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Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells
Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells Hanifi Binici a,⇑, Orhan Aksogan b, Ahmet H. Sevinc a, Erdi Cinpolat a a b
Kahramanmarasß Sutcu Imam University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kahramanmarasß 46100, Turkey Department of Civil Engineering, Toros University, Mersin 33140, Turkey
h i g h l i g h t s
g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
The egg shell wastes can be used
Egg shells.
against radiation effects. The radiation shielding increased in the samples with increasing egg shell ratio. Egg shells may be used in regions where radiation is effective. Such concrete can easily be used in walls for radiation shielding. The results of present study may be used for further researches.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 January 2015 Received in revised form 19 March 2015 Accepted 1 May 2015 Available online xxxx Keywords: Waste egg shells Radioactivity shielding Mortars
a b s t r a c t All living things and inanimate objects, i.e., humans, animals, plants, air, water and soil, both emit and are exposed to natural and artificial radiation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the use of industrial egg shell waste for the protection of buildings against external radiation effects. Towards this end, the radiation absorbing property of mortars made of cement, Rilem sand and egg shells was extensively studied. During this investigation, the possible decrease in the quality of mortars like 90-day sulfate resistance and the 7, 28 and 90 day compressive and flexural strengths were also investigated. The results showed that egg shells as an additive decreased the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortars for all the samples with different additive percentages of egg shells for all ages. However, the mix proposed satisfies the minimum compressive strength requirements of the Turkish standards. The linear absorption coefficient increased in the samples with increasing egg shell ratio, i.e., mortars with egg shells had low radioactive permeability. Hence, egg shells may be used in regions where radiation is effective. Such concrete can easily be used in walls for radiation shielding. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The recycling of waste by-products, nowadays, gaining more and more importance, a lot of research on that kind of materials ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 (344) 2801660; fax: +90 (344) 2801602. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H. Binici), [email protected] (O. Aksogan), [email protected] (A.H. Sevinc), [email protected] (E. Cinpolat).
is being carried out and such materials are utilized as additives in the production of special mortars in many countries. For example, in Turkey bricks are being made with fly ash and basaltic pumice [1–6]. Many countries have been working on how to reuse waste materials to prevent their harm to the environment [7–11]. In the last of the foregoing studies, the author reported that developed countries have serious precautions to protect the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020 0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
2
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Fig. 1. Egg shells.
environment against waste, whereas, many developing countries have loose ones or none. Various studies claim that wastes can be used both to make new products and as additives both to use natural sources efficiently and to prevent environmental problems [12]. Using waste materials in concrete production has also been considered in some other studies [13,14]. A number of studies have especially dealt with the use of PET as aggregate or fiber [15–25]. Polyethylene is encountered in different forms in daily life and is, then, recycled for multiple use [24,25]. It is wellknown that radioactivity shielding performance of mortars is very important for radiotherapy rooms, nuclear reactors and similar buildings [26]. High density concrete has also been used for radioactivity shielding. The use of high-density concrete decreases the required thickness of the concrete barriers. However, its disadvantage is its high cost. Lead, as an additive in concrete mix and as a cover on concrete and some nano particles as additives have also been used to increase radioactivity shielding of walls [27,28]. However, using egg shells as an additive, proposed in the present study, will be more feasible, since it is a reuse of a waste material. In a recent study [29], for improving the strength and permeability of concrete, egg shell powder was used. According to the July 2011 report of the Statistical Institute of Turkey, the number of eggs produced in a year is 1.05 billion [30]. Varying with the size of the egg, the average weight of the shell of an egg being about 8– 9 g the annual egg shell waste produced is roughly 8.4 thousand
tons, which is more than sufficient for industrial usage. Nowadays, with the increasing industrial development, energy requirement and production is rapidly increasing, too. Due to the rapid industrial development in the world, more and more environmental problems have become unavoidable. It is widely known
Fig. 2. Flexure strength test.
Table 1 The chemical composition of the egg shells. Components
(%)
Calcium carbonate Magnesium Calcium phosphate Organic materials Sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese
94–97 0.2–1.0 0.2–1.0 2–3.3 0.1
Table 2 Sample names and mix proportions. Sample names
R S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Mortar components Water (g)
Cement (g)
Sand (g)
Egg shells (g)
225 225 225 225 225 225 225
450 450 450 450 450 450 450
1350 1282 1214 1146 1078 1010 675
– 68 136 204 272 340 675
Temperature of fresh mortar (°C) 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5
Fig. 3. Compressive strength test.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
3
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
that waste egg shells emerge from most food factories and pastry shops [31]. Since egg shells require special handling for disposal, their industrial use is of great importance. As mentioned in many previous studies, research on egg shells as building material has not been worked on, sufficiently, yet [32]. In the present study, the radionuclide concentration of mortars containing cement, sand and egg shells as building materials, was investigated. Taking into consideration the mixing ratios used and the radionuclide concentration values obtained in the present work, together with those given in the international literature, the effects of these materials were assessed from a radiological point of view. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Cement and sand An ordinary Portland cement CEM I and Rilem standard sand were used for all concrete mixtures.
2.1.2. Egg shells In this study, egg shells obtained from bakeries ground to 0–1 mm size were used (Fig. 1). The chemical composition of the egg shells is given in Table 1. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Preparation of mortars In the preparation of mortars, cement conforming with EN 196-1, standard Rilem sand and egg shells were used. The sample names, the mixing ratios and the materials used are given in Table 2. While preparing the sample mortars, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 50% by mass of sand was replaced by ground egg shells. The contents of the mixtures were precisely weighed and carefully stirred. The specimens were all cured under the same conditions at room temperature in a pool filled with tap water. 2.2.2. Flexural strengths of mortars Flexural loading tool layout (Fig. 2) involves three cylinders of 100 mm diameter, two of which form the supports, which are 100 ± 0.5 mm apart, and the third one midway between them is the loading cylinder. The three vertical planes passing through the axes of these cylinders were parallel and had to remain parallel during the whole test. The prismatic mortar sample with its axis normal to these planes was mounted with one of the mold surfaces resting on the support cylinders. 7 different mixture types, with 3 specimens of each type, were made with dimensions 4 4 16 cm. They were tested in accordance with EN 196-1 Turkish Standard at a rate of (50 ± 10) N/s. till they broke (Fig. 2). This experiment was carried out for each mortar type and at the end of each of the 7, 28 and 90 days periods. 2.2.3. Compressive strengths of mortars Compressive and flexure strengths of samples were determined according to EN 196-1 standard. The half prisms obtained at the end of the flexure tests were used in the compressive strength tests. During these tests the upload speed was (2400 ± 200) N/s (Fig. 3). 2.2.4. Sulfate resistance of mortars Egg shells, used in the production of the samples, were ground to sand-size. For the production of doped samples 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 50% by mass of sand in control specimen mortar was replaced by egg shells. Samples produced with 4 4 16 cm dimensions were kept in tap water for 28 days. Then, they were removed from the pool and put in oven at 105 °C to be kept there for 24 h. The samples were, then, weighed on a precision scale and incubated in 10% sodium sulfate solution for 90 days. Then, they were removed from the solution and their compressive strengths and mass losses were determined (Fig. 4).
7,2 7,6
90 Days
4,6 5,1 5,3
5,2
6,3
6,9
7,0
28 Days
7,9 8,3
8,4
7,6 5,0
1,9 2,3 2,5
Flexure strength (MPa)
9,0
8,6 8,9
9,6 9,8
7 Days
6,1 6,5
Fig. 4. Prismatic mortar samples exposed to Na2SO4 solutions for 90 days.
2.2.5. The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars First of all the dimensions of each sample were measured. The linear radiation absorption coefficient measurements were made in the Radiation Laboratory of the Physics Department of K.S.U. using the radioisotope source of the Am-241 as a source of radiation. In this study, an Si(Li) solid state detector with 155 eV resolution at 59.60 keV was used. The spectra obtained was counted and an S 100 card was used to evaluate the results. The linear absorption coefficients were determined by measuring what percentages of the rays coming at two different energy levels were passing and what percentages were absorbed while traveling through the samples (Fig. 4). The linear absorption coefficients were obtained by the following formula:
3,0
1,0 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 5. Flexural strengths of mortar samples.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
30,0
22,4
26,7
30,7 34,1
33,9 38,5
37,1 42,1
46,5
49,1
90 Days
30,2
40,0
28 Days
39,6 42,3
50,0
44,3
Compressive strength (Mpa)
60,0
42,6 46,2 51,4
51,7 55,2
7 Days
36,5 40,7
4
20,0 10,0 0,0
R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 6. Compressive strengths of mortar samples.
4,0
40,0
3,4
3,3
3,1
3,0
2,9 2,6
2,5
2,2
2,0
1,7
1,5 1,0 0,5
Compressive strength (Mpa)
Flexural strength (Mpa)
3,5
35,0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
27,9
30,0 25,0
19,6
20,0
13,4
10,8
5,0 0,0
R
S1
S2
Samples
l¼
16,3
10,0
S6
Fig. 7. Flexural strengths of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
17,1
15,0
0,0 R
35,2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 8. Compressive strengths of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
lnðIx =Io Þ x
30 25,7
ln: operator of natural logarithm, Io: number of radiation rays entering the sample, Ix: number of rays passing through the sample, l: absorption coefficient (cm1), x: sample thickness (cm).
3. Discussion 3.1. Flexural strengths of mortar samples 7, 28 and 90-day flexural strengths of mortar samples are shown in Fig. 5. It is observed that in all doped samples as the additive ratio increases the 7, 28 and 90-day flexural strengths decrease (Fig. 5). This can be explained by the low strength of egg shells.
3.2. Compressive strengths of mortar samples 7, 28 and 90-day compressive strengths of mortar samples are given in Fig. 6. It is observed that in all doped samples, as the additive ratio increases, the compressive strength decreases (Fig. 6). This can be explained, as above, by the lower strength of egg shells compared to that of the aggregate. Moreover, as the additive ratio increases its adherence to the cement decreases.
Mass loss (%)
25 18,6
20
20,2
15,9 15 10
11,7 8,9 6,3
5 0 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 9. Mass losses of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
3.3. Flexural and compressive strengths of mortars immersed in sulfate solutions Flexural strength values of samples, after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days, are given in Fig. 7. The flexural strengths of all the doped samples decreased as the additive ratio increased. The compressive strength values of samples, after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days, are given in Fig. 8. The compressive strengths of all the doped samples decreased as the additive ratio increased. This, again, can be explained by the weakness of the egg shells compared to the aggregate and the weakening of the aggregate-binder interface.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
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H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
3,66
26 keV
3,50
0,53
0,52
1,80
1,76
1,98 0,51
0,50
0,49
1,00
0,47
1,50
0,46
1,49
2,00
1,91
2,50
2,24
3,00
0,45
Linear absorption coefficients (cm-1)
59.6 keV 4,00
0,00 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 10. Linear absorption coefficients of mortar samples.
3.4. Mass loss of mortars immersed in sulfate solutions Mass loss percentages of mortar samples determined after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days are given in Fig. 9. In all doped samples, an increase in the egg shell ratio resulted with an increase in the mass loss. Mass losses of the samples placed in sulfate media slurry can be explained by the microstructure. So, the mortar aggregate – cement interface has been weakened because of the egg powder.
of radiotherapi rooms, nuclear reactors and similar buildings. The preliminary results, obtained, are of scientific value and may be used for further researches. Future studies, planned to be carried out later, will establish a suitable procedure to improve the radioactivity shielding of concrete structures. Those further studies will be focused on the microstructure of mortars made with egg shells and explain further the reason behind this positive effect on the radiation penetration. 4. Conclusion
3.5. The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars are given in Fig. 10. The radiation absorbtion coefficient limits at different energy levels can be different. At the moment, to the knowledge of the authors, there is no obligation in any Standard, about the level to which the additives should decrease the radiation permeability of concrete. Actually, there is no harm or risk in preventing the permeability completely, if it could be possible. The increase in the linear absorption coefficient with the increase in the egg shell ratio can be explained by the sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese and the high ratio of CaCO3 content of egg shells. At both energy levels, 59.6 and 26.1 keV, an increase in the egg shell powder additive ratio increased the radiation absorption coefficient, as well. So, it is obvious that in places exposed to radiation at harmful levels waste egg shells can be utilized in the production of concrete to decrease the harmful effect of radiation. Presently, the protection of concrete walls against radiation is realized by lead powder additive and lead covers or too thick walls, all of which are much more expensive solutions compared to that proposed in the present study. With the proposed solution, currently non-recyclable waste egg shells can be evaluated instead of causing pollution and additional discharge problems. The egg shell doped samples have been observed to have improved, from the radiation permeability point of view. Doped samples were found to have improved by having higher linear radiation absorption coefficients with an increase in the additive percentage. Hence, it is obvious that mortars with egg shell additive can be used in regions where radiation isolation prevention is very important for the health of people, in which case, strength decrease can be overcome by sacrificing economy to some extent by increasing the dimensions of concrete and using more reinforcement. Present study showed that, concrete made by adding egg shell particles, can be used for shielding radiation in the construction
Radioactivity shielding performance of mortars is very important for radiotherapi rooms, nuclear reactors and similar buildings [29]. To this end, this research provides sufficient information for the use of egg shells as an additive to increase the radiation absorption property of mortars. References [1] Binici H, Aksogan O, Shah T. Investigation of fibre reinforced mud brick as a building material. Constr Build Mater 2005;19:313–8. [2] Binici H, Aksogan O, Bodur MN, Akca E, Kapur S. Thermal isolation and mechanical properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks as wall materials. Constr Build Mater 2007;21:901–6. [3] Binici H, Aksogan O, Bakbak D, Kaplan H, Isik B. Sound insulation of fibre reinforced mud brick walls. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:1035–41. [4] Binici H, Temiz H, Aksogan O, Ulusoy A. The engineering properties of fired brick incorporating textile waste ash and basaltic pumice. J Fac Eng Architec Gazi Univ 2009;24:485–98. [5] Binici H, Temiz H, Aksogan O, Ulusoy A. The use of fly ash and basaltic pumice as additives in the production of clay fired brick in Turkey. Int J Mater Res 2010;101:887–93. [6] Cicek T, Tanriverdi M. Lime based steam autoclaved fly ash bricks. Constr Build Mater 2007;21:1295–300. [7] Mazzilli B, Palmiro V, Saueia C, Nisti MB. Radiochemical characterization of Brazilian phosphogypsum. J Environ Radioact 2000;49:113–22. [8] Somlai J, Jobbagy V, Nemeth C, Gorjanacz Z, Kavasi N, Kovacs T. Radiation dose from coal slag used as building material in the Transdanubian region of Hungary. Radiat Prot Dosimet 2006;118:82–7. [9] Binici H, Shah T, Aksogan O, Kaplan H. Durability of mortar made with granite and marble as recycle aggregates. J Mater Process Technol 2008;208:299–308. [10] Binici H. Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates on mortar properties. Constr Build Mater 2007;21:1191–7. [11] Karasahin M, Terzi S. Evaluation of marble waste dust in the mixture of asphaltic concrete. Constr Build Mater 2007;3:616–20. [12] Binici H, Kaplan H, Yılmaz S. Influence of marble and limestone dusts as additives on some mechanical properties of concrete. Sci Res Essay 2007;3:372–9. [13] Manaseer AA, Dalal TR. Concrete containing plastic aggregates. Concr Int 1997;19:47–52. [14] Soroushian P, Plasencia J, Ravanbakhsh S. Assessment of reinforcing effects of recycled plastic and paper in concrete. ACI Mater J 2003;100:203–7. [15] Batayneh M, Marie I, Asi I. Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Waste Manage 2007;27:1870–6.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
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[16] Choi YW, Moon DJ, Chung JS, Cho SK. Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete. Cem Concr Res 2005;35:776–81. [17] Marzouk OY, Dheilly RM, Queneudec M. Valorization of post-consumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites. Waste Manage 2007;27:310–8. [18] Choi YW, Moon DJ, Kim YJ, Lachemi M. Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:2829–35. [19] Akcaozoglu S, Atis CD, Akcaozoglu K. An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste Manage 2010;30:285–90. [20] Silva DA, Betioli AM, Gleize PJP, Roman HR, Gomez LA, Ribeiro JLD. Degradation of recycled PET fibers in Portland cement-based materials. Cem Concr Res 2005;35:1741–6. [21] Ochi T, Okubo S, Fukui K. Development of recycled PET fiber and its application as concrete-reinforcing fiber. Cem Concr Compos 2007;29:448–55. [22] Kim JHJ, Park CG, Lee SW, Won JP. Effects of the geometry of recycled PET fiber reinforcement on shrinkage cracking of cement-based composites. Compos Part B Eng 2008;3:441–50. [23] Kim SB, Yi NH, Kim HY, Kim JJ, Song YC. Material and structural performance evaluation of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Compos 2010;32:232–40. [24] Mahdi F, Abbas H, Khan AA. Strength characteristics of polymer mortar and concrete using different compositions of resins derived from post-consumer PET bottles. Constr Build Mater 2010;24:25–36.
[25] Siddique R, Khatib J, Kaur I. Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a review. Waste Manage 2008;28:1835–52. [26] Egwuonwu GN, Bukar PH, Avaa A. Investigation of the use of Ishiagu Galena concrete in E-M radiation shielding. Leonardo Electr J Pract Technol 2012;20:61–4. [27] Rajavikraman RS. Novel method for radiation shielding using nano-concrete composite. Int J Mater Sci Eng 2013;1:20–3. [28] Sang L, Ann M, Donald B. Assessing aggregates for radiation-shielding concrete. Concr Int 2013;31:33–8. [29] Sivakumar M, Mahendran N. Strength and permeability properties of concrete using fly ash, rise husk ash and egg shell powder. J Theoret Appl Inform Technol 2014;66:489–99. [30] Turkey statistical agency, 2014. [31] Binici H, Temiz H, Sevinç HS, Eken M, Kucukonder A, Ergul T. Linear absorption coefficients of mortar samples made with the egg shell. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ J Eng Sci 2013;16:11–7 (in Turkish). [32] Yuliarahmadila BE, Khairul NMY. The appropriateness of egg shell as filler in hot mix asphalt, ww.academia.edu/3753542/The use of eggshell in hot mix asphalt concrete.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells Hanifi Binici a,⇑, Orhan Aksogan b, Ahmet H. Sevinc a, Erdi Cinpolat a a b
Kahramanmarasß Sutcu Imam University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kahramanmarasß 46100, Turkey Department of Civil Engineering, Toros University, Mersin 33140, Turkey
h i g h l i g h t s
g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
The egg shell wastes can be used
Egg shells.
against radiation effects. The radiation shielding increased in the samples with increasing egg shell ratio. Egg shells may be used in regions where radiation is effective. Such concrete can easily be used in walls for radiation shielding. The results of present study may be used for further researches.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 January 2015 Received in revised form 19 March 2015 Accepted 1 May 2015 Available online xxxx Keywords: Waste egg shells Radioactivity shielding Mortars
a b s t r a c t All living things and inanimate objects, i.e., humans, animals, plants, air, water and soil, both emit and are exposed to natural and artificial radiation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the use of industrial egg shell waste for the protection of buildings against external radiation effects. Towards this end, the radiation absorbing property of mortars made of cement, Rilem sand and egg shells was extensively studied. During this investigation, the possible decrease in the quality of mortars like 90-day sulfate resistance and the 7, 28 and 90 day compressive and flexural strengths were also investigated. The results showed that egg shells as an additive decreased the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortars for all the samples with different additive percentages of egg shells for all ages. However, the mix proposed satisfies the minimum compressive strength requirements of the Turkish standards. The linear absorption coefficient increased in the samples with increasing egg shell ratio, i.e., mortars with egg shells had low radioactive permeability. Hence, egg shells may be used in regions where radiation is effective. Such concrete can easily be used in walls for radiation shielding. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The recycling of waste by-products, nowadays, gaining more and more importance, a lot of research on that kind of materials ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 (344) 2801660; fax: +90 (344) 2801602. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H. Binici), [email protected] (O. Aksogan), [email protected] (A.H. Sevinc), [email protected] (E. Cinpolat).
is being carried out and such materials are utilized as additives in the production of special mortars in many countries. For example, in Turkey bricks are being made with fly ash and basaltic pumice [1–6]. Many countries have been working on how to reuse waste materials to prevent their harm to the environment [7–11]. In the last of the foregoing studies, the author reported that developed countries have serious precautions to protect the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020 0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
2
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Fig. 1. Egg shells.
environment against waste, whereas, many developing countries have loose ones or none. Various studies claim that wastes can be used both to make new products and as additives both to use natural sources efficiently and to prevent environmental problems [12]. Using waste materials in concrete production has also been considered in some other studies [13,14]. A number of studies have especially dealt with the use of PET as aggregate or fiber [15–25]. Polyethylene is encountered in different forms in daily life and is, then, recycled for multiple use [24,25]. It is wellknown that radioactivity shielding performance of mortars is very important for radiotherapy rooms, nuclear reactors and similar buildings [26]. High density concrete has also been used for radioactivity shielding. The use of high-density concrete decreases the required thickness of the concrete barriers. However, its disadvantage is its high cost. Lead, as an additive in concrete mix and as a cover on concrete and some nano particles as additives have also been used to increase radioactivity shielding of walls [27,28]. However, using egg shells as an additive, proposed in the present study, will be more feasible, since it is a reuse of a waste material. In a recent study [29], for improving the strength and permeability of concrete, egg shell powder was used. According to the July 2011 report of the Statistical Institute of Turkey, the number of eggs produced in a year is 1.05 billion [30]. Varying with the size of the egg, the average weight of the shell of an egg being about 8– 9 g the annual egg shell waste produced is roughly 8.4 thousand
tons, which is more than sufficient for industrial usage. Nowadays, with the increasing industrial development, energy requirement and production is rapidly increasing, too. Due to the rapid industrial development in the world, more and more environmental problems have become unavoidable. It is widely known
Fig. 2. Flexure strength test.
Table 1 The chemical composition of the egg shells. Components
(%)
Calcium carbonate Magnesium Calcium phosphate Organic materials Sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese
94–97 0.2–1.0 0.2–1.0 2–3.3 0.1
Table 2 Sample names and mix proportions. Sample names
R S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Mortar components Water (g)
Cement (g)
Sand (g)
Egg shells (g)
225 225 225 225 225 225 225
450 450 450 450 450 450 450
1350 1282 1214 1146 1078 1010 675
– 68 136 204 272 340 675
Temperature of fresh mortar (°C) 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5
Fig. 3. Compressive strength test.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
3
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
that waste egg shells emerge from most food factories and pastry shops [31]. Since egg shells require special handling for disposal, their industrial use is of great importance. As mentioned in many previous studies, research on egg shells as building material has not been worked on, sufficiently, yet [32]. In the present study, the radionuclide concentration of mortars containing cement, sand and egg shells as building materials, was investigated. Taking into consideration the mixing ratios used and the radionuclide concentration values obtained in the present work, together with those given in the international literature, the effects of these materials were assessed from a radiological point of view. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Cement and sand An ordinary Portland cement CEM I and Rilem standard sand were used for all concrete mixtures.
2.1.2. Egg shells In this study, egg shells obtained from bakeries ground to 0–1 mm size were used (Fig. 1). The chemical composition of the egg shells is given in Table 1. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Preparation of mortars In the preparation of mortars, cement conforming with EN 196-1, standard Rilem sand and egg shells were used. The sample names, the mixing ratios and the materials used are given in Table 2. While preparing the sample mortars, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 50% by mass of sand was replaced by ground egg shells. The contents of the mixtures were precisely weighed and carefully stirred. The specimens were all cured under the same conditions at room temperature in a pool filled with tap water. 2.2.2. Flexural strengths of mortars Flexural loading tool layout (Fig. 2) involves three cylinders of 100 mm diameter, two of which form the supports, which are 100 ± 0.5 mm apart, and the third one midway between them is the loading cylinder. The three vertical planes passing through the axes of these cylinders were parallel and had to remain parallel during the whole test. The prismatic mortar sample with its axis normal to these planes was mounted with one of the mold surfaces resting on the support cylinders. 7 different mixture types, with 3 specimens of each type, were made with dimensions 4 4 16 cm. They were tested in accordance with EN 196-1 Turkish Standard at a rate of (50 ± 10) N/s. till they broke (Fig. 2). This experiment was carried out for each mortar type and at the end of each of the 7, 28 and 90 days periods. 2.2.3. Compressive strengths of mortars Compressive and flexure strengths of samples were determined according to EN 196-1 standard. The half prisms obtained at the end of the flexure tests were used in the compressive strength tests. During these tests the upload speed was (2400 ± 200) N/s (Fig. 3). 2.2.4. Sulfate resistance of mortars Egg shells, used in the production of the samples, were ground to sand-size. For the production of doped samples 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 50% by mass of sand in control specimen mortar was replaced by egg shells. Samples produced with 4 4 16 cm dimensions were kept in tap water for 28 days. Then, they were removed from the pool and put in oven at 105 °C to be kept there for 24 h. The samples were, then, weighed on a precision scale and incubated in 10% sodium sulfate solution for 90 days. Then, they were removed from the solution and their compressive strengths and mass losses were determined (Fig. 4).
7,2 7,6
90 Days
4,6 5,1 5,3
5,2
6,3
6,9
7,0
28 Days
7,9 8,3
8,4
7,6 5,0
1,9 2,3 2,5
Flexure strength (MPa)
9,0
8,6 8,9
9,6 9,8
7 Days
6,1 6,5
Fig. 4. Prismatic mortar samples exposed to Na2SO4 solutions for 90 days.
2.2.5. The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars First of all the dimensions of each sample were measured. The linear radiation absorption coefficient measurements were made in the Radiation Laboratory of the Physics Department of K.S.U. using the radioisotope source of the Am-241 as a source of radiation. In this study, an Si(Li) solid state detector with 155 eV resolution at 59.60 keV was used. The spectra obtained was counted and an S 100 card was used to evaluate the results. The linear absorption coefficients were determined by measuring what percentages of the rays coming at two different energy levels were passing and what percentages were absorbed while traveling through the samples (Fig. 4). The linear absorption coefficients were obtained by the following formula:
3,0
1,0 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 5. Flexural strengths of mortar samples.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
30,0
22,4
26,7
30,7 34,1
33,9 38,5
37,1 42,1
46,5
49,1
90 Days
30,2
40,0
28 Days
39,6 42,3
50,0
44,3
Compressive strength (Mpa)
60,0
42,6 46,2 51,4
51,7 55,2
7 Days
36,5 40,7
4
20,0 10,0 0,0
R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 6. Compressive strengths of mortar samples.
4,0
40,0
3,4
3,3
3,1
3,0
2,9 2,6
2,5
2,2
2,0
1,7
1,5 1,0 0,5
Compressive strength (Mpa)
Flexural strength (Mpa)
3,5
35,0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
27,9
30,0 25,0
19,6
20,0
13,4
10,8
5,0 0,0
R
S1
S2
Samples
l¼
16,3
10,0
S6
Fig. 7. Flexural strengths of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
17,1
15,0
0,0 R
35,2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 8. Compressive strengths of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
lnðIx =Io Þ x
30 25,7
ln: operator of natural logarithm, Io: number of radiation rays entering the sample, Ix: number of rays passing through the sample, l: absorption coefficient (cm1), x: sample thickness (cm).
3. Discussion 3.1. Flexural strengths of mortar samples 7, 28 and 90-day flexural strengths of mortar samples are shown in Fig. 5. It is observed that in all doped samples as the additive ratio increases the 7, 28 and 90-day flexural strengths decrease (Fig. 5). This can be explained by the low strength of egg shells.
3.2. Compressive strengths of mortar samples 7, 28 and 90-day compressive strengths of mortar samples are given in Fig. 6. It is observed that in all doped samples, as the additive ratio increases, the compressive strength decreases (Fig. 6). This can be explained, as above, by the lower strength of egg shells compared to that of the aggregate. Moreover, as the additive ratio increases its adherence to the cement decreases.
Mass loss (%)
25 18,6
20
20,2
15,9 15 10
11,7 8,9 6,3
5 0 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 9. Mass losses of mortar samples after being kept in Na2SO4 solution.
3.3. Flexural and compressive strengths of mortars immersed in sulfate solutions Flexural strength values of samples, after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days, are given in Fig. 7. The flexural strengths of all the doped samples decreased as the additive ratio increased. The compressive strength values of samples, after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days, are given in Fig. 8. The compressive strengths of all the doped samples decreased as the additive ratio increased. This, again, can be explained by the weakness of the egg shells compared to the aggregate and the weakening of the aggregate-binder interface.
Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020
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H. Binici et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
3,66
26 keV
3,50
0,53
0,52
1,80
1,76
1,98 0,51
0,50
0,49
1,00
0,47
1,50
0,46
1,49
2,00
1,91
2,50
2,24
3,00
0,45
Linear absorption coefficients (cm-1)
59.6 keV 4,00
0,00 R
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Samples Fig. 10. Linear absorption coefficients of mortar samples.
3.4. Mass loss of mortars immersed in sulfate solutions Mass loss percentages of mortar samples determined after being kept in sulfate solution for 90 days are given in Fig. 9. In all doped samples, an increase in the egg shell ratio resulted with an increase in the mass loss. Mass losses of the samples placed in sulfate media slurry can be explained by the microstructure. So, the mortar aggregate – cement interface has been weakened because of the egg powder.
of radiotherapi rooms, nuclear reactors and similar buildings. The preliminary results, obtained, are of scientific value and may be used for further researches. Future studies, planned to be carried out later, will establish a suitable procedure to improve the radioactivity shielding of concrete structures. Those further studies will be focused on the microstructure of mortars made with egg shells and explain further the reason behind this positive effect on the radiation penetration. 4. Conclusion
3.5. The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars The linear absorption coefficients of the mortars are given in Fig. 10. The radiation absorbtion coefficient limits at different energy levels can be different. At the moment, to the knowledge of the authors, there is no obligation in any Standard, about the level to which the additives should decrease the radiation permeability of concrete. Actually, there is no harm or risk in preventing the permeability completely, if it could be possible. The increase in the linear absorption coefficient with the increase in the egg shell ratio can be explained by the sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese and the high ratio of CaCO3 content of egg shells. At both energy levels, 59.6 and 26.1 keV, an increase in the egg shell powder additive ratio increased the radiation absorption coefficient, as well. So, it is obvious that in places exposed to radiation at harmful levels waste egg shells can be utilized in the production of concrete to decrease the harmful effect of radiation. Presently, the protection of concrete walls against radiation is realized by lead powder additive and lead covers or too thick walls, all of which are much more expensive solutions compared to that proposed in the present study. With the proposed solution, currently non-recyclable waste egg shells can be evaluated instead of causing pollution and additional discharge problems. The egg shell doped samples have been observed to have improved, from the radiation permeability point of view. Doped samples were found to have improved by having higher linear radiation absorption coefficients with an increase in the additive percentage. Hence, it is obvious that mortars with egg shell additive can be used in regions where radiation isolation prevention is very important for the health of people, in which case, strength decrease can be overcome by sacrificing economy to some extent by increasing the dimensions of concrete and using more reinforcement. Present study showed that, concrete made by adding egg shell particles, can be used for shielding radiation in the construction
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Please cite this article in press as: Binici H et al. Mechanical and radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with cement, sand and egg shells. Constr Build Mater (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.020