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Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite K. Jaya Krishna a, V. Jayakumar b,⇑, G. Bharathiraja a a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 601 105, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Chennai, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 21 May 2019 Received in revised form 18 July 2019 Accepted 30 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Medical waste Mechanical properties Medical waste reinforced polymer composite Polymer matrix composite
a b s t r a c t Medical waste poses many health problems when burnt in landfills and several precautions are required while decomposing. Medical waste is classified as risky waste and non risky waste. Around 75% of medical waste generated is considered as non risky waste. In this work, non-risky medical waste obtained from crushing used tablet covers has been taken as reinforcement material. It was mixed up with epoxy resin for fabricating a new kind of composite material for enhancing mechanical properties. Six different composites with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% volume fractions of medical wastes were fabricated using the hand lay-up process. Then the composite test samples were evaluated for mechanical properties, namely tensile, flexural and impact strength. The effect of medical waste filler volume fraction on the mechanical properties was investigated. The test results obtained confirmed yield of good mechanical properties for 10% volume fraction composite. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019
1. Introduction A polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material which consists of polymer as a matrix material and fiber/filler as reinforcement material. The material is designed in such a way that the mechanical loads that are applied to the material are held up by the reinforcements. The new compositions are designed in order to increase their mechanical properties. Composites have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio in addition to benefits like light weight and durability. These features have helped the composites getting the extensive use, particularly in aircrafts for good fuel efficiency and in construction of lighthouses. Devaraju et al. [1] investigated the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber and Al2O3 nano particles reinforced polymer composites for structural application. The addition of nano particles in coconut bunch fiber increases mechanical properties. Krishnakumari et al. [2] evaluated the mechanical properties of Boerhavia Diffusa root/Luffa fiber reinforced polymer composites. Nega and Worku [3] presented recycled medical gloves using composite manufacture for obtaining a very strong functional end product for partition purpose. Muthukumar and Lingadurai [4] studied
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Jayakumar).
the mechanical properties of the two specimens in which the composites with 40% and 50% filled volume fraction with good tensile strength were applicable in an aircraft motor. Onuegbu et al. [5] fabricated polypropylene composites which were extruded as sheets and investigated their mechanical properties. Raju et al. [6] presented the thermal properties of ground-nut shell particles PMC. Uma Maheswari et al. [7] examined the tensile and flexural properties of tamerind fiber epoxy composites and found stearic acid and saline surface treatment causing a dramatic increase in their properties. Behzad Kord [8] studied the influence of calcium carbonate on the properties of wood based PMC mineral filler. Chandramohan et al. [9] did investigation of the composite of bio particles from coconut shell powder, walnut shell and epoxy matrix elevation husk. The result revealed the provision good mechanical property and modulus as a result of uniform distribution of the filler. Jayabal and Natarajan [10] presented a drilling analysis of coir-fiber-reinforced polyester composites. Many interesting works on PMC can be found in the literature [11–15]. This work focusses on utilizing the waste tablet covers which is considered as general medical waste in the fabrication of a new kind of composite material. There is no literature found on use of this kind of reinforcement in composite fabrication. This work explores a new path in composite fabrication utilizing general medical waste apart from industrial wastes, agri wastes find extensive use as reinforcements in the fabrication of bio composites.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
2
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Material selection and fabrication Fabricated composite involves different compositions with varying percentages of the reinforcement phase. In this fabrication, the medical waste was used as primary reinforcement material and Ly 556 epoxy resin was used as secondary material. The six types of specimens fabricated are shown in Table 1. In this work, hand layup method was used to in the fabrication of the composite samples. Open molding method was employed in the fabrication process. A polyester sheet with a standard dimen-
Table 1 Composition of composites. Test specimen
Medical waste %
Epoxy resin %
TS TS TS TS TS TS
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88%
1 2 3 4 5 6
sions was taken into consideration and a silicon rubber sheet was attached at the sides as a walls for creation like a mould and stuck together to hold the composite mixture without any leak as shown in Fig. 1. The resin and the hardener were mixed in the ratio 10:1 and stirred well to get a homogeneous mixture. The resin was mixed until the medical waste powder and the mixture was poured into the mould which was created earlier in step 1 shown in Fig. 2. The top of the mould was covered with a laminar polyester sheet and the air bubbles were removed from the mould created. This is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. A heavy weight was added to the mould to compress the mixture to the required shape as required by the standards. The remaining mixture escaped from the mould after the required shape was found. The finished composite was fabricated into the required shapes (Fig. 5) as per ASTM standard for the purpose of testing the specimen. Tensile testing
Fig. 1. Mould preparation.
Fig. 3. Laying polyester sheet.
Fig. 2. Pouring of mixture.
Fig. 4. Removing air bubbles.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 5. Test specimens. Fig. 7. Flexural strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composite.
samples were prepared as per ASTM D638 with 160 20 3 mm dimensions. ASTM D790 with rectangular cross section of 100 12.5 3 mm was used for flexural testing. Both the tensile and flexural tests were conducted in a universal testing machine. ASTM D256 rectangular cross section with 64 12.7 3.2 mm was used for impact testing and the test was done on an Izod impact testing machine. 3. Results and discussion Fig. 6 depicts the tensile strength of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composites of six samples, showing an increase in the percentage of fillers. Tensile strength also increased up to 10% volume fraction and then it decreased below that of the neat epoxy on an additional increase in the percentage of medical waste fillers. This was due to the weak bonding between the medical waste filler and the resin and also an increase of void content which resulted in deterioration of strength. Fig. 7 depicts the flexural strength of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composites of six samples. The flexural test shows 10% of medical waste reinforced matrix (TS 5) having effective flexural strength more than that of the neat epoxy. Fig. 6 shows 4% medical waste (TS 2) having inferior flexural strength compared to 2% medical waste reinforced composite (TS 1). As could be seen from the graph, 8% medical waste reinforced composite (TS 4) had the least flexural strength which was lower than that of the neat epoxy as well; this was due to the weak bonding between filler and resin in composite material. Fig. 8 shows the impact strength values of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composite test samples for varying volume fractions of filler material. At 10% volume fraction of the filler, the composite exhibited the highest impact strength value. There was a decrease in the impact strength following with an increase in the volume fraction. This type of behavior could be responsible for
Fig. 8. Impact strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composites.
the presence of medical waste clusters and the size of the agglomerates formed. 4. Conclusions In this study, a new composition of PMC specimens was fabricated by adding medical waste powder as reinforcements to increase its mechanical properties. The developed PMC specimens were characterized by mechanical testing in terms of tensile, impact and flexural strength. Tensile and flexural strength of composite specimens provided encouraging results at 10% volume fraction of medical waste as filler incorporated in epoxy resin compared with neat epoxy. But these properties were reduced with the increase in the volume fraction of medical waste filler. This was due to the weak interfacial bonding between the filler and matrix material. The void content made a significant reduction in the mechanical properties. The impact strength also decreased after the incorporation of 10% volume fraction of medical waste filler in the epoxy material. This was due to the agglomeration of fillers in the composite material which caused a significant reduction in the impact strength. Considering the very few references in literature on the subject of utilisation of recycled medical waste for composite fabrication, this work looks for further research work on the preparation of a new class of composite material by using non-risky medical wastes in future. References
Fig. 6. Tensile strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composites.
[1] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14252– 14257.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
4
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[2] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [3] A. Nega, A. Worku, Composite manufacturing from recycled medical gloves reinforced with jute fiber, J. Text. Sci. Eng. 8 (2018) 1–3. [4] S. Muthukumar, K. Lingadurai, Investigating the mechanical behavior of coconut shell and groundnut shell reinforced polymer composite, Global J. Eng. Sci. Res. 1 (2014) 19–23. [5] G.C. Onuegbu, S.C. Nwanonenyi, M.U. Obidiegwu, The effect of pulverised ground nut husk on some mechanical properties of polypropylene composites, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent. 2 (2013) 79–83. [6] G.U. Raju, V.N. Gaitonde, S. Kumarappa, Experimental study on optimization of thermal properties of groundnut shell particle reinforced polymer composites, Int. J. Emerging Sci. 2 (2013) 433–454. [7] C. Uma Maheswari, K. Obi Reddy, E. Muzenda, M. Shukla, Effect of surface treatment on performance of tamarind fiber–epoxy composites, in: International Conference on Innovations in Chemical Engineering and Medical Sciences, 2012, pp. 16–19. [8] Behzad Kord, Effect of as mineral filler on the physical and mechanical properties of wood based composites, World Appl. Sci. J. 13 (2011) 129–132.
[9] D. Chandramohan, K. Marimuthu, A review on natural fibers, Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci. 8 (2011) 194–206. [10] S. Jayabal, U. Natarajan, Drilling analysis of coir–fiber-reinforced polyester composites, B. Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 1563–1567. [11] N.P.G. Suardana, Yingjun Piao, Jae Kyoo Lim, Mechanical properties of hemp fibers and hemp/pp composites: effects of chemical surface treatment, Mater. Phys. Mech. 11 (2007) 1–8. [12] N.H. Tran, S. Ogihara, N.H. Tung, S. Kobayashi, Mechanical properties of short coir/pbs biodegradable composites: effect of stearic acid treatment and fiber content, J. Solid Mech. Mater. Eng. 5 (2011) 251–262. [13] James Holbery, Dan Houston, Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications, J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 58 (2006) 80–86. [14] S.V. Joshia, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, S. Arorac, Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?, Compos Part A 35 (2004) 371–376. [15] Desh Bandhu, Sandeep Singh Sangwan, Mukesh Verma, Optimization of drilling parameter and surface roughness using different tool material by drilling of CFRP composite material, Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 4 (2014) 2570– 2576.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite K. Jaya Krishna a, V. Jayakumar b,⇑, G. Bharathiraja a a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 601 105, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Chennai, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 21 May 2019 Received in revised form 18 July 2019 Accepted 30 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Medical waste Mechanical properties Medical waste reinforced polymer composite Polymer matrix composite
a b s t r a c t Medical waste poses many health problems when burnt in landfills and several precautions are required while decomposing. Medical waste is classified as risky waste and non risky waste. Around 75% of medical waste generated is considered as non risky waste. In this work, non-risky medical waste obtained from crushing used tablet covers has been taken as reinforcement material. It was mixed up with epoxy resin for fabricating a new kind of composite material for enhancing mechanical properties. Six different composites with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% volume fractions of medical wastes were fabricated using the hand lay-up process. Then the composite test samples were evaluated for mechanical properties, namely tensile, flexural and impact strength. The effect of medical waste filler volume fraction on the mechanical properties was investigated. The test results obtained confirmed yield of good mechanical properties for 10% volume fraction composite. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019
1. Introduction A polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material which consists of polymer as a matrix material and fiber/filler as reinforcement material. The material is designed in such a way that the mechanical loads that are applied to the material are held up by the reinforcements. The new compositions are designed in order to increase their mechanical properties. Composites have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio in addition to benefits like light weight and durability. These features have helped the composites getting the extensive use, particularly in aircrafts for good fuel efficiency and in construction of lighthouses. Devaraju et al. [1] investigated the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber and Al2O3 nano particles reinforced polymer composites for structural application. The addition of nano particles in coconut bunch fiber increases mechanical properties. Krishnakumari et al. [2] evaluated the mechanical properties of Boerhavia Diffusa root/Luffa fiber reinforced polymer composites. Nega and Worku [3] presented recycled medical gloves using composite manufacture for obtaining a very strong functional end product for partition purpose. Muthukumar and Lingadurai [4] studied
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Jayakumar).
the mechanical properties of the two specimens in which the composites with 40% and 50% filled volume fraction with good tensile strength were applicable in an aircraft motor. Onuegbu et al. [5] fabricated polypropylene composites which were extruded as sheets and investigated their mechanical properties. Raju et al. [6] presented the thermal properties of ground-nut shell particles PMC. Uma Maheswari et al. [7] examined the tensile and flexural properties of tamerind fiber epoxy composites and found stearic acid and saline surface treatment causing a dramatic increase in their properties. Behzad Kord [8] studied the influence of calcium carbonate on the properties of wood based PMC mineral filler. Chandramohan et al. [9] did investigation of the composite of bio particles from coconut shell powder, walnut shell and epoxy matrix elevation husk. The result revealed the provision good mechanical property and modulus as a result of uniform distribution of the filler. Jayabal and Natarajan [10] presented a drilling analysis of coir-fiber-reinforced polyester composites. Many interesting works on PMC can be found in the literature [11–15]. This work focusses on utilizing the waste tablet covers which is considered as general medical waste in the fabrication of a new kind of composite material. There is no literature found on use of this kind of reinforcement in composite fabrication. This work explores a new path in composite fabrication utilizing general medical waste apart from industrial wastes, agri wastes find extensive use as reinforcements in the fabrication of bio composites.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
2
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Material selection and fabrication Fabricated composite involves different compositions with varying percentages of the reinforcement phase. In this fabrication, the medical waste was used as primary reinforcement material and Ly 556 epoxy resin was used as secondary material. The six types of specimens fabricated are shown in Table 1. In this work, hand layup method was used to in the fabrication of the composite samples. Open molding method was employed in the fabrication process. A polyester sheet with a standard dimen-
Table 1 Composition of composites. Test specimen
Medical waste %
Epoxy resin %
TS TS TS TS TS TS
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88%
1 2 3 4 5 6
sions was taken into consideration and a silicon rubber sheet was attached at the sides as a walls for creation like a mould and stuck together to hold the composite mixture without any leak as shown in Fig. 1. The resin and the hardener were mixed in the ratio 10:1 and stirred well to get a homogeneous mixture. The resin was mixed until the medical waste powder and the mixture was poured into the mould which was created earlier in step 1 shown in Fig. 2. The top of the mould was covered with a laminar polyester sheet and the air bubbles were removed from the mould created. This is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. A heavy weight was added to the mould to compress the mixture to the required shape as required by the standards. The remaining mixture escaped from the mould after the required shape was found. The finished composite was fabricated into the required shapes (Fig. 5) as per ASTM standard for the purpose of testing the specimen. Tensile testing
Fig. 1. Mould preparation.
Fig. 3. Laying polyester sheet.
Fig. 2. Pouring of mixture.
Fig. 4. Removing air bubbles.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 5. Test specimens. Fig. 7. Flexural strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composite.
samples were prepared as per ASTM D638 with 160 20 3 mm dimensions. ASTM D790 with rectangular cross section of 100 12.5 3 mm was used for flexural testing. Both the tensile and flexural tests were conducted in a universal testing machine. ASTM D256 rectangular cross section with 64 12.7 3.2 mm was used for impact testing and the test was done on an Izod impact testing machine. 3. Results and discussion Fig. 6 depicts the tensile strength of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composites of six samples, showing an increase in the percentage of fillers. Tensile strength also increased up to 10% volume fraction and then it decreased below that of the neat epoxy on an additional increase in the percentage of medical waste fillers. This was due to the weak bonding between the medical waste filler and the resin and also an increase of void content which resulted in deterioration of strength. Fig. 7 depicts the flexural strength of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composites of six samples. The flexural test shows 10% of medical waste reinforced matrix (TS 5) having effective flexural strength more than that of the neat epoxy. Fig. 6 shows 4% medical waste (TS 2) having inferior flexural strength compared to 2% medical waste reinforced composite (TS 1). As could be seen from the graph, 8% medical waste reinforced composite (TS 4) had the least flexural strength which was lower than that of the neat epoxy as well; this was due to the weak bonding between filler and resin in composite material. Fig. 8 shows the impact strength values of the medical waste reinforced epoxy composite test samples for varying volume fractions of filler material. At 10% volume fraction of the filler, the composite exhibited the highest impact strength value. There was a decrease in the impact strength following with an increase in the volume fraction. This type of behavior could be responsible for
Fig. 8. Impact strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composites.
the presence of medical waste clusters and the size of the agglomerates formed. 4. Conclusions In this study, a new composition of PMC specimens was fabricated by adding medical waste powder as reinforcements to increase its mechanical properties. The developed PMC specimens were characterized by mechanical testing in terms of tensile, impact and flexural strength. Tensile and flexural strength of composite specimens provided encouraging results at 10% volume fraction of medical waste as filler incorporated in epoxy resin compared with neat epoxy. But these properties were reduced with the increase in the volume fraction of medical waste filler. This was due to the weak interfacial bonding between the filler and matrix material. The void content made a significant reduction in the mechanical properties. The impact strength also decreased after the incorporation of 10% volume fraction of medical waste filler in the epoxy material. This was due to the agglomeration of fillers in the composite material which caused a significant reduction in the impact strength. Considering the very few references in literature on the subject of utilisation of recycled medical waste for composite fabrication, this work looks for further research work on the preparation of a new class of composite material by using non-risky medical wastes in future. References
Fig. 6. Tensile strength of medical waste reinforced epoxy composites.
[1] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14252– 14257.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722
4
K. Jaya Krishna et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[2] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [3] A. Nega, A. Worku, Composite manufacturing from recycled medical gloves reinforced with jute fiber, J. Text. Sci. Eng. 8 (2018) 1–3. [4] S. Muthukumar, K. Lingadurai, Investigating the mechanical behavior of coconut shell and groundnut shell reinforced polymer composite, Global J. Eng. Sci. Res. 1 (2014) 19–23. [5] G.C. Onuegbu, S.C. Nwanonenyi, M.U. Obidiegwu, The effect of pulverised ground nut husk on some mechanical properties of polypropylene composites, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent. 2 (2013) 79–83. [6] G.U. Raju, V.N. Gaitonde, S. Kumarappa, Experimental study on optimization of thermal properties of groundnut shell particle reinforced polymer composites, Int. J. Emerging Sci. 2 (2013) 433–454. [7] C. Uma Maheswari, K. Obi Reddy, E. Muzenda, M. Shukla, Effect of surface treatment on performance of tamarind fiber–epoxy composites, in: International Conference on Innovations in Chemical Engineering and Medical Sciences, 2012, pp. 16–19. [8] Behzad Kord, Effect of as mineral filler on the physical and mechanical properties of wood based composites, World Appl. Sci. J. 13 (2011) 129–132.
[9] D. Chandramohan, K. Marimuthu, A review on natural fibers, Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci. 8 (2011) 194–206. [10] S. Jayabal, U. Natarajan, Drilling analysis of coir–fiber-reinforced polyester composites, B. Mater. Sci. 34 (2011) 1563–1567. [11] N.P.G. Suardana, Yingjun Piao, Jae Kyoo Lim, Mechanical properties of hemp fibers and hemp/pp composites: effects of chemical surface treatment, Mater. Phys. Mech. 11 (2007) 1–8. [12] N.H. Tran, S. Ogihara, N.H. Tung, S. Kobayashi, Mechanical properties of short coir/pbs biodegradable composites: effect of stearic acid treatment and fiber content, J. Solid Mech. Mater. Eng. 5 (2011) 251–262. [13] James Holbery, Dan Houston, Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications, J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 58 (2006) 80–86. [14] S.V. Joshia, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, S. Arorac, Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?, Compos Part A 35 (2004) 371–376. [15] Desh Bandhu, Sandeep Singh Sangwan, Mukesh Verma, Optimization of drilling parameter and surface roughness using different tool material by drilling of CFRP composite material, Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 4 (2014) 2570– 2576.
Please cite this article as: K. Jaya Krishna, V. Jayakumar and G. Bharathiraja, Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.722