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Mechanical properties of non-metallic brittle materials
BOOK REVIEWS C. E. PEARSON: Theoretical Elasticity. (Harvard Harvard University Press, 1959. 218 pp., $6.
Monographs
in Applied
Srienee, No. 6.)
Tms book is excellent for those already acquainted with elasticity theory but is a rather dilllcult introduction to the subject. It provides a concise account of the present state of the general theory and touches upon most of its aspects, with the obvious exception of Saint-Venant’s Principle. The author has made a valuable contribution to the literature of the field and the many suggestions scattered throughout the book will repay close reading by the active worker. A welcome feature is the inclusion of a clear exposition of the mathematical elements required in treating the subject. The first chapters discuss vector and tensor analysis and the rotation of axes, and the later ehapter on General Solutions starts with an introduction to potential theory. The remainder of the book is devoted to elastirity theory with the emphasis on results in the linear ease. However, the chapter on Deformation fully treats non-linear strain, while the final chapter is concerned with non-linear stress-strain relations. General solutions of the basic equations for a homogeneous body composed of isotropic or anisotropic material are discussed. All the classical methods are mentioned, such as those of Betti and ~~axwell-~orera. Variational principles and approximation methods are treated : besides those of virtual displacement, virtual stress, and Rayleigh-Ritz, that based on the hypercircle terhnique is also described. The account of the latter is elear and comprehensive, unifying many of the conclusions spread through the literature and so is particularly useful. A chapter devoted almost entirely to elementary thermodynamics establishes the ‘ linked ’ thermoelastic equations. Another considers simple forms of elastic wave motion. There are few misprints and the lay-out and printing of the book are good. One minor regret is that insuffl~~ient referenren are provided to original sources. R. J. KNOPR
Proceedings of the 3rd U.S. National Congress Society of kfechanieal Engineers, New York. 884
of Applied
Mechanics
(1958) American
pp., $20.
THIS volume contains the complete text of papers presented at the Congress. There are four general lectures, three of which are concerned with solids: ‘ Linear Thermodynamics ’ by M. A, Biot, ‘ Theories of Creep Buckling ’ by N. J. Hoff, and ‘ Rotationally Symmetric Problems in Elastic Shells ’ by E. Reissner. This preponderance of solid over fluid mechanics at the Congress is to be seen also in the papers themselves. Almost all aspects of the subject are massively represented, an esperial feature being the close blend of theory and experiment in many contributiorls. Interesting new trends and significant advanees are reported over the whole range. This was beyond doubt a quite outstanding Congress. R. HILL
Mechanical Properties Butterworths, London
of Non-metallic Brittle Materials. Edited by W. H. WALTON. New York, 1958. 492 pp., 90s.
: Inter-Science,
THIS is the proceedings of a conference organized by the Mining Researrh Establishment of the Nittional Coal Board in consultation with the Building Research Station, held in London in April,
BOOK RIWIEWS
148
1958. There me twenty-seven papers, with discussions, arrenged in four sections : Strength in Compression, Tension, Bending and Sheltr ; Elasticity and Creep ; I)ynamir Loading, Impact and ~~~grnen~~tion ; Action of Tools. Among the materials referred t,o are coal, carbon and graphite, rocks, c-ram&, gypsum, <*oncrete, brick and glass. The standard of t,he ~(~I~tributions is high and the book is very well illustrated and nicsely produc~~l.
W. PRAGER : Introduction
to Plasticity.
Addison- Wesley, Reading,
&ss..
1959. 14X pp..
$9.50. THIS is a revised version of the author’s Pro&me der PZastizitdtstheorie (Birkhiiuser, Basel, 1953), reviewed in this Journal (1856 4, 206). The principal ellanges are the addition of numerous practice problems and more recent references. The textual changes are comparatively slight. Chapters I and II are changed only in details. In (‘hnptcr III the section on the influence of distortion in connexion with limit design hi&s been amplilied. and a new se&on addttd on ttrc optimum weight design of plat,es and reclund:mt frames. In (‘hapter IV some aclditiom~l esamplrs of large plastic flow are included. This edition in Knglish is a welcome addition to the existing introductory texts. It has brcn well produced, but the price of so short a book is likely to \JCc+onsidered high in this caountry.
Progress in Metal Physics. Vol. 7. Press, London, 1958. 4f)8 pp. 110s.
Edited
by B. CHALMRRS and R. KING.
I’ergnmon
FOR THOSE familiar with previous volumes in this series it will be sufficient assurance to say that, in Volume 7 the happy choice of authors and high standard of production characteristic of the series is well maintained. &oh of the five review articles which comprise this volume is written by an expert directly engaged in the particular field; the presentation is such, however, that they all make their appeal both to fellow specialists and to those whose atquaintwnre with metal physics has not speci%ally included the subject of review. H. M. ROSEKBERGof the Clarendon Laboratory presents the results of many recent studies of the physical and mechanical properties of metals at low temperature and illustrates well the particular advantages of low temperature work in formulating the electronic structure of metals and the mechanism of plastic flow. A rather similar approach is taken by J. N. ~IORSTmTEIL of Bell Telephone Laboratories who, in an article entitled ‘ Equilibrium, Diffusion and Imperfections in Semi-conductors,’ seeks not merely to catalogue information in this field, hut to bring out the wider significance of observations made on semi-conductors which contribute to the solution of problems in rnetnl physics, Again, in a ~orrlpreherlsi~~ereview of the stored energy of cold work, A. I,.TITCHENER and Y. B. BLVLR after summarizing the rnitny measurements made of this quantity discufis how these have contributed to onr understanding of such complex processes as deformation and annealing. If a distinction between ‘ metal physics ’ and ‘ physical metallurgy ’ could be made then the remaining two articles would probably fall into the latter class. 1n sn excellent contribution on marten&tic transformations L. iiftin+rMhNand &%.COHEN of M.1.T. present the modern view of the kinetics and thermodynamics of this intrigui~ mode of phase change. This is a subject in which there has been intense activity in recent years and a comprehensive account from a school which hns played a leading role in the work is to be welcomed. Finally, the ’ Physical Bletallurgy of Titanium Alloys ’ is reviewed by R. I. JAFFEIZ: of Battelle nlemorictl Institute. Without disputing the obvious merit of this article, the value to metal physics of what is commercially largely ernpiricral information on certain alloys, must be very limited.
vital, but
Monographs
in Applied
Srienee, No. 6.)
Tms book is excellent for those already acquainted with elasticity theory but is a rather dilllcult introduction to the subject. It provides a concise account of the present state of the general theory and touches upon most of its aspects, with the obvious exception of Saint-Venant’s Principle. The author has made a valuable contribution to the literature of the field and the many suggestions scattered throughout the book will repay close reading by the active worker. A welcome feature is the inclusion of a clear exposition of the mathematical elements required in treating the subject. The first chapters discuss vector and tensor analysis and the rotation of axes, and the later ehapter on General Solutions starts with an introduction to potential theory. The remainder of the book is devoted to elastirity theory with the emphasis on results in the linear ease. However, the chapter on Deformation fully treats non-linear strain, while the final chapter is concerned with non-linear stress-strain relations. General solutions of the basic equations for a homogeneous body composed of isotropic or anisotropic material are discussed. All the classical methods are mentioned, such as those of Betti and ~~axwell-~orera. Variational principles and approximation methods are treated : besides those of virtual displacement, virtual stress, and Rayleigh-Ritz, that based on the hypercircle terhnique is also described. The account of the latter is elear and comprehensive, unifying many of the conclusions spread through the literature and so is particularly useful. A chapter devoted almost entirely to elementary thermodynamics establishes the ‘ linked ’ thermoelastic equations. Another considers simple forms of elastic wave motion. There are few misprints and the lay-out and printing of the book are good. One minor regret is that insuffl~~ient referenren are provided to original sources. R. J. KNOPR
Proceedings of the 3rd U.S. National Congress Society of kfechanieal Engineers, New York. 884
of Applied
Mechanics
(1958) American
pp., $20.
THIS volume contains the complete text of papers presented at the Congress. There are four general lectures, three of which are concerned with solids: ‘ Linear Thermodynamics ’ by M. A, Biot, ‘ Theories of Creep Buckling ’ by N. J. Hoff, and ‘ Rotationally Symmetric Problems in Elastic Shells ’ by E. Reissner. This preponderance of solid over fluid mechanics at the Congress is to be seen also in the papers themselves. Almost all aspects of the subject are massively represented, an esperial feature being the close blend of theory and experiment in many contributiorls. Interesting new trends and significant advanees are reported over the whole range. This was beyond doubt a quite outstanding Congress. R. HILL
Mechanical Properties Butterworths, London
of Non-metallic Brittle Materials. Edited by W. H. WALTON. New York, 1958. 492 pp., 90s.
: Inter-Science,
THIS is the proceedings of a conference organized by the Mining Researrh Establishment of the Nittional Coal Board in consultation with the Building Research Station, held in London in April,
BOOK RIWIEWS
148
1958. There me twenty-seven papers, with discussions, arrenged in four sections : Strength in Compression, Tension, Bending and Sheltr ; Elasticity and Creep ; I)ynamir Loading, Impact and ~~~grnen~~tion ; Action of Tools. Among the materials referred t,o are coal, carbon and graphite, rocks, c-ram&, gypsum, <*oncrete, brick and glass. The standard of t,he ~(~I~tributions is high and the book is very well illustrated and nicsely produc~~l.
W. PRAGER : Introduction
to Plasticity.
Addison- Wesley, Reading,
&ss..
1959. 14X pp..
$9.50. THIS is a revised version of the author’s Pro&me der PZastizitdtstheorie (Birkhiiuser, Basel, 1953), reviewed in this Journal (1856 4, 206). The principal ellanges are the addition of numerous practice problems and more recent references. The textual changes are comparatively slight. Chapters I and II are changed only in details. In (‘hnptcr III the section on the influence of distortion in connexion with limit design hi&s been amplilied. and a new se&on addttd on ttrc optimum weight design of plat,es and reclund:mt frames. In (‘hapter IV some aclditiom~l esamplrs of large plastic flow are included. This edition in Knglish is a welcome addition to the existing introductory texts. It has brcn well produced, but the price of so short a book is likely to \JCc+onsidered high in this caountry.
Progress in Metal Physics. Vol. 7. Press, London, 1958. 4f)8 pp. 110s.
Edited
by B. CHALMRRS and R. KING.
I’ergnmon
FOR THOSE familiar with previous volumes in this series it will be sufficient assurance to say that, in Volume 7 the happy choice of authors and high standard of production characteristic of the series is well maintained. &oh of the five review articles which comprise this volume is written by an expert directly engaged in the particular field; the presentation is such, however, that they all make their appeal both to fellow specialists and to those whose atquaintwnre with metal physics has not speci%ally included the subject of review. H. M. ROSEKBERGof the Clarendon Laboratory presents the results of many recent studies of the physical and mechanical properties of metals at low temperature and illustrates well the particular advantages of low temperature work in formulating the electronic structure of metals and the mechanism of plastic flow. A rather similar approach is taken by J. N. ~IORSTmTEIL of Bell Telephone Laboratories who, in an article entitled ‘ Equilibrium, Diffusion and Imperfections in Semi-conductors,’ seeks not merely to catalogue information in this field, hut to bring out the wider significance of observations made on semi-conductors which contribute to the solution of problems in rnetnl physics, Again, in a ~orrlpreherlsi~~ereview of the stored energy of cold work, A. I,.TITCHENER and Y. B. BLVLR after summarizing the rnitny measurements made of this quantity discufis how these have contributed to onr understanding of such complex processes as deformation and annealing. If a distinction between ‘ metal physics ’ and ‘ physical metallurgy ’ could be made then the remaining two articles would probably fall into the latter class. 1n sn excellent contribution on marten&tic transformations L. iiftin+rMhNand &%.COHEN of M.1.T. present the modern view of the kinetics and thermodynamics of this intrigui~ mode of phase change. This is a subject in which there has been intense activity in recent years and a comprehensive account from a school which hns played a leading role in the work is to be welcomed. Finally, the ’ Physical Bletallurgy of Titanium Alloys ’ is reviewed by R. I. JAFFEIZ: of Battelle nlemorictl Institute. Without disputing the obvious merit of this article, the value to metal physics of what is commercially largely ernpiricral information on certain alloys, must be very limited.
vital, but