- Email: [email protected]
Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material J.G.K. Kumar ⇑, R. Venkatesh Babu Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600078, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2019 Received in revised form 9 July 2019 Accepted 13 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Composite materials Coconut fiber Glass fiber Taguchi array Flax fiber
a b s t r a c t The natural fibers are cheap and easily available in India. Therefore they play an important role in automobile applications. Also, increase the environmental effect. In this research work, the composite materials are made from natural materials as a hybrid polymer matrix composite. The different materials like coconut fiber, flax and glass fibers which were made from the natural material were prepared in the form of a matrix and appropriate resins were mixed to have proper bonding of the material. Also, on the other hand, the use of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in the position of phenol, synthetically derived substance conversion. This CNSL is available in India and is cheap. The utilization of this cashew nut shell liquid is 100% free from chemical products are pure. So when this CNSL is added with the flax and glass fibers gives excellent strength to the material. The fiber is also treated with a NaOH solution was used at 5%, 15% and 20% and the duration time of treatment was increased to 72 h in order to increase the strength of the composite material. Taguchi L9 method was used for different concentration of NaOH, the volume of fiber with respect to soaking time. To find the best percentage of the mechanical test flexure strength was carried out with the help of changing the concentration at the time of treatment with NaOH. Orthogonal array called Taguchi L9 was carried out to test/design of random experiments procedure for better simplification and further the statistical a test called Analysis of Variance was carried out to test the level of significance of flexural strength of the composite material made from natural fibers. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In current situations, the critical problem is environmental pollution, which is one of the main causes of the different nonbiodegradable plastics. Hence the bio-composite materials can be replaced instead of non biodegradable materials is only the best solution to save our environment. In current scenario, throughout the world the usage of natural material is rapidly increasing and production of these materials from the natural fibers is also increasing rapidly [1]. In the case of hybrid composites, the disposal and biodegradable is the main reason. The different applications of the biodegradable materials in case of vehicle industry is different components can be made for any kind of automobile [2]. The mechanical properties will be reduced in the case of renewable polymer resources since they are more sensitive to moisture [3]. Whereas in case of fibers made from synthetic, which are most costly and manufacturing and production of this kind of ⇑ Corresponding author.
fibers lead to the carbon footprint. Hence the natural fibers like coconut, jute, and glass fibers are the best material and abundantly available in India, throughout the year. Even though there are lots of advantages with natural fibers, there are some drawbacks of the reinforced natural fibers, absorption of moisture absorption and very weak bonding between the laminated fibers, in case if there is a poor bonding, the mechanical properties will be dramatically reduced and hence it is not useful as material. Hence the different procedures are available to have proper bonding of the material. The best method for bonding is low alkali NaOH concentration treatment, which gives the increase in thermal and mechanical properties of the natural fibers. In this work, the hybrid polymer matrix was used as matrix. Jute and glass fiber is used with the help of coconut char to increase the mechanical properties of the matrix and finally to increase the strength of the material. Venkatachalam et al. studied that the natural fibers made from flax and aloevera gave the increased mechanical properties when it is made with matrix format [5]. Chensong Dong et al. [20] found that the different flexural properties of the nutshell particles when it is
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
2
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
reinforced polyester composites. Different fractions in weight of the nutshell particles 5%, 15%, 25%, and 40% were selected for investigation purpose. The value of flexural modulus was determined with the help of a micromechanical instrument. Further, the experimental values have shown that the flexural modulus was dramatically improved when the weight fraction of nutshell particle increased when decreased by increasing the void matter. By keep on adding the particles of the nutshell does not improve the values of the flexural strength of the polyester. Therefore the flexural strength will minimize when improving the void content. Kamila Salasinka et al. [21] targeted to improve the waste of the composite materials with the help of the sunflower husk and also from the pistachio shell by avoiding the utilization of different additives. Also, it was noticed that about 65% of the husk of sunflower grains were from size of 190 lm to 860 lm and about 90% of the pistachio shell particles were found less than size of around 65 lm. Hence the produced materials were noticed of their mechanical properties like tensile, impact, hardness, young’s modulus and dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The prepared and produced specimens of the composites were in the form of solid materials; contain porosities less than 5%. Beckry et al. [22] tested that the different properties of the E-glass with epoxy composite materials before and after mechanical testing and also the moisture conditions. The results shown that the strength, modulus, and strain of the E-glass and epoxy composite material are greatly affected. The different testing specimens at the temperature of 600° centigrade for about 1000 h show the higher loss in modulus.
Fig. 2. Prepared composite material for testing.
2. Experiment procedure Fig. 3. Non pre-treated coconut coir fiber.
In this work, naturally occurring fibers on the branches of the palm tree are used as reinforcement. The following dimensions of the prepared samples were taken for testing. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Length of the specimen = 150 mm Width of the specimen = 30 mm The thickness of the specimen = 3 mm Cross-sectional area of the specimen = 30 3 = 90 mm2
The fibers are treated with Sodium Hydroxide solution (shown in Fig. 1). The NaOH concentrations used are 5%, 15%, and 25%. The duration of treatment considered is 6, 12 and 24 h. 3 sets of hybrid polymers are prepared with cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) being %, 15%, and 25%. The prepared samples are shown in Fig. 2 (Figs. 3–7). The design of the experimental procedure results in the following Table 1 for the Taguchi L9. The different samples were prepared as per the ASTM standards for variable concentration of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for different weight percentages of 5, 15 and 25. On the testing machine, the flexural test was performed for different prepared specimens. Fig. 9 shows the sample undergoing flexural test and Fig. 8 presents the samples which were under tested. The following dimensions of the specimen were taken for flexural test analysis and followed ASTM2344 Standard (Fig. 10; Table 2).
Fig. 4. Pre-treated coconut coir fiber.
Fig. 1. Treated fiber.
Fig. 5. Non pre-treated oil palm fiber.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
3
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Design of random experiments based on Taguchi L9. Sample number
Concentration (NaOH %)
Fibre volume (in %)
Soak time (in hours)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 15
0.444 0.89 1.34 0.89 1.34 0.444 1.34 0.444 0.89
6 12 24 6 12 24 6 12 24
Fig. 6. Pre-treated oil palm fiber.
Thickness (t) = 2.5 mm Width (w) = 6.5 mm Length (L) = 25 mm Distance between the two supports (s) = (4 ± 0.1) t
3. Experimental analysis 3.1. SN ratio plots The effect of the different parameters of the composite material, when the specimen undergoes stress, is shown in Figs. 11–13. The volume of the fiber is directly proportional to the ultimate flexural stress. The optimum value of the stress value is around 1.4%. Different experiments were conducted to get to predict optimal value. For the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) with 5 percentage composites, the stress was reduced, when the concentration of the alkali is increased between the range 5–15 percentage. Therefore the optimum concentration was 5 percentages. When the percentage of CNSL is increased, the strengthen properties were found reduced, because of more natural CNSL, hence the optimum and minimum percentage is 5%. However, there is a considerable increase in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the alkali treatment duration is further increased to 24 h; hence the optimum alkali duration is 24 h. If the alkali concentration was increased, which damages the surface of the material? Hence low concentration gives better properties of the composite material. From Fig. 14, the line of SN ratio seems to be like straight line because, the ratio of small and big values will change dramatically. Because of different source and tested values, it may be a sinusoidal or straight line. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was mixed with the hybrid matrix composite at different percentages like 12 and 25. And also it is noticed that the volume of the fiber
Fig. 8. Prepared samples.
Fig. 9. Flexural test analysis setup.
was directly proportional to the flexural stress. If the concentration of NaOH was increased around 10 percentage, the ultimate flexural stress was decreased. ASTM2344 standard was used for testing
Fig. 7. SEM image of Flax fiber.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
4
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 10. Samples after test.
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 18:2 0:0233 NaOH in %
Table 2 Ultimate flexural stress in MPa. Sample number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
þ 2:23 Fiber Volume
Different percentage of CNSL CNSL 5%
CNSL 15%
CNSL 25%
24.73 25.59 26.47 25.45 26.03 24.6 26.26 24.34 25.69
19.53 20.47 21.47 19.37 21.19 19.38 21.33 19.09 20.35
3.42 4.4 3.74 2.98 3.52 3.39 3.66 3.38 3.41
ð2Þ
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 3:61 0:0370 NaOH in % þ 0:271 Fiber Volume þ 0:0046 Soak time
purpose. But if the concentration of alkali was increased by about 15 percentages, the stress was increased. From all the above results, concluded that the optimum concentration was 5 percentages. In the case of composites with 15% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), the Ultimate Flexural Stress is directly proportional to soak time. Thus, the optimum soak time is 24 h. On the contrary for 25% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) composites, there is an increase in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the soak time is increased from 6 h to 12 h. There is a substantial decrease in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the alkali treatment duration is increased to 24 h. Therefore the optimum soak time, in this case, is 12 h. 3.2. Equations of regression
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 23:8 0:0167 NaOH in % þ 1:89 Fiber Volume þ 0:00825 Soak time
þ 0:0172 Soak time
ð1Þ
ð3Þ
NaOH – concentration of alkali solution; fiber volume – percentage of palm fibers; Soak time – duration of alkali treatment in hours. The different equations of regression were obtained to find the best ultimate Flexural Stress values for the different values of parameters like the concentration of alkali, the volume of the fiber and how long the treatment had been performed. As mentioned in the above the different Eqs. (1)–(3) represent the equations of regression for different 5, 15 and 25 percent of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) composite respectively. 4. Results and discussion After the different specimens were prepared and tested the different mechanical property of the specimen like flexural strength the specimen has been increased at 5% CNSL. The void content of the composite material has been increased greatly the strength of the composite specimen decreases. Therefore the flexural strength of the composite materials keeps on fluctuates when the percentage of the weight changes. Also, the regressing equations had been made with the help of NaOH solution with different fiber volumes and soaking time as in the above Eqs. (1)–(3). Also, it was
Fig. 11. L9 Taguchi array for design of experiments.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Fig. 12. Fiber volume SN ratio–effect of plot.
Fig. 13. NaOH concentration–effect plot for signal to noise ratio.
Fig. 14. Soak time–SN ratio effect of plot.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
6
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
noticed that the composites with nearly 15% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) give the Ultimate Flexural Stress is directly proportional to the soak time of 1 day. Thus, the optimum soak time is 24 h. 5. Conclusion If the fiber volume is increased up to 1.4% the flexural strength was increased by about 8.5%. Similarly, when the soak time duration of treatment of alkali was changed, there was an increment of stress value about 0.5% was noticed. From this, it is known that the volume of the fiber has a clear effect on the ultimate stress values. Even though there are lot of Taguchi methods were applied for natural fibers, here the different values had been taken for different timings and the best soaking time is selected as 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. Acknowledgments We thank all the staff who guided day and late evenings for obtaining results of the prepared specimens in Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India. References [1] M.K. Gupta, R.K. Srivastava, Thermal and moisture absorption property of hybrid hemp and aloevera epoxy composit, Adv. Polym. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 5 (2015) 51–54. [2] M. Boopalan, M. Niranjana, M.J. Umapathy, Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of aloevera and banana fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Compos. Part B 51 (2013) 54–57. [3] L.A. Pothan, Z. Oommen, S. Thomas, Dynamic mech-anical analysis of banana fibre reinforced polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 283–293. [5] D. Shanmugam, M. Thiruchitrambalam, Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidir-ectional continuous palmyra palm leaf stalk fibre/aloevera fibre reinforced hybrid polyester composites, Mater. Des. 50 (2013) 533–542. [20] Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Flexural properties of macadamia nutshell particle reinforced polyester composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 43 (7) (2012) 2751–2756. [21] K. Salasinska, M. Polka, M. Gloc, J. Ryszkowska, Natural fiber composites: the effect of the kind and content of filler on the dimensional and fire stability of polyolefin-based composite (2016), doi: dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.255. [22] K Berketis Beckry, D. Tzetzis, P.J. Hogg, The influence of long term water immersion ageing on impact damage behaviour and residual compression strength of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), Mater. Design 29 (2007) 1300–1310.
Further reading [4] M.K. Gupta, R.K. Srivastava, Mechanical properties of hybrid fibres reinforced polymer composite: a review, Polym. Plast. Tech. Eng. 55 (2016) 626–642. [6] J.H.S.A. Junior, H.L.O. Junior, S.C. Amico, Study on hybrid intralaminate curaua/glass composites, Mater. Des. 42 (2012) 111–117.
[7] Giovanna Ranocchiai, Mario Fagone, Federica Loccarini, Strength evaluation of jute fabric for the reinforcement of rammed earth structures, Florence Compos. Part B 113 (2017) 1–13. [8] A. Shadrach Jeya Sekaran, K. Palani Kumar, K. Pitchandi, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38 (2015) 1183. [9] D. Saheb, J.P. Jog, Adv. Polym. Technol. 18 (1999) 351. [10] D. Hristozov, L. Wroblewski, P. Sadeghian, Compos. Part B 95 (2016) 82. [11] F. Ahmad, H.S. Choi, M.K. Park, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 300 (2015) 10. [12] S. Rwawiire, B. Tomkova, J. Militky, A. Jabbar, B.M. Kale, Compos. Part B 81 (2015) 149. [13] R. Mangal, N.S. Saxena, M.S. Sreekala, S. Thomas, K. Singh, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 339 (2003) 281. [14] B.F. Yousif, S.T.W. Lau, S. McWilliam, Tribol. Int. 43 (2010) 503. [15] A. Hadjadj, O. Jbara, A. Tara, M. Gilliot, F. Malek, E.M. Maafi, L. Tighzert, Compos. Struct. 135 (2016) 217. [16] K. Anbukarasi, S. Kalaiselvam, Mater. Des. 66 (2015) 321. [17] M.J.M. Ridzuan, M.S. Abdul Majid, M. Afendi, S.N. Aqmariah Kanafiah, J.M. Zahri, A.G. Gibson, Mater. Des. 89 (2016) 839. [18] S.K. Garkhail, R.W.H. Heijenrath, T. Peijs, Appl. Compos. Mater. 7 (2000) 351. [19] A. Devaraju, Influence of fiber percentage on Mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials, J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. 2 (13) (2015) 1–5. [23] L.A. Pothan, Z. Oommen, S. Thomas, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 283. [24] P.V. Joseph, M.S. Rabello, L.H.C. Mattoso, K. Joseph, S. Thomas, Compos. Sci. Technol. 62 (2002) 1357. [25] A. Keller, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 1307. [26] S. Harish, D. Peter Michael, A. Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, A. Rajadurai, Mater. Charact. 60 (2009) 44. [27] B. Sreevani, M. Murali Mohan, Static and dynamic analysis of single plate clutch, Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4 (9) (2015). [28] Vishal J. Deshbhratar, Nagnath U. Kakde, Design and structural analysis of single plate friction clutch, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2 (10) (2013) 3726–3732. [29] G. Kannan, K. Krishnamoorthy, K. Loheswaran, Review on different materials utilized in clutch plate, South Asian J. Eng. Technol. 2 (23) (2016) 135–142. [30] Anil Jadhav, Gauri Salvi, Santosh Ukamnal, P. Baskar, Static structural analysis of multiplate clutch with different friction materials, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2 (11) (2013) 3173–3178. [31] Abhijit Devaraj, Design optimization of a kevlar 29 single disk friction clutch plate based on static analysis using analyse, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol. 4 (8) (2015) 843–849. [32] A. Rama Krishna Reddy, P.H.V. SeshaTalpa Sai, D. Mangeelal, Design modeling and analysis of a single plate clutch, Int. J. Mag. Eng. Technol. Manage. Res. 2 (8) (2015) 2134–2139. [33] Sagar Olekar, Kiran Chaudhary, Anil Jadhav, P. Baskar, Structural analysis of multiplate clutch, IOSR J. Mech. Civil Eng. 10 (1) (2013) 07–11. [34] Ganesh Raut, Anil Manjare, P. Bhaskar, Analysis of multidisc clutch using FEA, Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 6 (1) (2013) 5–8. [35] Modepalli Gowtham, Clutch assembly modeling and dynamic analysis, Int. J. Mech. Product. Eng. 3 (11) (2015) 102–107. [36] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14252– 14257. [37] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [38] P. Saravanan, A. Devaraju, Improving Mechanical Properties of Palm Sheath Composites Using Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH] Treatment, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14355–14361. [39] M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufi, M.N. Belgacem, A. Dufresne, Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading, Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 (7–8) (2007) 1627–1639.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material J.G.K. Kumar ⇑, R. Venkatesh Babu Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600078, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2019 Received in revised form 9 July 2019 Accepted 13 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Composite materials Coconut fiber Glass fiber Taguchi array Flax fiber
a b s t r a c t The natural fibers are cheap and easily available in India. Therefore they play an important role in automobile applications. Also, increase the environmental effect. In this research work, the composite materials are made from natural materials as a hybrid polymer matrix composite. The different materials like coconut fiber, flax and glass fibers which were made from the natural material were prepared in the form of a matrix and appropriate resins were mixed to have proper bonding of the material. Also, on the other hand, the use of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in the position of phenol, synthetically derived substance conversion. This CNSL is available in India and is cheap. The utilization of this cashew nut shell liquid is 100% free from chemical products are pure. So when this CNSL is added with the flax and glass fibers gives excellent strength to the material. The fiber is also treated with a NaOH solution was used at 5%, 15% and 20% and the duration time of treatment was increased to 72 h in order to increase the strength of the composite material. Taguchi L9 method was used for different concentration of NaOH, the volume of fiber with respect to soaking time. To find the best percentage of the mechanical test flexure strength was carried out with the help of changing the concentration at the time of treatment with NaOH. Orthogonal array called Taguchi L9 was carried out to test/design of random experiments procedure for better simplification and further the statistical a test called Analysis of Variance was carried out to test the level of significance of flexural strength of the composite material made from natural fibers. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In current situations, the critical problem is environmental pollution, which is one of the main causes of the different nonbiodegradable plastics. Hence the bio-composite materials can be replaced instead of non biodegradable materials is only the best solution to save our environment. In current scenario, throughout the world the usage of natural material is rapidly increasing and production of these materials from the natural fibers is also increasing rapidly [1]. In the case of hybrid composites, the disposal and biodegradable is the main reason. The different applications of the biodegradable materials in case of vehicle industry is different components can be made for any kind of automobile [2]. The mechanical properties will be reduced in the case of renewable polymer resources since they are more sensitive to moisture [3]. Whereas in case of fibers made from synthetic, which are most costly and manufacturing and production of this kind of ⇑ Corresponding author.
fibers lead to the carbon footprint. Hence the natural fibers like coconut, jute, and glass fibers are the best material and abundantly available in India, throughout the year. Even though there are lots of advantages with natural fibers, there are some drawbacks of the reinforced natural fibers, absorption of moisture absorption and very weak bonding between the laminated fibers, in case if there is a poor bonding, the mechanical properties will be dramatically reduced and hence it is not useful as material. Hence the different procedures are available to have proper bonding of the material. The best method for bonding is low alkali NaOH concentration treatment, which gives the increase in thermal and mechanical properties of the natural fibers. In this work, the hybrid polymer matrix was used as matrix. Jute and glass fiber is used with the help of coconut char to increase the mechanical properties of the matrix and finally to increase the strength of the material. Venkatachalam et al. studied that the natural fibers made from flax and aloevera gave the increased mechanical properties when it is made with matrix format [5]. Chensong Dong et al. [20] found that the different flexural properties of the nutshell particles when it is
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
2
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
reinforced polyester composites. Different fractions in weight of the nutshell particles 5%, 15%, 25%, and 40% were selected for investigation purpose. The value of flexural modulus was determined with the help of a micromechanical instrument. Further, the experimental values have shown that the flexural modulus was dramatically improved when the weight fraction of nutshell particle increased when decreased by increasing the void matter. By keep on adding the particles of the nutshell does not improve the values of the flexural strength of the polyester. Therefore the flexural strength will minimize when improving the void content. Kamila Salasinka et al. [21] targeted to improve the waste of the composite materials with the help of the sunflower husk and also from the pistachio shell by avoiding the utilization of different additives. Also, it was noticed that about 65% of the husk of sunflower grains were from size of 190 lm to 860 lm and about 90% of the pistachio shell particles were found less than size of around 65 lm. Hence the produced materials were noticed of their mechanical properties like tensile, impact, hardness, young’s modulus and dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The prepared and produced specimens of the composites were in the form of solid materials; contain porosities less than 5%. Beckry et al. [22] tested that the different properties of the E-glass with epoxy composite materials before and after mechanical testing and also the moisture conditions. The results shown that the strength, modulus, and strain of the E-glass and epoxy composite material are greatly affected. The different testing specimens at the temperature of 600° centigrade for about 1000 h show the higher loss in modulus.
Fig. 2. Prepared composite material for testing.
2. Experiment procedure Fig. 3. Non pre-treated coconut coir fiber.
In this work, naturally occurring fibers on the branches of the palm tree are used as reinforcement. The following dimensions of the prepared samples were taken for testing. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Length of the specimen = 150 mm Width of the specimen = 30 mm The thickness of the specimen = 3 mm Cross-sectional area of the specimen = 30 3 = 90 mm2
The fibers are treated with Sodium Hydroxide solution (shown in Fig. 1). The NaOH concentrations used are 5%, 15%, and 25%. The duration of treatment considered is 6, 12 and 24 h. 3 sets of hybrid polymers are prepared with cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) being %, 15%, and 25%. The prepared samples are shown in Fig. 2 (Figs. 3–7). The design of the experimental procedure results in the following Table 1 for the Taguchi L9. The different samples were prepared as per the ASTM standards for variable concentration of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for different weight percentages of 5, 15 and 25. On the testing machine, the flexural test was performed for different prepared specimens. Fig. 9 shows the sample undergoing flexural test and Fig. 8 presents the samples which were under tested. The following dimensions of the specimen were taken for flexural test analysis and followed ASTM2344 Standard (Fig. 10; Table 2).
Fig. 4. Pre-treated coconut coir fiber.
Fig. 1. Treated fiber.
Fig. 5. Non pre-treated oil palm fiber.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
3
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Design of random experiments based on Taguchi L9. Sample number
Concentration (NaOH %)
Fibre volume (in %)
Soak time (in hours)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 15
0.444 0.89 1.34 0.89 1.34 0.444 1.34 0.444 0.89
6 12 24 6 12 24 6 12 24
Fig. 6. Pre-treated oil palm fiber.
Thickness (t) = 2.5 mm Width (w) = 6.5 mm Length (L) = 25 mm Distance between the two supports (s) = (4 ± 0.1) t
3. Experimental analysis 3.1. SN ratio plots The effect of the different parameters of the composite material, when the specimen undergoes stress, is shown in Figs. 11–13. The volume of the fiber is directly proportional to the ultimate flexural stress. The optimum value of the stress value is around 1.4%. Different experiments were conducted to get to predict optimal value. For the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) with 5 percentage composites, the stress was reduced, when the concentration of the alkali is increased between the range 5–15 percentage. Therefore the optimum concentration was 5 percentages. When the percentage of CNSL is increased, the strengthen properties were found reduced, because of more natural CNSL, hence the optimum and minimum percentage is 5%. However, there is a considerable increase in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the alkali treatment duration is further increased to 24 h; hence the optimum alkali duration is 24 h. If the alkali concentration was increased, which damages the surface of the material? Hence low concentration gives better properties of the composite material. From Fig. 14, the line of SN ratio seems to be like straight line because, the ratio of small and big values will change dramatically. Because of different source and tested values, it may be a sinusoidal or straight line. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was mixed with the hybrid matrix composite at different percentages like 12 and 25. And also it is noticed that the volume of the fiber
Fig. 8. Prepared samples.
Fig. 9. Flexural test analysis setup.
was directly proportional to the flexural stress. If the concentration of NaOH was increased around 10 percentage, the ultimate flexural stress was decreased. ASTM2344 standard was used for testing
Fig. 7. SEM image of Flax fiber.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
4
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 10. Samples after test.
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 18:2 0:0233 NaOH in %
Table 2 Ultimate flexural stress in MPa. Sample number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
þ 2:23 Fiber Volume
Different percentage of CNSL CNSL 5%
CNSL 15%
CNSL 25%
24.73 25.59 26.47 25.45 26.03 24.6 26.26 24.34 25.69
19.53 20.47 21.47 19.37 21.19 19.38 21.33 19.09 20.35
3.42 4.4 3.74 2.98 3.52 3.39 3.66 3.38 3.41
ð2Þ
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 3:61 0:0370 NaOH in % þ 0:271 Fiber Volume þ 0:0046 Soak time
purpose. But if the concentration of alkali was increased by about 15 percentages, the stress was increased. From all the above results, concluded that the optimum concentration was 5 percentages. In the case of composites with 15% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), the Ultimate Flexural Stress is directly proportional to soak time. Thus, the optimum soak time is 24 h. On the contrary for 25% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) composites, there is an increase in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the soak time is increased from 6 h to 12 h. There is a substantial decrease in the Ultimate Flexural Stress when the alkali treatment duration is increased to 24 h. Therefore the optimum soak time, in this case, is 12 h. 3.2. Equations of regression
Flexural Stress in MPa ¼ 23:8 0:0167 NaOH in % þ 1:89 Fiber Volume þ 0:00825 Soak time
þ 0:0172 Soak time
ð1Þ
ð3Þ
NaOH – concentration of alkali solution; fiber volume – percentage of palm fibers; Soak time – duration of alkali treatment in hours. The different equations of regression were obtained to find the best ultimate Flexural Stress values for the different values of parameters like the concentration of alkali, the volume of the fiber and how long the treatment had been performed. As mentioned in the above the different Eqs. (1)–(3) represent the equations of regression for different 5, 15 and 25 percent of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) composite respectively. 4. Results and discussion After the different specimens were prepared and tested the different mechanical property of the specimen like flexural strength the specimen has been increased at 5% CNSL. The void content of the composite material has been increased greatly the strength of the composite specimen decreases. Therefore the flexural strength of the composite materials keeps on fluctuates when the percentage of the weight changes. Also, the regressing equations had been made with the help of NaOH solution with different fiber volumes and soaking time as in the above Eqs. (1)–(3). Also, it was
Fig. 11. L9 Taguchi array for design of experiments.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Fig. 12. Fiber volume SN ratio–effect of plot.
Fig. 13. NaOH concentration–effect plot for signal to noise ratio.
Fig. 14. Soak time–SN ratio effect of plot.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398
6
J.G.K. Kumar, R. Venkatesh Babu / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
noticed that the composites with nearly 15% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) give the Ultimate Flexural Stress is directly proportional to the soak time of 1 day. Thus, the optimum soak time is 24 h. 5. Conclusion If the fiber volume is increased up to 1.4% the flexural strength was increased by about 8.5%. Similarly, when the soak time duration of treatment of alkali was changed, there was an increment of stress value about 0.5% was noticed. From this, it is known that the volume of the fiber has a clear effect on the ultimate stress values. Even though there are lot of Taguchi methods were applied for natural fibers, here the different values had been taken for different timings and the best soaking time is selected as 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. Acknowledgments We thank all the staff who guided day and late evenings for obtaining results of the prepared specimens in Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India. References [1] M.K. Gupta, R.K. Srivastava, Thermal and moisture absorption property of hybrid hemp and aloevera epoxy composit, Adv. Polym. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 5 (2015) 51–54. [2] M. Boopalan, M. Niranjana, M.J. Umapathy, Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of aloevera and banana fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Compos. Part B 51 (2013) 54–57. [3] L.A. Pothan, Z. Oommen, S. Thomas, Dynamic mech-anical analysis of banana fibre reinforced polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 283–293. [5] D. Shanmugam, M. Thiruchitrambalam, Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidir-ectional continuous palmyra palm leaf stalk fibre/aloevera fibre reinforced hybrid polyester composites, Mater. Des. 50 (2013) 533–542. [20] Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Flexural properties of macadamia nutshell particle reinforced polyester composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 43 (7) (2012) 2751–2756. [21] K. Salasinska, M. Polka, M. Gloc, J. Ryszkowska, Natural fiber composites: the effect of the kind and content of filler on the dimensional and fire stability of polyolefin-based composite (2016), doi: dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.255. [22] K Berketis Beckry, D. Tzetzis, P.J. Hogg, The influence of long term water immersion ageing on impact damage behaviour and residual compression strength of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), Mater. Design 29 (2007) 1300–1310.
Further reading [4] M.K. Gupta, R.K. Srivastava, Mechanical properties of hybrid fibres reinforced polymer composite: a review, Polym. Plast. Tech. Eng. 55 (2016) 626–642. [6] J.H.S.A. Junior, H.L.O. Junior, S.C. Amico, Study on hybrid intralaminate curaua/glass composites, Mater. Des. 42 (2012) 111–117.
[7] Giovanna Ranocchiai, Mario Fagone, Federica Loccarini, Strength evaluation of jute fabric for the reinforcement of rammed earth structures, Florence Compos. Part B 113 (2017) 1–13. [8] A. Shadrach Jeya Sekaran, K. Palani Kumar, K. Pitchandi, Bull. Mater. Sci. 38 (2015) 1183. [9] D. Saheb, J.P. Jog, Adv. Polym. Technol. 18 (1999) 351. [10] D. Hristozov, L. Wroblewski, P. Sadeghian, Compos. Part B 95 (2016) 82. [11] F. Ahmad, H.S. Choi, M.K. Park, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 300 (2015) 10. [12] S. Rwawiire, B. Tomkova, J. Militky, A. Jabbar, B.M. Kale, Compos. Part B 81 (2015) 149. [13] R. Mangal, N.S. Saxena, M.S. Sreekala, S. Thomas, K. Singh, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 339 (2003) 281. [14] B.F. Yousif, S.T.W. Lau, S. McWilliam, Tribol. Int. 43 (2010) 503. [15] A. Hadjadj, O. Jbara, A. Tara, M. Gilliot, F. Malek, E.M. Maafi, L. Tighzert, Compos. Struct. 135 (2016) 217. [16] K. Anbukarasi, S. Kalaiselvam, Mater. Des. 66 (2015) 321. [17] M.J.M. Ridzuan, M.S. Abdul Majid, M. Afendi, S.N. Aqmariah Kanafiah, J.M. Zahri, A.G. Gibson, Mater. Des. 89 (2016) 839. [18] S.K. Garkhail, R.W.H. Heijenrath, T. Peijs, Appl. Compos. Mater. 7 (2000) 351. [19] A. Devaraju, Influence of fiber percentage on Mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials, J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. 2 (13) (2015) 1–5. [23] L.A. Pothan, Z. Oommen, S. Thomas, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 283. [24] P.V. Joseph, M.S. Rabello, L.H.C. Mattoso, K. Joseph, S. Thomas, Compos. Sci. Technol. 62 (2002) 1357. [25] A. Keller, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 1307. [26] S. Harish, D. Peter Michael, A. Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, A. Rajadurai, Mater. Charact. 60 (2009) 44. [27] B. Sreevani, M. Murali Mohan, Static and dynamic analysis of single plate clutch, Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4 (9) (2015). [28] Vishal J. Deshbhratar, Nagnath U. Kakde, Design and structural analysis of single plate friction clutch, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2 (10) (2013) 3726–3732. [29] G. Kannan, K. Krishnamoorthy, K. Loheswaran, Review on different materials utilized in clutch plate, South Asian J. Eng. Technol. 2 (23) (2016) 135–142. [30] Anil Jadhav, Gauri Salvi, Santosh Ukamnal, P. Baskar, Static structural analysis of multiplate clutch with different friction materials, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2 (11) (2013) 3173–3178. [31] Abhijit Devaraj, Design optimization of a kevlar 29 single disk friction clutch plate based on static analysis using analyse, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol. 4 (8) (2015) 843–849. [32] A. Rama Krishna Reddy, P.H.V. SeshaTalpa Sai, D. Mangeelal, Design modeling and analysis of a single plate clutch, Int. J. Mag. Eng. Technol. Manage. Res. 2 (8) (2015) 2134–2139. [33] Sagar Olekar, Kiran Chaudhary, Anil Jadhav, P. Baskar, Structural analysis of multiplate clutch, IOSR J. Mech. Civil Eng. 10 (1) (2013) 07–11. [34] Ganesh Raut, Anil Manjare, P. Bhaskar, Analysis of multidisc clutch using FEA, Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 6 (1) (2013) 5–8. [35] Modepalli Gowtham, Clutch assembly modeling and dynamic analysis, Int. J. Mech. Product. Eng. 3 (11) (2015) 102–107. [36] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14252– 14257. [37] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [38] P. Saravanan, A. Devaraju, Improving Mechanical Properties of Palm Sheath Composites Using Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH] Treatment, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 14355–14361. [39] M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufi, M.N. Belgacem, A. Dufresne, Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading, Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 (7–8) (2007) 1627–1639.
Please cite this article as: J. G. K. Kumar and R. Venkatesh Babu, Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.398