- Email: [email protected]
Measuring food reward and the transfer effect of sensory specific satiety
S. Higgs, R. Havermans / Appetite 57 (2011) 535–552
Investigating eating behavior and retro-nasal aroma release in normal weight and overweight subjects N. ZIJLSTRA 1,2,∗ , A.J. BUKMAN 2 , M. MARS 1,2 , A. STAFLEU 1,3 , R.M.A.J. RUIJSCHOP 4 , C. DE GRAAF 1,2 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, The Netherlands 3 TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands 4 NIZO food research, 6700-EV Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Zijlstra). Given the growing rate of obesity, we need to know more about factors influencing meal size. We hypothesize that oral sensory exposure plays an underlying role. Currently no objective parameters are available to measure oral sensory exposure but a potential measure is in-vivo retro-nasal aroma release. Our aims were to investigate (1) if eating behavior (food intake, eating rate, bite size, number of bites, meal duration) relates to weight status and (2) whether extent of retro-nasal aroma release relates to eating behavior and weight status. A matched group of 27 normal weight (BMI 21.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and 27 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 30.5 ± 5.8 kg/m2), consumed ad libitum a spiced rice meal and apple-pie yoghurt on separate test days. Extent of retro-nasal aroma release was measured on a third test day. Mean bite size was significantly (P < 0.05) larger in the overweight/obese (10.3 ± 3.2 g) versus the normal weight subjects (8.7 ± 2.1 g) for spiced rice. There were no other significant differences in eating behavior or extent of retro-nasal aroma release between the groups. None of the eating behaviors were correlated to BMI or to extent of retro-nasal aroma release. Subjects showed consistent eating behavior for both products. Eating behavior might be a characteristic of an individual but not by definition a characteristic for a group of people based on their weight. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.020 Measuring food reward and the transfer effect of sensory specific satiety S. GRIFFIOEN-ROOSE 1,∗ , G. FINLAYSON 2 , M. MARS 1 , J.E. 1 Division of Human Nutrition, BLUNDELL 2 , C.DE GRAAF 1 Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK E-mail address: sanne.griffi[email protected] (S. Griffioen-Roose). Sensory specific satiety (SSS) is the decrease in reward for an eaten food in comparison to foods that have not been eaten. Other foods that share sensory characteristics with the eaten food also decline in pleasantness relative to dissimilar foods. The strength of this transfer effect for different tastes, however, is not clear. It has been proposed that SSS represents a decrease in both liking and wanting components of reward. The objective of our study was twofold: (1) to compare measures of liking and wanting of food and (2) thereby investigating the transfer effect of SSS for sweet and savory taste to other foods. We used a cross-over design, consisting of 3 methods in which the transfer effect was compared. Sixty-one subjects participated (19 males and 42 females). Rice was used as a preload, served in an individually standardized amount in either a sweet or savory version. Afterwards, liking and wanting for 16 snack products, varying in taste (sweet/savory) and fat (high/low), were assessed. Method 1 assessed ad libitum intake, method 2 working for access, and method 3 explicit and implicit responses to photographic food stimuli. In all methods, a transfer effect of SSS was evident. After eating a preload with a certain taste, liking and wanting for snacks with a congruent taste was less than for snacks with an incongruent taste. This transfer effect was not equipotent for sweet and savory tastes. Savory taste has a stronger modulating effect on subsequent food choice than sweet. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.021
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Dietary restraint and biased size perception of food objects G.M. VAN KONINGSBRUGGEN ∗ , W. STROEBE, H. AARTS Utrecht University, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (G.M. Van Koningsbruggen). The aim of the present research was to examine the impact of tempting food primes on successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters’ size perception of food objects. Size perception reflects the perceived instrumentality of goal-relevant objects, and thereby offers insight in how basic perceptual processes may moderate the success of restrained eaters in regulating food intake. Objects that are perceived to be larger are more easily detected in the environment, and as such facilitate goal attainment. Therefore, goals and size perception of instrumental objects are supposed to be associated. Study 1 showed that restrained eaters perceived a palatable food object as bigger in size when primed with tempting food, regardless of self-regulatory success in dieting. In contrast, the perceived size of a diet-related food object was increased by a tempting food prime only for successful restrained eaters, but decreased for unsuccessful restrained eaters (study 2). However, when directly primed with a dieting cue, even unsuccessful restrained eaters perceived the diet-related food object as bigger. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.022
Investigating eating behavior and retro-nasal aroma release in normal weight and overweight subjects N. ZIJLSTRA 1,2,∗ , A.J. BUKMAN 2 , M. MARS 1,2 , A. STAFLEU 1,3 , R.M.A.J. RUIJSCHOP 4 , C. DE GRAAF 1,2 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, The Netherlands 3 TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands 4 NIZO food research, 6700-EV Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Zijlstra). Given the growing rate of obesity, we need to know more about factors influencing meal size. We hypothesize that oral sensory exposure plays an underlying role. Currently no objective parameters are available to measure oral sensory exposure but a potential measure is in-vivo retro-nasal aroma release. Our aims were to investigate (1) if eating behavior (food intake, eating rate, bite size, number of bites, meal duration) relates to weight status and (2) whether extent of retro-nasal aroma release relates to eating behavior and weight status. A matched group of 27 normal weight (BMI 21.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and 27 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 30.5 ± 5.8 kg/m2), consumed ad libitum a spiced rice meal and apple-pie yoghurt on separate test days. Extent of retro-nasal aroma release was measured on a third test day. Mean bite size was significantly (P < 0.05) larger in the overweight/obese (10.3 ± 3.2 g) versus the normal weight subjects (8.7 ± 2.1 g) for spiced rice. There were no other significant differences in eating behavior or extent of retro-nasal aroma release between the groups. None of the eating behaviors were correlated to BMI or to extent of retro-nasal aroma release. Subjects showed consistent eating behavior for both products. Eating behavior might be a characteristic of an individual but not by definition a characteristic for a group of people based on their weight. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.020 Measuring food reward and the transfer effect of sensory specific satiety S. GRIFFIOEN-ROOSE 1,∗ , G. FINLAYSON 2 , M. MARS 1 , J.E. 1 Division of Human Nutrition, BLUNDELL 2 , C.DE GRAAF 1 Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK E-mail address: sanne.griffi[email protected] (S. Griffioen-Roose). Sensory specific satiety (SSS) is the decrease in reward for an eaten food in comparison to foods that have not been eaten. Other foods that share sensory characteristics with the eaten food also decline in pleasantness relative to dissimilar foods. The strength of this transfer effect for different tastes, however, is not clear. It has been proposed that SSS represents a decrease in both liking and wanting components of reward. The objective of our study was twofold: (1) to compare measures of liking and wanting of food and (2) thereby investigating the transfer effect of SSS for sweet and savory taste to other foods. We used a cross-over design, consisting of 3 methods in which the transfer effect was compared. Sixty-one subjects participated (19 males and 42 females). Rice was used as a preload, served in an individually standardized amount in either a sweet or savory version. Afterwards, liking and wanting for 16 snack products, varying in taste (sweet/savory) and fat (high/low), were assessed. Method 1 assessed ad libitum intake, method 2 working for access, and method 3 explicit and implicit responses to photographic food stimuli. In all methods, a transfer effect of SSS was evident. After eating a preload with a certain taste, liking and wanting for snacks with a congruent taste was less than for snacks with an incongruent taste. This transfer effect was not equipotent for sweet and savory tastes. Savory taste has a stronger modulating effect on subsequent food choice than sweet. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.021
541
Dietary restraint and biased size perception of food objects G.M. VAN KONINGSBRUGGEN ∗ , W. STROEBE, H. AARTS Utrecht University, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail address: [email protected] (G.M. Van Koningsbruggen). The aim of the present research was to examine the impact of tempting food primes on successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters’ size perception of food objects. Size perception reflects the perceived instrumentality of goal-relevant objects, and thereby offers insight in how basic perceptual processes may moderate the success of restrained eaters in regulating food intake. Objects that are perceived to be larger are more easily detected in the environment, and as such facilitate goal attainment. Therefore, goals and size perception of instrumental objects are supposed to be associated. Study 1 showed that restrained eaters perceived a palatable food object as bigger in size when primed with tempting food, regardless of self-regulatory success in dieting. In contrast, the perceived size of a diet-related food object was increased by a tempting food prime only for successful restrained eaters, but decreased for unsuccessful restrained eaters (study 2). However, when directly primed with a dieting cue, even unsuccessful restrained eaters perceived the diet-related food object as bigger. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.022