHV
7HPSHUDWXUH>&@
)LJ ,QWHQVLW\VWRNHV$QWLVWRNHVRYHU7HPSHUDWXUH 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH RSWLFDO ILEHU VHQVRU ]RQH IRU ZKLFK 5DPDQ DQWL6WRNHV ,$6 DQG 6WRNHV ,67 LQWHQVLWLHV
354
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
KDYH EHHQ PHDVXUHG FDQ EH IRXQG IURP UDWLR 5$7,2 RI WKHVH WZR LQWHQVLWLHV ,W¶V H[SUHVVHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJହ
ሺሻ ൌ
ሺሻ ൌ
ୟୱ ሺሻ ୱ ሺሻ
ୟୱ כȟ כ൬െ ൰ሺͷሻ ሺ כሻ ୱ
ୟୱ DQG ୱ DUHWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVLWLYLW\RIWKH5DPDQLQWHQVLW\ ୟୱ LVa.DQG ୱ LVa . ୍౩ ሺሻ
ା
୍౩ ሺሻ
୦כǻ
ൌ ሺబ ି ሻସ כሺെ ሺכሻሻ బ
7KHUDWLRRIDQWL6WRNHVWR6WRNHVVLJQDOVKRXOGEHLQWKHLGHDO
ସ 7KHERWWRPSORWLQ)LJVKRZVWKHSORW RIWKLVWKHRUHWLFDOUDWLRDVDIXQFWLRQRIDEVROXWHWHPSHUDWXUHIRUWKH5DPDQVLJQDOVJHQHUDWHGIRUDVRXUFHODVHU ZDYHOHQJWKRIQPDQGDVLOLFDILEHUZLWKZDYHQXPEHUVKLIWRIFP 3ORWRI5DWLR$QWL6WRNHV6WRNHVRYHU7HPSHUDWXUH
5DWLR
5DWLRDQWLVWRNHVVWRNHV
7HPSHUDWXUH>&@
)LJ 5DWLR$QWL6WRNHV6WRNHVRYHU7HPSHUDWXUH ,QRXUFDVHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRI5$7,2$QWLVWRNHVVWRNHV LVIUHHIURPH[WHUQDOLQIOXHQFHVVXFKDVFKDQJHVRIWKH OLJKWVRXUFHRURIWKHRSWLFDOILEHUDWWHQXDWLRQDQGZLWKRXWG\QDPLFORVVHVHJGXHWREHQGVZKLOHOHDYLQJRQO\WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV 6R WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ H[SHULPHQWDO DQG WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXHV RI 5$7,2 H[LVWV
ଷ )LJVKRZVWKDWDWKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUH!& YDOXHVRI5$7,2DUHPRUHVHQVLEOH 7DEOH9DOXHVRISDUDPHWHUVXVHGLQ6LPXODWLRQV 6\PERO
3DUDPHWHU
9DOXH
.
%ROW]PDQQ¶VFRQVWDQW
ȋ ͳͲିଶଷ
+
3ODQFN¶VFRQVWDQW
8QLW
ିଷସ
ȋ ͳͲ
ି
-.
-V
ȁ
/DVHUZDYHOHQJWK
ୱ
7KHFRHIILFLHQWRIWKH WHPSHUDWXUHVHQVLWLYLW\VWRNHV
WKHFRHIILFLHQWRI WKHWHPSHUDWXUH VHQVLWLYLW\DQWLVWRNHV )LEHUDWWHQXDWLRQ
'E.P
ୟୱ Ƚ
ȋͳͲ
P
355
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
%RWKDQWLVWRNHVDQGVWRNHVVFDWWHULQJDUHWHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQWZLWKGLIIHUHQWSURSULHWLHV&ODVVLFDOO\WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQLVQHJOLJLEOHLQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWWLPHVRLWLVDVVXPHGWKDW7LVIXQFWLRQRI]ଵ +HDWH[FKDQJHLVD VORZ SURFHVV LQ 656 VR WR ILQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ DORQJ RSWLFDO ILEHU ZH JHQHUDOO\ XVH WKH UDWLR 5]W RI VWRNHV DQG DQWLVWRNHV LQWHQVLW\ +HQFH XVLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ HTXDWLRQ HT ZH GHGXFH WHPSHUDWXUH YDOXHV DORQJ RSWLFDOILEHU ௭ ఒ ௱ఔ 5]7 ሺ ೞ ሻସ H[S ሺߙ௦ ሺߦሻߙ௦ ሺߦሻሻ݀ȟ ఒಲೞ
்כሺ௭ሻ
:KHUHɉୱ DQGɉୱ UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH 6WRNHV DQG DQWL6WRNHV ZDYHOHQJWKV UHVSHFWLYHO\Ƚୱ Ƚୱ DUH WKH UHVSHFWLYH ILEHUDWWHQXDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVȟɋLVWKHIUHTXHQF\YDULDWLRQEHWZHHQ$6DQGSXPS ,QRXUVLPXODWLRQLQRUGHUWRILQGWHPSHUDWXUHWKURXJK5DPDQGLVWULEXWHGVHQVRUZHXVHWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ 7ሻ Kȟ.
ଵ
ሺሻ ൌ 7ሻ Kȟ.
9 శ౬ ሺሻ ୪୬ሺୖכ൬ ൰ ሻ 9 Ȃ౬ ሺሻ
כ
ଵ
9 శ ሻ ౪כ ൱ ሻ ୪୬ሺୖכ൭ 9 Ȃ ሻ ౪כ
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ଽ 7RGHGXFH WKH HIIHFW RI GLVWDQFH YDULDWLRQ LQ WHPSHUDWXUH¶V PHDVXUHPHQW ZH XVH WKH 5DPDQ VFDWWHULQJ FRPELQHG ZLWK27'5V\VWHP:HVHOHFWHGGLIIHUHQWSRLQWRIPHDVXUHPHQWG]LQWKHRSWLFDOILEHUWKHUDWLRVWRNHVDQWLVWRNHV LV IL[HG WR ZH YDULHG DOVR WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI SXPS VLJQDO DV D UHVXOWV ZH VKRZ WKDW YDOXHV RI WHPSHUDWXUH YDULHG VOLJKWO\ 7KH GLVWULEXWHG VHQVRU DSSOLHG WR 5DPDQ PHDVXUHPHQWV LV YHU\ VHQVLEOH WR WKH IOXFWXDWLRQV RI LQWHQVLW\ :KHQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI ODVHU VLJQDO LV LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI 7K] WHPSHUDWXUH¶V YDOXHV DUH WKH PRVW DFFXUDWHDQGIDLWKIXO
0K]
3ORWRIYDULDWLRQ7HPSHUDWXUHRYHUGLVWDQFH$SSUR[LPDWLRQIUHTXHQF\0K]
; <
; <
7HPSHUDWXUH>&@
; <
; <
; <
'LVWDQFHNP
; <
356
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
; <
*+]
7HPSHUDWXUH>&@
3ORWRIYDULDWLRQ7HPSHUDWXUHRYHUGLVWDQFH$SSUR[LPDWLRQIUHTXHQF\*K]
; <
;H <
;H <
'LVWDQFHP
[
)LJ 9DULDWLRQ7HPSHUDWXUHRYHUGLVWDQFHDWGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQF\ 6566SHFWUXP 7KH5DPDQJDLQVSHFWUXPLVGHILQHGE\WKHFRXSOLQJRIRSWLFDOPRGHLQWKHRSWLFDOILEHU5DPDQJDLQ ୖ LVUHODWHG WRYLEUDWLRQDOPRGHVLQPDWHULDO 7KHFRHIILFLHQWRI5DPDQJDLQLQWKHVWRNHVZDYHFDQEHZULWWHQDV ୢ୍౩ ୢ
ൌ ୖ ୮ ୱ െ Ƚୱ ୱ
:KHUHȽୱ LVWKHDWWHQXDWLRQILEHU)RUSXPSZDYHWKHFRXSOHGHTXDWLRQLV ୢ୍౦ ୢ
୵౦
ൌ െ ୵ ୖ ୮ ୱ െ Ƚ୮ ୮ ሺͳͲሻ ౩
:KHUH୮ WKHSXPSIUHTXHQF\ୱ WKHVWRNHVIUHTXHQF\7KHJDLQEDQGLVUHODWLYHO\ZLGHDQGLWLVDERXW7+] WKHUHIRUH5DPDQJDLQWDNHVSODFHLQHYHU\ILEHUZKLFKSHUPLWVWRDYRLGWKHH[SHQVLYHPDWHULDOϐ
ଵଶ 7KH5DPDQVKLIWLV
ୖ ൌ ୮ െ ୱ $SSOLFDWLRQVRI5DPDQGLVWULEXWHGVHQVRU 'LVWULEXWHG VHQVRUV RIIHU DQ DGYDQWDJH RYHU SRLQW VHQVRUV IRU JOREDO WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQWV )RU ODUJH VFDOH VWUXFWXUHV WKH QXPEHU RI WKLV GLVWULEXWHG VHQVRUV QHHGHG WR JHQHUDWH FRPSOHWH WHPSHUDWXUH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV YHU\ଵଷ 8QWLOQRZ5'76LVPDLQO\XVHGWRGHWHFWWHPSHUDWXUHLQIRUPDWLRQVRLWKDVEHHQHPSOR\HGLQDZLGH UDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQ ହ 7KHVH DSSOLFDWLRQV RIIHU UHDO PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG LQFOXGH VWUXFWXUH PRQLWRULQJ OHDNDJH GHWHFWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ 0LQHVRLODQGJDVILUHGHWHFWLRQVHFXULW\DQGSRZHUOLQHVPRQLWRULQJ« 6+0 7KH XVH RI 5'76 LV D SURPLVLQJ PHDVXUHPHQW WHFKQRORJ\ IRU 6WUXFWXUDO +HDOWK 0RQLWRULQJ 6+0 VXFK WKH SRVVLELOLW\RIFRQWLQXRXVPRQLWRULQJRIWHPSHUDWXUHDORQJRSWLFDOILEHU 6+0 RIIHUV D UHDO WLPH WHPSHUDWXUH SURILOHV LQ FDEOH WUD\V WXQQHOV DQG VSHFLDO KD]DUGRXV ]RQHV DQG RIIHU DXWRPDWLFDOO\WULJJHUHGଵହ 7KXVUHDOPHDVXUHPHQWVFDQEHXVHGWRUHYHDOWKHJOREDOEHKDYLRURIDVWUXFWXUH UDWKHUWKDQH[WUDSRODWLRQIURPD IHZSRLQWଵଷ &RQWLQXRXVKHDOWK PRQLWRULQJVHQVRUVODLGDORQJWKH FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV FRXOG LQGLFDWH LQFLSLHQW GDPDJHV GLIILFXOW WR SLFN XS E\ KXPDQ LQVSHFWLRQ OHDGLQJ WR FDWDVWURSKLFଵହ /HDNDJH'HWHFWLRQ
Zrelli Amira et al. / Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015) 350 – 357
357
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ଵହ $SSOLFDWLRQVLQ0LQHV )RUVKHOWHUHGDQGVDIHHOHFWULFDORSHUDWLRQLQPLQHVVKXWWOHFDUWUDLOLQJFDEOHVVKRXOGEHRSHUDWHGEHORZWKHVDIHW\ OLPLWZKLFKLVDERXW&2SHUDWLRQLQWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQPRUHWKDQWKDWFDQFDXVHSUHPDWXUHLQVXODWLRQIDLOXUH 7KHUHIRUHLQPLQHVWKHGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHUHSRUWHGXVHRIILEHURSWLFWHFKQRORJ\WRPRQLWRUDWPRVSKHULFUHODWHG SDUDPHWHUVOLNHPHWKDQH&+ DQGFDUERQPRQR[LGHሺሻଵହ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« 5HIHUHQFHV $5%DKUDPSRXU$0RRVDYL0-%DKUDPSRXU/6DIDHL6SDWLDOUHVROXWLRQHQKDQFHPHQWLQILEHU5DPDQGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUE\ HPSOR\LQJ)RU:D5'GHFRQYROXWLRQDOJRULWKP6FLHQFH'LUHFW2SWLFDO)LEHU7HFKQRORJ\)HEUXDU\ 5RQJTXLJ+XL0DXULFH2¶VXOOYLDQ)LEHU2SWLF0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV 0DQRM.XPDU6D[HQD6'96-5DMX5$U\D69*5DYLQGUDQDWKE6.KH602DND2SWLFDOILEHUGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRUXVLQJ VKRUWWHUP)RXULHUWUDQVIRUPEDVHGVLPSOLILHGVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJRI5DPDQVLJQDOV6FLHQFH'LUHFW 0HDVXUHPHQW6HSWHPEHUSS± 636LQJK5*DQJZDUDQG16LQJK121/,1($56&$77(5,1*())(&76,1237,&$/),%(56SS *DEULHOH %RORJQLQL $UWKXU +DUWRJ 5DPDQEDVHG ILEUH VHQVRUV 7UHQGV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 6FLHQFH'LUHFW 2SWLFDO )LEHU 7HFKQRORJ\ 6HSWHPEHUSS± $UXS /DO &KDNUDERUW\ 5DNHVK .XPDU 6KDUPD 0DQRM .XPDU 6D[HQD 6DQMD\ .KHU &RPSHQVDWLRQ IRU WHPSHUDWXUH GHSHQGHQFH RI 6WRNHV VLJQDODQGG\QDPLFVHOIFDOLEUDWLRQRID5DPDQGLVWULEXWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRU)HEUXDU\ $ 6RWR $OHVVDQGUR 6LJQRULQL 7L]LDQR 1DQQLSLHUL 6WHIDQR )DUDOOL DQG *DEULHOH %RORJQLQL +LJK3HUIRUPDQFH 5DPDQ%DVHG 'LVWULEXWHG )LEHU2SWLF6HQVLQJ8QGHUD/RRS6FKHPH8VLQJ$QWL6WRNHV/LJKW2QO\0DUFHOR0HPEHU,(((3+2721,&67(&+12/2*</(77(56 92/120$< $QQH[H+6SHFWURVFRSLHGHGLIIXVLRQ5DPDQSS <6LNDOL0DPGHP³VHQVRUVZLWKRSWLFDOILEHUVGLVWULEXWHGE\%ULOORXLQHIIHFWVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHGHSHQGHQFHDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHVWUDLQ´ 2FWREHU &$*DOLQGH]-DPLR\DQG-0/RSH]+LJXHUD%ULOORXLQ'LVWULEXWHG)LEHU6HQVRUV$Q2YHUYLHZDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV+LQGDZL3XEOLVKLQJ &RUSRUDWLRQ-RXUQDORI6HQVRUV9ROXPHSS 3DXOR $QWXQHV +XJR /LPD +XPEHUWR 9DUXP 3DXOR $QGUp 2SWLFDO ILEHU VHQVRUV IRU VWDWLF DQG G\QDPLF KHDOWK PRQLWRULQJ RI FLYLO HQJLQHHULQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV$ERGHZDOOFDVHVWXG\6FLHQFH'LUHFW0HDVXUHPHQW0D\SS±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