- Email: [email protected]
Measuring disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries in Nigeria: The role of disaster equipment
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Measuring Disaster Preparedness and Response Practices in University Libraries in Nigeria: The Role of Disaster Equipment Promise Ifeoma Ilo, Roland Izuagbe, Austin J.C. Mole, Loveth Ekwueme www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdr
PII: DOI: Reference:
S2212-4209(18)30161-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.007 IJDRR863
To appear in: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Received date: 5 February 2018 Revised date: 9 April 2018 Accepted date: 10 April 2018 Cite this article as: Promise Ifeoma Ilo, Roland Izuagbe, Austin J.C. Mole and Loveth Ekwueme, Measuring Disaster Preparedness and Response Practices in University Libraries in Nigeria: The Role of Disaster Equipment, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Measuring Disaster Preparedness and Response Practices in University Libraries in Nigeria: The Role of Disaster Equipment
ILO, Promise Ifeoma (PhD) University Library, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota [email protected]
Corresponding Author IZUAGBE, Roland University Library, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota [email protected] 07039358132 MOLE, Austin J. C. (PhD) Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka [email protected]
EKWUEME, Loveth National Open University of Nigeria, Enugu [email protected]
1.
INTRODUCTION Natural and man-made disasters are on the increase with corresponding catastrophic
effect on man and his environment. Besides the general hazards, this phenomenon poses significant danger to educational institutions, their support systems (e.g. libraries) and resources. Accordingly, disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society, causing widespread human and material losses, surpassing the ability of the affected community to cope with its available resources (Barton, 2009). Library resources are highly susceptible to disasters, caused by power surge, water from leaking roof and pipes, severe weather conditions, biological agents, earthquakes, flood as well as fire. Mitigating this harsh reality require adequate preparation towards handling various emergency situations. This scenario underpins the importance of disaster preparedness as an integral part of the various activities carried out in libraries and other cultural institutions to prevent, and where it is not possible, respond
adequately to disaster. While disaster preparedness denotes measures taken to prepare for or lessen the impacts of disasters, disaster response refers to strategies employed during or immediately after a catastrophe in order to minimize its devastating effect and recover equitably (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000). Building capacity to sufficiently respond to disaster requires commitment and understanding of potential hazards peculiar to an institution, interpretation them in their identified context and making adequate preparation for them (Paton and Johnston, 2015). Consequently, the ability of libraries to prevent or respond to potential hazards from becoming disasters depends on type and intensity of the disaster as well as the level of preparedness. In order to meaningfully engage in disaster preparedness activities, libraries have the responsibility of providing relevant disaster equipment to address potential threats. These equipment are essential component of the preparedness process and they include fire extinguishers, plastic sheet covers, alarm systems, water hose, freezers, CCTV, smoke detectors, fire suppression systems etc. Mathews and Eden (2009) had earlier advocated for the provision of equipment and maintenance of materials for dealing with disaster. Besides poor disaster preparedness practices, the absence of relevant equipment has further heightened the vulnerability of many libraries in developing countries to various forms of disasters. For preparedness and response to be effective, Gibson and Garry (2011) remarked that the availability of equipment prior to incidental occurrences is sacrosanct. In Nigeria, quite a number of libraries have experienced fire disaster that resulted in significant loss of information resources and infrastructures. For example, the central library of the Federal Polytechnic Idah, the Buachi Road campus library and that of the Naraguta campus of the University of Jos experienced fire disasters that destroyed the collections of several programmes in the affected institutions in 2004, 2013 and 2016 respectively (Abareh, 2014; Akintunde, 2013; Nwokedi, Panle and Samuel, 2017). In the case of the University of Jos campuses, the authors, who are also staff of the institution, revealed that inadequate preparedness which they attributed to poor disaster awareness among stakeholders stalled the response process, causing thousands of volumes of library materials to be lost in the infernos. Similar view was earlier upheld by Issa, Aliyu, Adedeji and Akangbe (2012) who reported that besides the general warning alarms, no essential detection and prevention devices such as fire and smoke detectors, water sensors etc. are available in the State public library, Ilorin, Kwara State. These
scenarios notwithstanding, preliminary investigation further revealed a visible neglect of disaster equipment in Nigerian libraries. Essentially, this research builds on prior studies that measured disaster preparedness in libraries using various indicators from different standpoints. For example, Khalid and Dol (2015) explored plan, experiences, funding, risk assessment and staff involvement in disaster management as indicator to determine disaster preparedness among academic libraries in Malaysia. Also, Ayoung, Boatbil and Baada (2016) considered the availability of disaster policies and plans as a yardstick measuring disaster preparedness among Ghanaian Polytechnics. Within the Nigerian context, several measurement indicators have been employed to ascertain disaster preparedness in libraries. These include: perception (Echezona, Ugwu and Ozioko, 2012); training (Okello-Obura and Ssekitto, 2011); technology (Ugwuanyi, Ugwu and Ezema, 2015); planning, staff awareness and insurance policy (Nwokedi, Panle and Samuel, 2017; Abareh, 2014); plan and funding (Issa et al, 2012) etc. However, measuring preparedness on institutional basis in the context of available disaster equipment, and how they contributes to the overall preparedness level of university libraries have not been adequately covered. This motivation forms the crux of this study. 1.2
Objective of the study
This study therefore seeks to: i.
ascertain the availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria;
ii.
determine disaster preparedness and response practices carried out in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria; and
iii.
find out if a correlation exists between availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
1.3
Research Questions 2.
What disaster preparedness and response equipment are available in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria?
3.
What is the extent of university libraries disaster preparedness and response practices in Southwest Nigeria?
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries To determine the level of disaster preparedness, several factors are taken into
consideration. These factors may include the development of a written disaster policy and plan to guide decisions and actions during emergency situations; adequate disaster prevention and response training, drills and exercises for personnel; adequate funding for the general management of disasters; taking out insurance policy against eventualities and the procurement of relevant disaster equipment to prevent and or respond reasonably during emergency situations. In our opinion, the availability of relevant equipment and their appropriate deployment are key to effective disaster preparedness and response in libraries. Prior to deployment, disaster equipment should be provided before disasters occur so they can be curbed. Matthews, Smith and Knowles (2009) stressed the need to maintain stocks of equipment and materials required to combat disaster. Therefore, Schneid and Collins (2001) recommended the installation of smoke detectors as well as the appropriate location of fire equipment where they can be used by all staff in case of emergency. Shedding light on the importance of controlling fire incidences, Coppola (2011) affirmed that the spread of fire can be reduced through the availability of fire suppression equipment which includes devices such as: extinguishers, hose, assemblies, imaging devices and, access equipment such as ladders, cranes, cutting and spreading tools. Research conducted by Abareh (2014) discovered that most academic libraries in the Northern part of Nigeria had fire extinguishers. Affirmatively, fire equipment are crucial for disaster preparedness and response activities and should therefore be made readily available. The National Research Council (2009) submitted that the acquisition of equipment is one of the major ways to prepare for, and respond to disaster. Abareh (2014) emphasized the need for disaster equipment through taking inventory of available equipment to ascertain suitability and adequacy of preparedness. In order for libraries not to be taken by surprise, they must ensure timely supply of kits in readiness for emergencies. Academic libraries require different kinds of supplies, ranging from big equipment like fire service fighting vans to smaller ones for conveying information to staff and patrons on emergency issues. Even equipment as insignificant as book trucks can help in evacuating books
and other library resources from emergency areas. Thus, the existence of emergency exit doors becomes helpful in safety exiting of the library by staff, patrons as well as library resources from the scene of disaster in the time of occurrence. Schneid and Collins (2001) strongly encouraged the development of standard procedures for the protection of valuable computers and the data stored in them. Libraries should ensure the availability of standby generators and other alternative sources of power supply needed to adequately back up critical files and ensure proper shut down of equipment. The nature of library resources and the threats exclusively unique to them constitute the reasons for the necessity of acquisition of specific kits required to combat disaster in the event of occurrence. From observation, libraries do not seem to take the issue of purchasing chemicals for controlling insects and rodents as serious as they do for fire extinguishers. The University Librarian interviewed in the study carried out by Ahenkorah–Marfo and Borteye (2010) admitted that the university library was equipped to fight fire but was not ready to handle other forms of disasters. One therefore wonders how many university libraries in Nigeria are fully equipped with the relevant gadgets for combating disaster. Availability of equipment can protect library materials and saving libraries money for repurchasing damaged resources. In connection with digital resources, viruses are maliciously introduced into library computer systems. Schneid and Collins (2000) noted that the activities of virus are capable of slowing down or destroying data saved on computer systems. Libraries should ensure the installation of anti-virus software and other programs that can help to recover lost data. Part of disaster preparedness and response also includes regularly updating of antivirus software in order to protect the computer systems from attack which could lead to system crash and data loss. The availability of relevant disaster paraphernalia towards disaster preparedness and response in university libraries cannot be downplayed. In other words, the extent to which disaster is kept mitigated is determined by the quantity and quality of equipment provided. 2.2
Disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries The prime motivation for disaster preparedness in libraries is to allow for effective and
adequate response in the event of eventualities (Corrall and Brewerton, 1999). All efforts put in place to preserve and conserve library materials will result to nothing if libraries neglect regular disaster preparedness practices. These practices seek not only to find out existing challenges that
could constitute threats, but goes further to routinely fix them in order to prevent damage where possible or mitigate the effect of the destruction where prevention is not possible. Personnel in university libraries can incorporate in-house and other house-keeping activities into the preparedness process in order to put potential hazards in check. Disaster equipment help libraries to prepare to respond in a most effective manner if disaster occurs. Siyanbade (2006) maintained that disaster preparedness is about knowing the actions to take, developing contingency plan as well as practicing the plan. Preparedness is not a programme but rather a goal that is meant to be achieved because it embraces the measures taken to handle disasters — before, during and after occurrence. This goal is subject to the adoption of strategies that are necessary requirements for protecting library resources from destruction or responding adequately in order to recover with minimal loss. Disaster preparedness practices serve as a checklist which helps libraries to know what to do in order to prevent faults capable of resulting in damages to libraries and their resources. Such faults include water leakages, electrical faults, malfunctioning air-conditioners, cracked walls etc. Repairs of minor and major damages should be given due attention. Matthews, Smith and Knowles (2009) observed that incidents like leaking pipes and faulty electric within an institution can cause damage and disruption to library services. Prompt repairs and systematic maintenance culture, if cultivated, will minimize the susceptibility of the libraries to the vagaries of disaster and associated consequences. Appropriate equipment must be made available in the stack areas and the work rooms where the materials are kept. Matthews and Eden (2009) advocated the provision and maintenance of equipment and materials for dealing with peculiar disaster. The purpose of disaster preparedness and response practices is to help forestall or checkmate disasters emanating from daily activities carried out in libraries. Schneid and Collins (2001) advised that employees should be assigned to regularly conduct “what if” studies concerning operations capable of disrupting production if they fail in their normal performance. Such questions include what happens if a storage tank is overfilled? They should also consider the outcome of carelessness like leaving the air-conditioners on for twenty-four hours, eating in the library that could leave food particles on the reading tables, failure to turn off taps, etc. Librarians should ensure that they check those events that could possibly result in negative outcome and take necessary actions without hesitation.
Librarians look out towards controlling what they see as major disasters such as fire, flood, thunder and lightning, while other incidences that appear insignificant destroy library resources and disrupt services. Matthews Smith and Knowles (2009) noted that minor incidents like leaking pipes and faulty electrical connections within an institution can cause damage and disruption to service. Therefore, the library disaster team should always carry out routine checks of the physical equipment and also ensure that necessary facilities needed to repair any faulty equipment is made available. Disaster preparedness and response practices comprised several actions carried out in the library to mitigate the activities of threats or stop them where possible. Eating in the library is one habit that attracts insects and rodents. They destroy library materials by chewing and tearing them. Segaetsho (2014) observed that eating attracts pests and rodents which destroy library materials. It is important therefore to ensure that library staff and users desist from bringing food items into the library as part of efforts towards effective maintenance of information materials. Disaster preparedness and response practices also take into account the provision of insecticides and rodenticides for the purpose of warding off these biological agents. Checkmating environmental activities which are detrimental to library resources also form part of preparedness practices which helps in maintaining library resources. Preparedness practices equally embrace the maintenance of relative humidity in stack areas. It is important for libraries to ensure normal temperature for the library resources and guard against water. Facility check should be conducted on daily basis to help put the library equipment in good condition. Spare parts should be made available so that if there is any fault, repair can be easily carried out. Good preparedness activities can also serve as a checklist to prevent faults that trigger fire in libraries. Schneid and Collins (2009) perceived that although good housekeeping does not ensure a facility (e.g. building) is entirely safe from fire, but there is no facility with poor housekeeping practice that is fire-free either. For example, water valves accidentally closed have resulted in the complete destruction of facility with fire while the sprinkler systems are functioning properly. Wong and Green (2006) maintained that part of the practices is for library disaster team members to take the responsibility of putting disaster equipment in their correct positions. These include: water sprinklers, smoke detectors, fire extinguishers and emergency exits doors. Alarm systems in the library must be frequently checked by the emergency staff to ensure that they are
connected to the necessary departments in charge of emergency. It is necessary also to ensure that the library building is accessible to vehicles so that the resources can be easily evacuated if there are emergencies. The air-conditioners and fans in the work rooms and stack areas should be constantly checked and maintained. There should be a regular check on doors, windows, roofs in order to ascertain if they have damages. Disaster preparedness and response practices demand the fixing and constant repairs where the need arises. Activities towards disaster preparedness should also be extended to digital resources and their storage devices. Unlike print and other related library resources, digital resources are damaged by viruses, hackers, and hardware failures. Until these threats are curbed, they will result in serious imminent damages. The major ways of checking the above challenges is through the installation of strong anti-virus software and constant back-up of digital resources. Toigo (2003) subscribed to the restoration of activities through vendor provided facilities wherever there is an unplanned interruption or normal IT operation. Power surge is detrimental to computer systems. Libraries can be prepared to prevent this threat by installing power confirmation system which supports equipment and prevent hardware failure. Schneid and Collins (2001) are of the view that there is need for regular disaster preparedness and response practices because during an occurrence, seconds can mean the difference between life and death or a small loss and major disaster. It therefore behooves librarians to ensure that they carry out all activities necessary for library resources maintenance. From the foregoing therefore, the study postulates that: H1:
There is a positive correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
3.
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research design The study aims to examine the relationship, if any, between the availability of disaster
equipment and disaster preparedness practices in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. As a result, the descriptive survey was used alongside total enumeration sampling technique. 3.2
Population/Participants The population of the study consists of 327 library personnel (i.e. 182 professionals and
145 para-professionals) drawn from 14 university libraries (i.e. 7 each of federal and state) in
Southwest, Nigeria. These include: University of Lagos, Akoka; Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta; Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode; Lagos State University, Ojo; University of Ibadan, Ibadan; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife; Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti; Federal University, Oye Ekiti; Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa; Federal University of Technology, Akure; Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye; Osun State University, Osogbo; Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba and National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos. 3.3
Instrument/internal consistency The questionnaire and observation checklist methods were utilized to collect data for the
study. The questionnaire was divided into 3 sections (i.e. A — C). Section A is an 8-item scale meant to elicit respondents’ demographic information. Section B is a 23-item scale designed to harness respondents’ responses on availability of disaster equipment and Section C is an 8-item scale measuring disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries. The observation checklist comprises 23-item measuring availability of disaster equipment. Out of the 327 copies of the questionnaire administered, a total of 249 copies were retrieved, representing a return rate of 76.1 per cent. Also, a 100 per cent return rate was recorded for the observation checklist distributed among the 14 university librarians in the selected university libraries. Having pre-tested the instrument, the following measure of internal consistency was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha: disaster facilities and equipment = 0.69, disaster preparedness practices = 0.91. 3.4
Data analysis Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were employed in analyzing
the formulated research questions. While 50 per cent acceptance rate was used to make a decision on research question 1, criterion mean of 2.50 was adopted for making a decision on research question 2. The t-test analysis was also utilized to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). 4.
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
4.1 Research question 1: What disaster preparedness and response equipment are available in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria?
NA
A
Fire extinguishers Sand buckets Water hoses Dryers Equipment for communication Emergency exit door Dehumidifiers Mops Buckets Paper towels
Warning alarms Fire alarm Close circuit Television Dust extractors Antivirus software Hard drives, flash drives, CD ROMs UPS Plastic sheet covers Insecticide and pesticides 3M detection system Thunder arrestors Smoke detectors Fire tractors X
√
√ √ X √ √
√ √ X X
√
13 (56.5) 10 (43.5%)
14 (60.9) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√
X √ √ √
X
X
X
√
√
X
X
X
X
√ X
√ X
√ X
12 (52.2) 11 (47.8%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X X
√
X
X
√
X
√
√
√
X √
X √
X √
X X
√ √
X
OOU
X √
√
X
OSUST
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X X
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X √
X
TAI
FUTA
OAU
X √ √ √ 13 (56.5%) 10 (43.5%)
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
√
√ √ X X
√
X
X X
√
√
X
√
X X
√
X √
X √
√
X
√
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X X
√
12 (52.2) 11 (47.8%)
X √ √ X
√
√ X X X
√
19 (82.6%) 4 (17.4%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X X
√
X
√
√
X
√ X
√
√
X
√
√ X
√
X √
√ √ √
√ √
√ √
√ X
FUNAAB
Disaster response equipment
X √ √ √
√
√ X X √
√
X
X
X
√ √
X
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X √
√ X
AAU
Disaster prevention equipment X
√
UI
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
√ √
X
NOU
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
X
√
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
LASU
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X √
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X X
X
EKSU
17 (73.9) 6 (26.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
√
√
√ √
√
X √
√ X
√
UNILA
13 (56.5) 10 (43.5%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
FUOE
0(07%) 14(100%) 14(100%) 13(92.9%)
14(100%)
14(100%) 9(64.3%) 0(0%) 7(50.0%)
14(100%)
1(7.1%)
3(21.4%)
14(100%)
3(21.4%)
5(35.7%)
13(92.9) 1(7.1%)
14(100%)
1(7.1%) 14(100%)
8(57.1%) 8(57.1%)
3(21.4%)
A
14(100%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(7.1%)
0(0%)
0(0%) 5(35.7%) 14(100%) 7(50.0%)
0(0%)
13(92.9)
11(78.6)
0(0%)
11(78.6)
9(64.3%)
1(7.1%) 13(92.9)
0(0%)
13(92.9) 0(0%)
6(42.9%) 6(42.9%)
10(71.4)
NA
checklist on availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries
NA A A A
A
A A NA EQ
A
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
A NA
A
NA A
A A
NA
R
NOTE: X(NA) = Not Available; √(A) = Available; EQ = Equal; OSU=Osun State University ;OSUST=Ondo State University of Sciences & Technology; OOU=Olabisis Onabanjo University; T=Tai Solarin University of Education; NOU= National Open University UI=University of Ibadan; AAU=Adekunle Ajasin University; FUTA=Federal University of Technology Akure; OAU=Obafemi Awolowo University; LASU=Lagos State University; UNILA= University of Lagos; FUNAAB = Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; EKSU = Ekiti State University Ekiti.
20 21 22 23
19
15 16 17 18
14
13
12
11
10
9
7 8
6
4 5
2 3
1
OSU
TABLE 1: Observation
The analysis in Table 1 reveals the rate of available disaster equipment provided towards disaster preparedness on an institutional basis. While some are meant to prevent, others are meant for responding to disasters. Out of the 23 equipment examined, fire extinguishers, sand buckets, anti-virus software, emergency exit doors, hard drives, flash drives, CD-ROMs, thunder arrestors, mops and buckets are all available in all the 14 university libraries studied. Despite this result, Table 1 reveals further that a good number of disaster preparedness equipment that appears very relevant in preventing and responding to disasters are lacking. These include: dehumidifiers (0:07%), dryers (0:0%), dust extractors (1:7.1%), plastic sheet covers (1:7.1%), warning alarms (3:21.4%) and 3M detection system (3:21.4%). Using 50% acceptance rate, this analysis reveals that an aggregate of 13(56.5%) out of the 23(100%) university libraries surveyed have disaster equipment. On an institutional basis, OAU library is the one with the best equipped and prepared for disasters. This university library has 19(82.6%) out of the 23 equipment examined by the researchers. This is followed by UNILAG which possesses 17 (73.9%) disaster equipment. The least prepared in the distribution are TAI, AAU and EKSU with 11(47.8%) equipment each. 4.2
Research question 2: What is the extent of university libraries disaster preparedness and response practices in Southwest Nigeria?
Table 2: SN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mean rating of the respondents on disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria
Items
Electrical equipment are regularly checked and maintained Ensuring correct positioning of disaster response equipment Fire extinguishers are regularly replaced on expiration Regular checks and maintenance of emergency exit doors Water pipes are regularly checked and maintained Incidents detrimental to library resources are noted and addressed Air-conditioners are subjected to regular technical checks and maintenance Testing of warning systems Cluster Mean
KEY: D = Decision (where A = Agree and D = Disagree).
Ownership Federal State Mean SD Mean 3.27 .66 3.20
R
D
SD .69
Overall Mean SD 3.24 .67
1st
A
3.16
.78
3.11
.85
3.14
.80
2nd
A
3.14
.78
3.12
.73
3.13
.76
3rd
A
3.09
.62
2.91
.87
3.03
.72
4th
A
1.89 1.87
.43 .40
1.78 1.88
.52 .44
1.85 1.87
.47 0.41
5th 6th
D D
1.84
.39
1.79
.49
1.82
0.43
7th
D
1.73 2.50
.46 .45
1.63 2.43
.51 .34
1.70 3.08
0.48 ,37
8th
D A
Research question 2 seeks to ascertain the extent to which respondents agree or disagree to disaster preparedness and response practices in the university libraries studied by the researchers. From analysis, regular checking and maintenance of electrical equipment ranked highest (mean = 3.24). This is followed by ensuring correct positioning of disaster response supplies (mean = 3.14), fire extinguishers are regularly replaced on expiration (mean = 3.13) and regular checks and maintenance of emergency exit doors (mean = 3.03). Using the criterion mean of 2.50, the result of the data analysis reveals that the respondents are in agreement that item 1 — 4 are being practiced in their respective libraries since their mean values exceeded the cut off mean of 2.50. However, respondents are in disagreement with items 5 — 8. This means that, water pipes are not regularly being checked and maintained, incidents detrimental to library resources are not being addressed, air-conditioners are not subjected to regular technical checks and warning alarm systems are not regularly tested. This result is based on the obtained mean which is less than the criterion mean of 2.50 as Table 2 reveals.
5.
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
H1:
There is a positive correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
Table 3: The t – test Analysis of the relationship between availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries SN
Institution Type
1.
Federal
X 3.41
2.
State
3.05
SD .79 1.02
DF
t- test
Pvalue
91 246
3.094
.002
Level of Sig.
Rmk
P<0.05
S
N 158
Table 3 shows the t-test analysis between disaster equipment vis-à-vis disaster preparedness and response practices. Indicatively, the t-value of 3.094 at p<0.05 level shows that the result is positively significant. Therefore, the alternate hypothesis which state that; “there is a positive and significant correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries” is supported. This could mean that
the availability of disaster equipment and steps taken to integrate them into the library’s day-today activities translate to preparedness and response practices. 6.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Based on the 50 per cent decision criterion used to judged availability and non-
availability of disaster equipment, the study has shown that the number of available disaster equipment exceeds the non-available ones in the libraries studied. Similarly, the available equipment in 11 out of the 14 libraries surveyed exceeded the criterion limit of 50 per cent in terms of disaster equipment provided. Evidently, majority of the available disaster equipment are mostly for fire disaster (e.g. fire extinguishers, sand buckets and thunder arrestors) and virus attacks (e.g. anti-virus software, hard drives, flash drives and CD-ROMs) only. This finding corroborates in part with the affirmation of the University Librarian, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) interviewed in the study of Ahenkorah–Marfo and Borteye (2010) who submitted that the university library studied was prepared to fight fire but was not ready to handle other forms of disasters due to obvious reasons. Other essential disaster kits for fighting or recovery from flood pipe/water leakages, biological hazards, theft and the general well-being of library resources (e.g. dryers, plastic sheet covers, insecticides and pesticides, dehumidifiers, self-detective systems, dust extractors etc.) are conspicuously lacking. As a result, it is doubtful if university libraries in Southwest Nigeria are adequately prepared for, mitigate the effects or recover from disaster after an occurrence. Besides the availability of these equipment, another important aspect of disaster preparedness in terms of provision of equipment is putting them in their appropriate positions to facilitate effective use in the event of disaster. For example, areas with more combustible materials in the library (e.g. stack areas) should be given preference in the distribution and allocation of fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting kits in order to mitigate fire when it does occur. With less consideration for the safety of disaster equipment, Nahleh, Kumar and Daver (2013) argued that in high profile disaster cases like earthquakes, hurricanes or biological attacks, disaster equipment cannot be justified on the basis that if their location is damaged, then the equipment placed near the affected area will be damaged as well. The view of Nahleh, Kumar and Daver notwithstanding, this study strongly encouraged appropriate deployment of disaster kits so as to avoid vulnerability or danger that could pose potential threats to other
resources, facilities or life. How best this factor is harnessed and coordinated is subject to library management exposure to international best practices in disaster management. Similar to findings on the availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment as analysis of research question 1 indicates, results of research question 2 suggests that disaster preparedness and response activities carried out in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria are skewed towards preventing or mitigating fires. Little or no effort is being made to ensure the sustainability and usability of information resources through adequate preparation for other forms of disasters. Abareh (2014) substantiated this claim when he reported that activities of insects, rodents and roof leakages constitute major risks to the safety of information materials among academic libraries in North Eastern Nigeria. Ottong and Ottong (2013) strengthened this assertion further by revealing that federal institutions in the Southsouth geo-political zone of Nigeria are not prepared for other disasters. The reason that prompted this conclusion is based on the participants’ view that disaster rarely occurs in libraries. Similarly from the Malaysian context, Khalid and Dol (2015) found that disaster preparedness activities in academic libraries in Malaysia are basically geared towards fires. Since other forms of disasters are not catered for in the preparedness process, the authors conclude that university libraries level of disaster preparedness in the country is low. Several factors (that are beyond the scope of this study) could be responsible for why university libraries only prepare for fires. However, the closest reason the researchers could hypothetically deduce from this development is the fact that a larger portion of library materials are made up of paper — highly flammable material. Apparently, it was not the focus of this study to examine the role of funds in the provision of disaster preparedness and response equipment and their influence on disaster preparedness practices in university libraries in the region surveyed. However, studies (Oluwaniyi, 2015, Ogunniyi and Adejubee, 2014) have shown that the effectiveness of university libraries effort towards disaster preparedness and response is essentially determined by available funds. Typical of developing countries, lack of funds poses substantial challenge to effective management and maintenance of library equipment and resources. The study of Oghenetega and Umeji (2014) lend credence to this claim that several aspects of management and maintenance of library resources have been neglected by librarians in Africa, especially in Nigeria due to financial constraints.
7.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Arising from the aforementioned results, the following recommendations are made: i.
Since disasters are a sudden natural or man-made occurrence with catastrophic effects such as loss of life and damage to properties, its form of occurrence is largely volatile and unpredictable. As a result, effort should be made to ensure that in whatever form disaster occurs, there are equipment to mitigate and recover without complete loss. To this end, the procurement of equipment basic to all potential disasters is necessary.
ii.
In the 21st century, university libraries are taking adequate advantage of Information Technology (IT) and depending less on human factors in monitoring users’ delinquent actions such as pilfering, mutilation and outright stealing of books from the library. Equipment such as 3M technology (e.g. Self-Check Systems, RFID Detection Systems, ISO RFID Tags etc.) and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) should be adequately deployed to deter library patrons from defacing library materials.
iii.
It is not enough to acquire disaster equipment, but it is important to harness them and benchmark their usage with world class libraries. This will further help in eliciting information necessary for appropriate deployment of disaster tools following international best practices.
8.
CONCLUSION The study has examined the availability of disaster equipment and its impact on disaster
preparedness and response activities in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. The study has empirically shown that there is a positive and significant correlation between availability of disaster equipment as well as the extent of disaster preparedness and response in terms of practices in university libraries. However, the provision of disaster equipment cannot automatically translate to disaster preparedness and response practices. There is need for proactive steps to be taken towards integrating them into the library operations with appropriate/adequate training, regular drills and exercises to instill disaster consciousness into library personnel. Until this is achieved, equipment provided will be of doubtful relevance vis-àvis disaster preparedness and response practices.
9.
REFERENCES
Abareh, H. M. (2014). Disaster preparedness by heads of academic libraries in North–Eastern Nigeria, Global Journal of Academic librarianship, 3(1).45-57. Ahenkorah-Marfo, M. & Borteye, E. M. (2010). Disaster preparedness in academic libraries: the case of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Library, Kumasi, Ghana. Library and Archival Security, 23(2), 117-136. Aina, L. O (2004). Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan: Third World Information Services. Akintunde, S. A. (2016). Ashes to beauty: the story of the University of Jos Library. Available at: https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/member-communities/researchknowledge-information/realising-research/may-2016/university-jos-library. Ayoung, A. D., Boatbil, C. S. & Baada, F. N. (2016). Disaster preparedness of libraries: insights from polytechnic librarians in Ghana. Information Development, 32(5), 1296 1305 Barton. C. C. (2009). Disaster preparedness management of information resources in Toxicology, 4th edition, Massachusetts: Academic press. Coppola, D. P. (2011). Introduction to International Disaster Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Corrall, S. & A. Brewerton (1999). The new professional’s handbook: your guide to information services management. London: Library Association Publishing. Echezona, R. I, Ugwu, C. I & Ozioko, R. E. (2012). Disaster management in university libraries: perceptions, problems and strategies, International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science, 2(1), 56-65
Eden, P. & Mathews, G. (1996). Disaster management in libraries. Library Management, 17(3), 5-12. Gibson, R. & Garry, A. (2011) Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety edited by Armstrong, James, R. and Menon, Raji. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2000). Introduction to disaster preparedness. Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/all.pdf
Issa, A. O., Aliyu, M. B., Adedeji, A. F. & Akangbe, R. B. (2012). Disaster Preparedness at the State Public Library, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (ejournal).Paper 712. Khalid, S. J. M. & Dol, N. (2015). Disaster Preparedness for academic libraries in Malaysia: an exploratory study. International Journal of social, Behavioural, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(10), 2946-2952. Nahleh, Y. A., Kumar, A. F. & Daver, F. (2013). Facility location problem in emergency logistic. International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering, 7(10), 2113-2118. National Research Council (2009). Facing hazards and disasters: understanding human dimensions. Washington DC: The National Academic Press. Oghenetega, L. & Umeji, E (2014). Maintenance culture of information resources among librarians in two selected private higher institutions in Anambra state of Nigeria. Information and knowledge Management, 4(6), 34-39. Ogunniyi, S. O. & Adejubee, F. V. (2014). Strategies of curbing deterioration of undergraduate projects: a case study of six selected colleges of education libraries in Southern Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 1036. Okello-Obura, C. & Ssekitto, F. (2011). Records and information disaster preparedness in selected organizations in Uganda. ESARBICA Journal 30, 135-162. Oluwaniyi, S. A., (2015). Preservation of information resources in selected school libraries in Ibadan north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).Paper 1220 Ottong, E. J. & Ottong, U. J. (2013). Disaster management of library materials in Cross River & Akwa Ibom States. International Journal of Educational Research and Development, 2(4).98-104. Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2015). The Christchurch earthquake: integrating perspectives from diverse disciplines, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14(1), 1-5. Schneid, T. D. & Collins, L. (2001). Disaster management and preparedness. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.
Segaetsho, T. (2014). Preservation risk assessment survey of the University of Ghana. African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science. 24(2), 175-186. Siyanbade, D. O. (2006). Disaster Management in Nigeria: preparedness and prevention. Lagos: Olive Tree Publishing Ventures. Toigo J. W. (2003). Disaster recovery planning: preparing for the unthinkable (3rd Ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Ugwuanyi, R. N. C., Ugwu, M. E. & Ezema, K. C. (2015). Managing disasters in university libraries in Southeast Nigeria: preventive, technological and coping measures. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1289. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1289 Wong, Y. L. & Green, R. (2006). Disaster planning in libraries. Journal of Access Services, 4(3/4), 71-82.
PII: DOI: Reference:
S2212-4209(18)30161-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.007 IJDRR863
To appear in: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Received date: 5 February 2018 Revised date: 9 April 2018 Accepted date: 10 April 2018 Cite this article as: Promise Ifeoma Ilo, Roland Izuagbe, Austin J.C. Mole and Loveth Ekwueme, Measuring Disaster Preparedness and Response Practices in University Libraries in Nigeria: The Role of Disaster Equipment, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Measuring Disaster Preparedness and Response Practices in University Libraries in Nigeria: The Role of Disaster Equipment
ILO, Promise Ifeoma (PhD) University Library, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota [email protected]
Corresponding Author IZUAGBE, Roland University Library, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota [email protected] 07039358132 MOLE, Austin J. C. (PhD) Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka [email protected]
EKWUEME, Loveth National Open University of Nigeria, Enugu [email protected]
1.
INTRODUCTION Natural and man-made disasters are on the increase with corresponding catastrophic
effect on man and his environment. Besides the general hazards, this phenomenon poses significant danger to educational institutions, their support systems (e.g. libraries) and resources. Accordingly, disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society, causing widespread human and material losses, surpassing the ability of the affected community to cope with its available resources (Barton, 2009). Library resources are highly susceptible to disasters, caused by power surge, water from leaking roof and pipes, severe weather conditions, biological agents, earthquakes, flood as well as fire. Mitigating this harsh reality require adequate preparation towards handling various emergency situations. This scenario underpins the importance of disaster preparedness as an integral part of the various activities carried out in libraries and other cultural institutions to prevent, and where it is not possible, respond
adequately to disaster. While disaster preparedness denotes measures taken to prepare for or lessen the impacts of disasters, disaster response refers to strategies employed during or immediately after a catastrophe in order to minimize its devastating effect and recover equitably (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000). Building capacity to sufficiently respond to disaster requires commitment and understanding of potential hazards peculiar to an institution, interpretation them in their identified context and making adequate preparation for them (Paton and Johnston, 2015). Consequently, the ability of libraries to prevent or respond to potential hazards from becoming disasters depends on type and intensity of the disaster as well as the level of preparedness. In order to meaningfully engage in disaster preparedness activities, libraries have the responsibility of providing relevant disaster equipment to address potential threats. These equipment are essential component of the preparedness process and they include fire extinguishers, plastic sheet covers, alarm systems, water hose, freezers, CCTV, smoke detectors, fire suppression systems etc. Mathews and Eden (2009) had earlier advocated for the provision of equipment and maintenance of materials for dealing with disaster. Besides poor disaster preparedness practices, the absence of relevant equipment has further heightened the vulnerability of many libraries in developing countries to various forms of disasters. For preparedness and response to be effective, Gibson and Garry (2011) remarked that the availability of equipment prior to incidental occurrences is sacrosanct. In Nigeria, quite a number of libraries have experienced fire disaster that resulted in significant loss of information resources and infrastructures. For example, the central library of the Federal Polytechnic Idah, the Buachi Road campus library and that of the Naraguta campus of the University of Jos experienced fire disasters that destroyed the collections of several programmes in the affected institutions in 2004, 2013 and 2016 respectively (Abareh, 2014; Akintunde, 2013; Nwokedi, Panle and Samuel, 2017). In the case of the University of Jos campuses, the authors, who are also staff of the institution, revealed that inadequate preparedness which they attributed to poor disaster awareness among stakeholders stalled the response process, causing thousands of volumes of library materials to be lost in the infernos. Similar view was earlier upheld by Issa, Aliyu, Adedeji and Akangbe (2012) who reported that besides the general warning alarms, no essential detection and prevention devices such as fire and smoke detectors, water sensors etc. are available in the State public library, Ilorin, Kwara State. These
scenarios notwithstanding, preliminary investigation further revealed a visible neglect of disaster equipment in Nigerian libraries. Essentially, this research builds on prior studies that measured disaster preparedness in libraries using various indicators from different standpoints. For example, Khalid and Dol (2015) explored plan, experiences, funding, risk assessment and staff involvement in disaster management as indicator to determine disaster preparedness among academic libraries in Malaysia. Also, Ayoung, Boatbil and Baada (2016) considered the availability of disaster policies and plans as a yardstick measuring disaster preparedness among Ghanaian Polytechnics. Within the Nigerian context, several measurement indicators have been employed to ascertain disaster preparedness in libraries. These include: perception (Echezona, Ugwu and Ozioko, 2012); training (Okello-Obura and Ssekitto, 2011); technology (Ugwuanyi, Ugwu and Ezema, 2015); planning, staff awareness and insurance policy (Nwokedi, Panle and Samuel, 2017; Abareh, 2014); plan and funding (Issa et al, 2012) etc. However, measuring preparedness on institutional basis in the context of available disaster equipment, and how they contributes to the overall preparedness level of university libraries have not been adequately covered. This motivation forms the crux of this study. 1.2
Objective of the study
This study therefore seeks to: i.
ascertain the availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria;
ii.
determine disaster preparedness and response practices carried out in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria; and
iii.
find out if a correlation exists between availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
1.3
Research Questions 2.
What disaster preparedness and response equipment are available in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria?
3.
What is the extent of university libraries disaster preparedness and response practices in Southwest Nigeria?
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries To determine the level of disaster preparedness, several factors are taken into
consideration. These factors may include the development of a written disaster policy and plan to guide decisions and actions during emergency situations; adequate disaster prevention and response training, drills and exercises for personnel; adequate funding for the general management of disasters; taking out insurance policy against eventualities and the procurement of relevant disaster equipment to prevent and or respond reasonably during emergency situations. In our opinion, the availability of relevant equipment and their appropriate deployment are key to effective disaster preparedness and response in libraries. Prior to deployment, disaster equipment should be provided before disasters occur so they can be curbed. Matthews, Smith and Knowles (2009) stressed the need to maintain stocks of equipment and materials required to combat disaster. Therefore, Schneid and Collins (2001) recommended the installation of smoke detectors as well as the appropriate location of fire equipment where they can be used by all staff in case of emergency. Shedding light on the importance of controlling fire incidences, Coppola (2011) affirmed that the spread of fire can be reduced through the availability of fire suppression equipment which includes devices such as: extinguishers, hose, assemblies, imaging devices and, access equipment such as ladders, cranes, cutting and spreading tools. Research conducted by Abareh (2014) discovered that most academic libraries in the Northern part of Nigeria had fire extinguishers. Affirmatively, fire equipment are crucial for disaster preparedness and response activities and should therefore be made readily available. The National Research Council (2009) submitted that the acquisition of equipment is one of the major ways to prepare for, and respond to disaster. Abareh (2014) emphasized the need for disaster equipment through taking inventory of available equipment to ascertain suitability and adequacy of preparedness. In order for libraries not to be taken by surprise, they must ensure timely supply of kits in readiness for emergencies. Academic libraries require different kinds of supplies, ranging from big equipment like fire service fighting vans to smaller ones for conveying information to staff and patrons on emergency issues. Even equipment as insignificant as book trucks can help in evacuating books
and other library resources from emergency areas. Thus, the existence of emergency exit doors becomes helpful in safety exiting of the library by staff, patrons as well as library resources from the scene of disaster in the time of occurrence. Schneid and Collins (2001) strongly encouraged the development of standard procedures for the protection of valuable computers and the data stored in them. Libraries should ensure the availability of standby generators and other alternative sources of power supply needed to adequately back up critical files and ensure proper shut down of equipment. The nature of library resources and the threats exclusively unique to them constitute the reasons for the necessity of acquisition of specific kits required to combat disaster in the event of occurrence. From observation, libraries do not seem to take the issue of purchasing chemicals for controlling insects and rodents as serious as they do for fire extinguishers. The University Librarian interviewed in the study carried out by Ahenkorah–Marfo and Borteye (2010) admitted that the university library was equipped to fight fire but was not ready to handle other forms of disasters. One therefore wonders how many university libraries in Nigeria are fully equipped with the relevant gadgets for combating disaster. Availability of equipment can protect library materials and saving libraries money for repurchasing damaged resources. In connection with digital resources, viruses are maliciously introduced into library computer systems. Schneid and Collins (2000) noted that the activities of virus are capable of slowing down or destroying data saved on computer systems. Libraries should ensure the installation of anti-virus software and other programs that can help to recover lost data. Part of disaster preparedness and response also includes regularly updating of antivirus software in order to protect the computer systems from attack which could lead to system crash and data loss. The availability of relevant disaster paraphernalia towards disaster preparedness and response in university libraries cannot be downplayed. In other words, the extent to which disaster is kept mitigated is determined by the quantity and quality of equipment provided. 2.2
Disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries The prime motivation for disaster preparedness in libraries is to allow for effective and
adequate response in the event of eventualities (Corrall and Brewerton, 1999). All efforts put in place to preserve and conserve library materials will result to nothing if libraries neglect regular disaster preparedness practices. These practices seek not only to find out existing challenges that
could constitute threats, but goes further to routinely fix them in order to prevent damage where possible or mitigate the effect of the destruction where prevention is not possible. Personnel in university libraries can incorporate in-house and other house-keeping activities into the preparedness process in order to put potential hazards in check. Disaster equipment help libraries to prepare to respond in a most effective manner if disaster occurs. Siyanbade (2006) maintained that disaster preparedness is about knowing the actions to take, developing contingency plan as well as practicing the plan. Preparedness is not a programme but rather a goal that is meant to be achieved because it embraces the measures taken to handle disasters — before, during and after occurrence. This goal is subject to the adoption of strategies that are necessary requirements for protecting library resources from destruction or responding adequately in order to recover with minimal loss. Disaster preparedness practices serve as a checklist which helps libraries to know what to do in order to prevent faults capable of resulting in damages to libraries and their resources. Such faults include water leakages, electrical faults, malfunctioning air-conditioners, cracked walls etc. Repairs of minor and major damages should be given due attention. Matthews, Smith and Knowles (2009) observed that incidents like leaking pipes and faulty electric within an institution can cause damage and disruption to library services. Prompt repairs and systematic maintenance culture, if cultivated, will minimize the susceptibility of the libraries to the vagaries of disaster and associated consequences. Appropriate equipment must be made available in the stack areas and the work rooms where the materials are kept. Matthews and Eden (2009) advocated the provision and maintenance of equipment and materials for dealing with peculiar disaster. The purpose of disaster preparedness and response practices is to help forestall or checkmate disasters emanating from daily activities carried out in libraries. Schneid and Collins (2001) advised that employees should be assigned to regularly conduct “what if” studies concerning operations capable of disrupting production if they fail in their normal performance. Such questions include what happens if a storage tank is overfilled? They should also consider the outcome of carelessness like leaving the air-conditioners on for twenty-four hours, eating in the library that could leave food particles on the reading tables, failure to turn off taps, etc. Librarians should ensure that they check those events that could possibly result in negative outcome and take necessary actions without hesitation.
Librarians look out towards controlling what they see as major disasters such as fire, flood, thunder and lightning, while other incidences that appear insignificant destroy library resources and disrupt services. Matthews Smith and Knowles (2009) noted that minor incidents like leaking pipes and faulty electrical connections within an institution can cause damage and disruption to service. Therefore, the library disaster team should always carry out routine checks of the physical equipment and also ensure that necessary facilities needed to repair any faulty equipment is made available. Disaster preparedness and response practices comprised several actions carried out in the library to mitigate the activities of threats or stop them where possible. Eating in the library is one habit that attracts insects and rodents. They destroy library materials by chewing and tearing them. Segaetsho (2014) observed that eating attracts pests and rodents which destroy library materials. It is important therefore to ensure that library staff and users desist from bringing food items into the library as part of efforts towards effective maintenance of information materials. Disaster preparedness and response practices also take into account the provision of insecticides and rodenticides for the purpose of warding off these biological agents. Checkmating environmental activities which are detrimental to library resources also form part of preparedness practices which helps in maintaining library resources. Preparedness practices equally embrace the maintenance of relative humidity in stack areas. It is important for libraries to ensure normal temperature for the library resources and guard against water. Facility check should be conducted on daily basis to help put the library equipment in good condition. Spare parts should be made available so that if there is any fault, repair can be easily carried out. Good preparedness activities can also serve as a checklist to prevent faults that trigger fire in libraries. Schneid and Collins (2009) perceived that although good housekeeping does not ensure a facility (e.g. building) is entirely safe from fire, but there is no facility with poor housekeeping practice that is fire-free either. For example, water valves accidentally closed have resulted in the complete destruction of facility with fire while the sprinkler systems are functioning properly. Wong and Green (2006) maintained that part of the practices is for library disaster team members to take the responsibility of putting disaster equipment in their correct positions. These include: water sprinklers, smoke detectors, fire extinguishers and emergency exits doors. Alarm systems in the library must be frequently checked by the emergency staff to ensure that they are
connected to the necessary departments in charge of emergency. It is necessary also to ensure that the library building is accessible to vehicles so that the resources can be easily evacuated if there are emergencies. The air-conditioners and fans in the work rooms and stack areas should be constantly checked and maintained. There should be a regular check on doors, windows, roofs in order to ascertain if they have damages. Disaster preparedness and response practices demand the fixing and constant repairs where the need arises. Activities towards disaster preparedness should also be extended to digital resources and their storage devices. Unlike print and other related library resources, digital resources are damaged by viruses, hackers, and hardware failures. Until these threats are curbed, they will result in serious imminent damages. The major ways of checking the above challenges is through the installation of strong anti-virus software and constant back-up of digital resources. Toigo (2003) subscribed to the restoration of activities through vendor provided facilities wherever there is an unplanned interruption or normal IT operation. Power surge is detrimental to computer systems. Libraries can be prepared to prevent this threat by installing power confirmation system which supports equipment and prevent hardware failure. Schneid and Collins (2001) are of the view that there is need for regular disaster preparedness and response practices because during an occurrence, seconds can mean the difference between life and death or a small loss and major disaster. It therefore behooves librarians to ensure that they carry out all activities necessary for library resources maintenance. From the foregoing therefore, the study postulates that: H1:
There is a positive correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
3.
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research design The study aims to examine the relationship, if any, between the availability of disaster
equipment and disaster preparedness practices in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. As a result, the descriptive survey was used alongside total enumeration sampling technique. 3.2
Population/Participants The population of the study consists of 327 library personnel (i.e. 182 professionals and
145 para-professionals) drawn from 14 university libraries (i.e. 7 each of federal and state) in
Southwest, Nigeria. These include: University of Lagos, Akoka; Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta; Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode; Lagos State University, Ojo; University of Ibadan, Ibadan; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife; Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti; Federal University, Oye Ekiti; Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa; Federal University of Technology, Akure; Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye; Osun State University, Osogbo; Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba and National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos. 3.3
Instrument/internal consistency The questionnaire and observation checklist methods were utilized to collect data for the
study. The questionnaire was divided into 3 sections (i.e. A — C). Section A is an 8-item scale meant to elicit respondents’ demographic information. Section B is a 23-item scale designed to harness respondents’ responses on availability of disaster equipment and Section C is an 8-item scale measuring disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries. The observation checklist comprises 23-item measuring availability of disaster equipment. Out of the 327 copies of the questionnaire administered, a total of 249 copies were retrieved, representing a return rate of 76.1 per cent. Also, a 100 per cent return rate was recorded for the observation checklist distributed among the 14 university librarians in the selected university libraries. Having pre-tested the instrument, the following measure of internal consistency was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha: disaster facilities and equipment = 0.69, disaster preparedness practices = 0.91. 3.4
Data analysis Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were employed in analyzing
the formulated research questions. While 50 per cent acceptance rate was used to make a decision on research question 1, criterion mean of 2.50 was adopted for making a decision on research question 2. The t-test analysis was also utilized to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). 4.
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
4.1 Research question 1: What disaster preparedness and response equipment are available in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria?
NA
A
Fire extinguishers Sand buckets Water hoses Dryers Equipment for communication Emergency exit door Dehumidifiers Mops Buckets Paper towels
Warning alarms Fire alarm Close circuit Television Dust extractors Antivirus software Hard drives, flash drives, CD ROMs UPS Plastic sheet covers Insecticide and pesticides 3M detection system Thunder arrestors Smoke detectors Fire tractors X
√
√ √ X √ √
√ √ X X
√
13 (56.5) 10 (43.5%)
14 (60.9) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√
X √ √ √
X
X
X
√
√
X
X
X
X
√ X
√ X
√ X
12 (52.2) 11 (47.8%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X X
√
X
X
√
X
√
√
√
X √
X √
X √
X X
√ √
X
OOU
X √
√
X
OSUST
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X X
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X √
X
TAI
FUTA
OAU
X √ √ √ 13 (56.5%) 10 (43.5%)
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
√
√ √ X X
√
X
X X
√
√
X
√
X X
√
X √
X √
√
X
√
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X X
√
12 (52.2) 11 (47.8%)
X √ √ X
√
√ X X X
√
19 (82.6%) 4 (17.4%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X X
√
X
√
√
X
√ X
√
√
X
√
√ X
√
X √
√ √ √
√ √
√ √
√ X
FUNAAB
Disaster response equipment
X √ √ √
√
√ X X √
√
X
X
X
√ √
X
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X √
√ X
AAU
Disaster prevention equipment X
√
UI
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
√ √
X
NOU
14 (60.9%) 9 (39.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
X
√
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
LASU
11 (47.8%) 12 (52.2%)
X √ √ √
√
√ X X √
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
X X
X
EKSU
17 (73.9) 6 (26.1%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
√
√
√ √
√
X √
√ X
√
UNILA
13 (56.5) 10 (43.5%)
X √ √ √
√
√ √ X √
√
X
X
√
X
X
√ X
√
X √
√ X
X
FUOE
0(07%) 14(100%) 14(100%) 13(92.9%)
14(100%)
14(100%) 9(64.3%) 0(0%) 7(50.0%)
14(100%)
1(7.1%)
3(21.4%)
14(100%)
3(21.4%)
5(35.7%)
13(92.9) 1(7.1%)
14(100%)
1(7.1%) 14(100%)
8(57.1%) 8(57.1%)
3(21.4%)
A
14(100%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(7.1%)
0(0%)
0(0%) 5(35.7%) 14(100%) 7(50.0%)
0(0%)
13(92.9)
11(78.6)
0(0%)
11(78.6)
9(64.3%)
1(7.1%) 13(92.9)
0(0%)
13(92.9) 0(0%)
6(42.9%) 6(42.9%)
10(71.4)
NA
checklist on availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment in university libraries
NA A A A
A
A A NA EQ
A
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
A NA
A
NA A
A A
NA
R
NOTE: X(NA) = Not Available; √(A) = Available; EQ = Equal; OSU=Osun State University ;OSUST=Ondo State University of Sciences & Technology; OOU=Olabisis Onabanjo University; T=Tai Solarin University of Education; NOU= National Open University UI=University of Ibadan; AAU=Adekunle Ajasin University; FUTA=Federal University of Technology Akure; OAU=Obafemi Awolowo University; LASU=Lagos State University; UNILA= University of Lagos; FUNAAB = Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; EKSU = Ekiti State University Ekiti.
20 21 22 23
19
15 16 17 18
14
13
12
11
10
9
7 8
6
4 5
2 3
1
OSU
TABLE 1: Observation
The analysis in Table 1 reveals the rate of available disaster equipment provided towards disaster preparedness on an institutional basis. While some are meant to prevent, others are meant for responding to disasters. Out of the 23 equipment examined, fire extinguishers, sand buckets, anti-virus software, emergency exit doors, hard drives, flash drives, CD-ROMs, thunder arrestors, mops and buckets are all available in all the 14 university libraries studied. Despite this result, Table 1 reveals further that a good number of disaster preparedness equipment that appears very relevant in preventing and responding to disasters are lacking. These include: dehumidifiers (0:07%), dryers (0:0%), dust extractors (1:7.1%), plastic sheet covers (1:7.1%), warning alarms (3:21.4%) and 3M detection system (3:21.4%). Using 50% acceptance rate, this analysis reveals that an aggregate of 13(56.5%) out of the 23(100%) university libraries surveyed have disaster equipment. On an institutional basis, OAU library is the one with the best equipped and prepared for disasters. This university library has 19(82.6%) out of the 23 equipment examined by the researchers. This is followed by UNILAG which possesses 17 (73.9%) disaster equipment. The least prepared in the distribution are TAI, AAU and EKSU with 11(47.8%) equipment each. 4.2
Research question 2: What is the extent of university libraries disaster preparedness and response practices in Southwest Nigeria?
Table 2: SN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mean rating of the respondents on disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria
Items
Electrical equipment are regularly checked and maintained Ensuring correct positioning of disaster response equipment Fire extinguishers are regularly replaced on expiration Regular checks and maintenance of emergency exit doors Water pipes are regularly checked and maintained Incidents detrimental to library resources are noted and addressed Air-conditioners are subjected to regular technical checks and maintenance Testing of warning systems Cluster Mean
KEY: D = Decision (where A = Agree and D = Disagree).
Ownership Federal State Mean SD Mean 3.27 .66 3.20
R
D
SD .69
Overall Mean SD 3.24 .67
1st
A
3.16
.78
3.11
.85
3.14
.80
2nd
A
3.14
.78
3.12
.73
3.13
.76
3rd
A
3.09
.62
2.91
.87
3.03
.72
4th
A
1.89 1.87
.43 .40
1.78 1.88
.52 .44
1.85 1.87
.47 0.41
5th 6th
D D
1.84
.39
1.79
.49
1.82
0.43
7th
D
1.73 2.50
.46 .45
1.63 2.43
.51 .34
1.70 3.08
0.48 ,37
8th
D A
Research question 2 seeks to ascertain the extent to which respondents agree or disagree to disaster preparedness and response practices in the university libraries studied by the researchers. From analysis, regular checking and maintenance of electrical equipment ranked highest (mean = 3.24). This is followed by ensuring correct positioning of disaster response supplies (mean = 3.14), fire extinguishers are regularly replaced on expiration (mean = 3.13) and regular checks and maintenance of emergency exit doors (mean = 3.03). Using the criterion mean of 2.50, the result of the data analysis reveals that the respondents are in agreement that item 1 — 4 are being practiced in their respective libraries since their mean values exceeded the cut off mean of 2.50. However, respondents are in disagreement with items 5 — 8. This means that, water pipes are not regularly being checked and maintained, incidents detrimental to library resources are not being addressed, air-conditioners are not subjected to regular technical checks and warning alarm systems are not regularly tested. This result is based on the obtained mean which is less than the criterion mean of 2.50 as Table 2 reveals.
5.
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
H1:
There is a positive correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries.
Table 3: The t – test Analysis of the relationship between availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries SN
Institution Type
1.
Federal
X 3.41
2.
State
3.05
SD .79 1.02
DF
t- test
Pvalue
91 246
3.094
.002
Level of Sig.
Rmk
P<0.05
S
N 158
Table 3 shows the t-test analysis between disaster equipment vis-à-vis disaster preparedness and response practices. Indicatively, the t-value of 3.094 at p<0.05 level shows that the result is positively significant. Therefore, the alternate hypothesis which state that; “there is a positive and significant correlation between the availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and response practices in university libraries” is supported. This could mean that
the availability of disaster equipment and steps taken to integrate them into the library’s day-today activities translate to preparedness and response practices. 6.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Based on the 50 per cent decision criterion used to judged availability and non-
availability of disaster equipment, the study has shown that the number of available disaster equipment exceeds the non-available ones in the libraries studied. Similarly, the available equipment in 11 out of the 14 libraries surveyed exceeded the criterion limit of 50 per cent in terms of disaster equipment provided. Evidently, majority of the available disaster equipment are mostly for fire disaster (e.g. fire extinguishers, sand buckets and thunder arrestors) and virus attacks (e.g. anti-virus software, hard drives, flash drives and CD-ROMs) only. This finding corroborates in part with the affirmation of the University Librarian, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) interviewed in the study of Ahenkorah–Marfo and Borteye (2010) who submitted that the university library studied was prepared to fight fire but was not ready to handle other forms of disasters due to obvious reasons. Other essential disaster kits for fighting or recovery from flood pipe/water leakages, biological hazards, theft and the general well-being of library resources (e.g. dryers, plastic sheet covers, insecticides and pesticides, dehumidifiers, self-detective systems, dust extractors etc.) are conspicuously lacking. As a result, it is doubtful if university libraries in Southwest Nigeria are adequately prepared for, mitigate the effects or recover from disaster after an occurrence. Besides the availability of these equipment, another important aspect of disaster preparedness in terms of provision of equipment is putting them in their appropriate positions to facilitate effective use in the event of disaster. For example, areas with more combustible materials in the library (e.g. stack areas) should be given preference in the distribution and allocation of fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting kits in order to mitigate fire when it does occur. With less consideration for the safety of disaster equipment, Nahleh, Kumar and Daver (2013) argued that in high profile disaster cases like earthquakes, hurricanes or biological attacks, disaster equipment cannot be justified on the basis that if their location is damaged, then the equipment placed near the affected area will be damaged as well. The view of Nahleh, Kumar and Daver notwithstanding, this study strongly encouraged appropriate deployment of disaster kits so as to avoid vulnerability or danger that could pose potential threats to other
resources, facilities or life. How best this factor is harnessed and coordinated is subject to library management exposure to international best practices in disaster management. Similar to findings on the availability of disaster preparedness and response equipment as analysis of research question 1 indicates, results of research question 2 suggests that disaster preparedness and response activities carried out in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria are skewed towards preventing or mitigating fires. Little or no effort is being made to ensure the sustainability and usability of information resources through adequate preparation for other forms of disasters. Abareh (2014) substantiated this claim when he reported that activities of insects, rodents and roof leakages constitute major risks to the safety of information materials among academic libraries in North Eastern Nigeria. Ottong and Ottong (2013) strengthened this assertion further by revealing that federal institutions in the Southsouth geo-political zone of Nigeria are not prepared for other disasters. The reason that prompted this conclusion is based on the participants’ view that disaster rarely occurs in libraries. Similarly from the Malaysian context, Khalid and Dol (2015) found that disaster preparedness activities in academic libraries in Malaysia are basically geared towards fires. Since other forms of disasters are not catered for in the preparedness process, the authors conclude that university libraries level of disaster preparedness in the country is low. Several factors (that are beyond the scope of this study) could be responsible for why university libraries only prepare for fires. However, the closest reason the researchers could hypothetically deduce from this development is the fact that a larger portion of library materials are made up of paper — highly flammable material. Apparently, it was not the focus of this study to examine the role of funds in the provision of disaster preparedness and response equipment and their influence on disaster preparedness practices in university libraries in the region surveyed. However, studies (Oluwaniyi, 2015, Ogunniyi and Adejubee, 2014) have shown that the effectiveness of university libraries effort towards disaster preparedness and response is essentially determined by available funds. Typical of developing countries, lack of funds poses substantial challenge to effective management and maintenance of library equipment and resources. The study of Oghenetega and Umeji (2014) lend credence to this claim that several aspects of management and maintenance of library resources have been neglected by librarians in Africa, especially in Nigeria due to financial constraints.
7.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Arising from the aforementioned results, the following recommendations are made: i.
Since disasters are a sudden natural or man-made occurrence with catastrophic effects such as loss of life and damage to properties, its form of occurrence is largely volatile and unpredictable. As a result, effort should be made to ensure that in whatever form disaster occurs, there are equipment to mitigate and recover without complete loss. To this end, the procurement of equipment basic to all potential disasters is necessary.
ii.
In the 21st century, university libraries are taking adequate advantage of Information Technology (IT) and depending less on human factors in monitoring users’ delinquent actions such as pilfering, mutilation and outright stealing of books from the library. Equipment such as 3M technology (e.g. Self-Check Systems, RFID Detection Systems, ISO RFID Tags etc.) and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) should be adequately deployed to deter library patrons from defacing library materials.
iii.
It is not enough to acquire disaster equipment, but it is important to harness them and benchmark their usage with world class libraries. This will further help in eliciting information necessary for appropriate deployment of disaster tools following international best practices.
8.
CONCLUSION The study has examined the availability of disaster equipment and its impact on disaster
preparedness and response activities in university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. The study has empirically shown that there is a positive and significant correlation between availability of disaster equipment as well as the extent of disaster preparedness and response in terms of practices in university libraries. However, the provision of disaster equipment cannot automatically translate to disaster preparedness and response practices. There is need for proactive steps to be taken towards integrating them into the library operations with appropriate/adequate training, regular drills and exercises to instill disaster consciousness into library personnel. Until this is achieved, equipment provided will be of doubtful relevance vis-àvis disaster preparedness and response practices.
9.
REFERENCES
Abareh, H. M. (2014). Disaster preparedness by heads of academic libraries in North–Eastern Nigeria, Global Journal of Academic librarianship, 3(1).45-57. Ahenkorah-Marfo, M. & Borteye, E. M. (2010). Disaster preparedness in academic libraries: the case of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Library, Kumasi, Ghana. Library and Archival Security, 23(2), 117-136. Aina, L. O (2004). Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan: Third World Information Services. Akintunde, S. A. (2016). Ashes to beauty: the story of the University of Jos Library. Available at: https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/member-communities/researchknowledge-information/realising-research/may-2016/university-jos-library. Ayoung, A. D., Boatbil, C. S. & Baada, F. N. (2016). Disaster preparedness of libraries: insights from polytechnic librarians in Ghana. Information Development, 32(5), 1296 1305 Barton. C. C. (2009). Disaster preparedness management of information resources in Toxicology, 4th edition, Massachusetts: Academic press. Coppola, D. P. (2011). Introduction to International Disaster Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Corrall, S. & A. Brewerton (1999). The new professional’s handbook: your guide to information services management. London: Library Association Publishing. Echezona, R. I, Ugwu, C. I & Ozioko, R. E. (2012). Disaster management in university libraries: perceptions, problems and strategies, International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science, 2(1), 56-65
Eden, P. & Mathews, G. (1996). Disaster management in libraries. Library Management, 17(3), 5-12. Gibson, R. & Garry, A. (2011) Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety edited by Armstrong, James, R. and Menon, Raji. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2000). Introduction to disaster preparedness. Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/all.pdf
Issa, A. O., Aliyu, M. B., Adedeji, A. F. & Akangbe, R. B. (2012). Disaster Preparedness at the State Public Library, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (ejournal).Paper 712. Khalid, S. J. M. & Dol, N. (2015). Disaster Preparedness for academic libraries in Malaysia: an exploratory study. International Journal of social, Behavioural, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(10), 2946-2952. Nahleh, Y. A., Kumar, A. F. & Daver, F. (2013). Facility location problem in emergency logistic. International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering, 7(10), 2113-2118. National Research Council (2009). Facing hazards and disasters: understanding human dimensions. Washington DC: The National Academic Press. Oghenetega, L. & Umeji, E (2014). Maintenance culture of information resources among librarians in two selected private higher institutions in Anambra state of Nigeria. Information and knowledge Management, 4(6), 34-39. Ogunniyi, S. O. & Adejubee, F. V. (2014). Strategies of curbing deterioration of undergraduate projects: a case study of six selected colleges of education libraries in Southern Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 1036. Okello-Obura, C. & Ssekitto, F. (2011). Records and information disaster preparedness in selected organizations in Uganda. ESARBICA Journal 30, 135-162. Oluwaniyi, S. A., (2015). Preservation of information resources in selected school libraries in Ibadan north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).Paper 1220 Ottong, E. J. & Ottong, U. J. (2013). Disaster management of library materials in Cross River & Akwa Ibom States. International Journal of Educational Research and Development, 2(4).98-104. Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2015). The Christchurch earthquake: integrating perspectives from diverse disciplines, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14(1), 1-5. Schneid, T. D. & Collins, L. (2001). Disaster management and preparedness. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.
Segaetsho, T. (2014). Preservation risk assessment survey of the University of Ghana. African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science. 24(2), 175-186. Siyanbade, D. O. (2006). Disaster Management in Nigeria: preparedness and prevention. Lagos: Olive Tree Publishing Ventures. Toigo J. W. (2003). Disaster recovery planning: preparing for the unthinkable (3rd Ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Ugwuanyi, R. N. C., Ugwu, M. E. & Ezema, K. C. (2015). Managing disasters in university libraries in Southeast Nigeria: preventive, technological and coping measures. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1289. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1289 Wong, Y. L. & Green, R. (2006). Disaster planning in libraries. Journal of Access Services, 4(3/4), 71-82.