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Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle A. Devaraju a, P. Sivasamy a,⇑, Ganesh Babu Loganathan b a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 27 May 2019 Received in revised form 4 August 2019 Accepted 10 August 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nano-particle Palm fibre Nano composite Mechanical properties ZnO
a b s t r a c t This work investigates the tensile, impact and flexural properties of Palm fibre with and without ZnO NP Nano-Particle. This composite is prepared by using hand lay-up method with 30 wt% of palm fibre and epoxy was used as matrix. The addition of ZnO NP with 0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%. The prepared composite was done with NaOH chemical treatment. The NaOH treated palm fibers reinforced composite exhibited considerable enrichment in the mechanical properties at lower cost and therefore it can be used as a replacement to glass fibers. Also, it was found that the 0.5 wt% ZnO NP gives better mechanical properties when compared with all other tested composites. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The improvement of natural fibers like jute, palm, cotton, sisal, hardwood, ramie, banana, hemp etc., is to investigate its application in weigh less condition. Composites, the surprise material with light weight, good creep and high strength properties have arrived a long way in replace the conventional materials like metals, woods. Instead of steel with composites can accumulate a 70– 85% of constituent space. The composite materials are being used because of their good thermal, mechanical, tribological and electrical properties [1–4]. Plant fibers were chemically treated which provides good adhesion properties between the fiber and matrix for mechanical and tribological properties [5]. Fiber percentage is also another factor to decide the mechanical properties [6,7]. Moreover, different hardener and surfactants have been used to enhance the strength, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites [8]. Sudhir et al. [9] investigated the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of bagasse/short coir fibers hybrid composites. It reveals that the improved tensile and flexural properties for tri-layer composites than bi-layer composites. Bio composites were needed because of pollutant the environment. Bio-fibres like hemp, palm, sisal, jute and coir are wide range of home and industrial applications. Bio-composite were fulfill the synthetic composite properties [10]. Chang et al., studied thermomechanical properties and morphologies of polyester
nanocomposite. Improving thermal stability of the hybrid fibers, while adding organoclay (1–4 wt%) [11]. Investigated clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of MMT/epoxy nanocomposite. The results revealed that improving both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength as the dispersion of clay weight percentage [12]. Inorganic fillers are added to profitable thermoplastics and thermosetting resin for cost-effective reasons as well as in order to satisfactorily modify definite properties such as mechanical, electrical and thermal properties [13]. Shingare et al. have investigated electromechanical behaviors of graphene reinforced nanocomposite (GRNC) plates with flexoelectric effect by using Kirchhoff’s plate theory. While adding the graphene results are found in good agreement with the existing experimental and numerical results [14]. The mechanical characteristics of polymer composites by using different mass fraction nanoparticle was studied. The results shown that improved the mechanical properties, while adding the nanoparticles [15]. Yuthavisuthi et al. have studied the mechanical properties of palm oil/TiO2 composite materials. They have indicated that improved the mechanical properties, while adding 0.5 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles [16]. In the present study, the mechanical properties of Palm fiber/ZnO/Epoxy nano composite materials are studied. In addition, the chemical modification on fiber surface was done by using NaOH treatment to study the interfacial adhesion and the crystallinity of the fiber.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Sivasamy). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
2
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental details
2.3. Preparation of palm fiber/ZnO/epoxy nanocomposite
2.1. Materials
Palm fiber is produced from plants. They were in irregular shape and size. We brought them to our required size of 25 20 4 cm. Even then, they were not flat; its surface had some crusts and troughs. To make it flat, it was placed in the mold and compressed in composite plate (Stainless Steel). Initially, fibres are arranged in a randomly oriented manner and apply the mixture of epoxy and hardener. Then a mixture of 100 ml resin, 10 ml hardener. The plate was curing for 48 h and remove the plate from the composite plate. Then a mixture of 100 ml resin, 10 ml hardener and 0.5% of Nano-Particles (ZnO) The plate was curing for 48 h and remove the plate from the composite plate (Fig. 2).
Palm fiber were used as reinforcement for thermoset resin. Epoxy resin was used as matrix, which was purchased from Vasivibala resins (P) Ltd, Chennai, India. zinc nitrate and NaOH were obtained from SRL, India. 2D water (bi-distilled water) was used. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The chemicals used in the present work were of analytical reagent grade and were utilized without further purification.
2.2. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles
3. Results and discussions
To synthesis Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, 150 ml of ethanol solution was stirred for 20 min at 700 rpm and then, 8.92 g of zinc nitrate was added in the ethanal solution. The NaOH solution (0.2 M) was added slowly to the above mixed solution until it reaches 10–12pH. Then, the obtained precipitate was centrifuged and washed 3 times by using 2D water. Finally, it was dried in an oven at 120 °C for 24 h. These dried samples were well grained by using agate mortar and pestle to get a fine powder of ZnO NPs (Fig. 1).
3.1. Tensile properties The tensile strength is defined as the stress (r) per unit area (A), and its measure in units of Mega Pascal (MPa). The tensile test specimen was followed by ASTM D3039. The tensile strength of a material is the highest amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking. The simple formula to calculate the tensile strength is given in the Eq. (1).
Fig. 1. Preparation of ZnO nanoparticle.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
3
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 2. Steps involved in preparation of palm composites.
Tensile strength ðTSÞ ¼
Load at breaking point Width thickness
ð1Þ
The tensile strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum tensile strength. From the following Fig. 3 different materials with their tensile strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 3 shows that the tensile strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP composite get tensile
Fig. 3. Tensile strength.
strength up to 39.44 MPa compared to other composites [17]. But main aim is targeted at the cost reduction and good fiber adhesion with the base material. 3.2. Impact properties Impact strength tests are used to measure a materials ability to withstand shock loading. The classic definition of impact strength
Fig. 4. Impact strength.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
4
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
ZnO NP, 0.3 wt% ZnO NP and 0.5 wt% ZnO NP was prepared. The comparison between the mechanical properties of specimens with and without addition of NP were studied. There is an increase in the tensile strength of the specimens due to the addition of NP. Impact energy of the palm fibers were also found to be increased with the addition of NP. It is concluded that the 0.5 wt% ZnO NP composite get more tensile, impact strength and flexural strength compare to other composites. The mechanical properties of palm/epoxy/ZnO nanocomposites, have better strengths than wood composites, sisal and plastics. Moreover, these composites might be considered for future materials usages. Since the reinforcing material is green composite, harmless, non-health hazardous, low cost and easily available as compared to conventional fibers like glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, kenaf fiber etc., it is a good substitute for wood in indoor applications, automobile components. References
Fig. 5. Flexural strength.
is the energy requisite to rupture a given volume of material and it is measured in units of Joules (J). The impact test specimen was followed by ASTM D256. The simple formula to calculate the impact strength is given in the Eq. (2).
Notch impact strength ðISÞ ¼
Absorb energy Effectiv e crosssection area
ð2Þ
The impact strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum impact strength. From the following Fig. 4 different materials with their impact strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 4 shows that the impact strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP nanocomposite get impact strength is up to 3.082 J compared to other composites [18,19]. 3.3. Flexural properties Flexural strength is also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength or fracture strength a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material ability to the resist deformation under load, and its measured in units of Mega Pascal (MPa). The flexural test specimen was followed by ASTM D790. The simple formula to calculate the flexural strength is given in the Eq. (3).
Flexural strength ðFSÞ ¼
3FL 2W d2
ð3Þ
Where, F is the maximum test load, L is the length between load points, W is the width of the sample piece and d is the thickness of the sample piece. The flexural strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum flexural strength. From the following Fig. 5 different materials with their impact strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 5 shows that the flexural strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP nanocomposite get flexural strength is up to 40.64 MPa compare to other composites [20]. 4. Conclusion Polymer composite material using NaOH treated palm fibers and general epoxy resign as matrix with the addition of 0.1 wt%
[1] Md. Mominul Haque, Md. Mahbub Hasan, Md. Saiful Islam, Ershad Ali, Physicomechanical properties of chemically treated palm and coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composites, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 4903–4906. [2] P. Saravanan, A. Devaraju, Improving mechanical properties of palm sheath composites using sodium hydroxide [NaoH] treatment, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14355–14361. [3] A. Orue, A. Jauregi, U. Unsuain, J. Labidi, A. Eceiza, A. Arbelaiz, The effect of alkaline and silane treatments on mechanical properties and breakage of sisal fibers and poly (lactic acid)/sisal fiber composites, Compos. Part A (2016). [4] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14252– 14257. [5] K. Obi Reddy, C. Uma Maheswari, K. Ramakrishna Reddy, M. Shukla, E. Muzendaa, Varada Rajulue, Effect of chemicals treatment and fiber loading on mechanical properties of borassus (toddy palm) fiber/epoxy composites, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. (2015). [6] A. Devaraju, Influence of fiber percentage on mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials, J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. 2 (13) (2015) 1–5. [7] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [8] A.H. Mahmoud, G.S. Tay, H.D. Rozman, A preliminary study on ultraviolet radiation-cured unsaturated polyester resin based on palm oil, Polymer-Plast. Technol. Eng. 50 (6) (2011) 573–580. [9] K.S. Sudhir, S. Gautam, C. Aru, Dynamic mechanical analysis of randomly oriented short bagasse/coir hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy Novolc composites, Fiber Polym 12 (4) (2011) 506–513. [10] Maya Jacob John, Sabu Thomas, Biofibres and biocomposites, Carbohydr. Polym. 71 (3) (2008) 343–364. [11] Jin-Hae Chang, Comparison of thermomechanical properties and morphologies of polyester nanocomposite fibers: PBT, PET, and PTT, Polymer-Plast. Technol. Eng. 47 (8) (2008) 791–801. [12] S.R. Ha et al., Effect of clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of clay/epoxy nanocomposites, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 448 (1) (2007) 264–268. [13] Jeanette Gonzalez et al., Effects of coupling agents on mechanical and morphological behavior of the PP/HDPE blend with two different CaCO3, Eur. Polym. J. 38 (12) (2002) 2465–2475. [14] K.B. Shingare, S.I. Kundalwal, Static and dynamic response of graphene nanocomposite plates with flexoelectric effect, Mech. Mater. 134 (2019) 69– 84. [15] A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy, Comparative analysis of mechanical characteristics of sisal fibre composite with and without nano particles, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14362–14366. [16] P. Yuthavisuthi, L. Jarupan, C. Pechyen, Modification of mechanical properties by TiO2 nano-particle for biodegradable materials made from palm oil sludge and activated sludge cake, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22 (2012) 697– 701. [17] R. Periyardhasan, A. Devaraju, Mechanical characterization of steel wire embedded GFRP composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14339–14344. [18] ChinnakkannuKarikal Chozhan et al., Thermo mechanical behaviour of unsaturated polyester toughened epoxy–clay hybrid nanocomposites, J. Polym. Res. 14 (4) (2007) 319–328. [19] P. Jeyaprakash, V. Prabakaran, A. Devaraju, Experimental and numerical analysis of carbon epoxy fibre composite under buckling load, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14526–14530. [20] I. Ben Amor, Z. Ghallabi, H. Kaddami, M. Raihane, Experimental study of relaxation process in unidirectional (epoxy/palm tree fiber) composite, J. Mol. Liq. 154 (2010) 61–68.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle A. Devaraju a, P. Sivasamy a,⇑, Ganesh Babu Loganathan b a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 27 May 2019 Received in revised form 4 August 2019 Accepted 10 August 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nano-particle Palm fibre Nano composite Mechanical properties ZnO
a b s t r a c t This work investigates the tensile, impact and flexural properties of Palm fibre with and without ZnO NP Nano-Particle. This composite is prepared by using hand lay-up method with 30 wt% of palm fibre and epoxy was used as matrix. The addition of ZnO NP with 0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%. The prepared composite was done with NaOH chemical treatment. The NaOH treated palm fibers reinforced composite exhibited considerable enrichment in the mechanical properties at lower cost and therefore it can be used as a replacement to glass fibers. Also, it was found that the 0.5 wt% ZnO NP gives better mechanical properties when compared with all other tested composites. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The improvement of natural fibers like jute, palm, cotton, sisal, hardwood, ramie, banana, hemp etc., is to investigate its application in weigh less condition. Composites, the surprise material with light weight, good creep and high strength properties have arrived a long way in replace the conventional materials like metals, woods. Instead of steel with composites can accumulate a 70– 85% of constituent space. The composite materials are being used because of their good thermal, mechanical, tribological and electrical properties [1–4]. Plant fibers were chemically treated which provides good adhesion properties between the fiber and matrix for mechanical and tribological properties [5]. Fiber percentage is also another factor to decide the mechanical properties [6,7]. Moreover, different hardener and surfactants have been used to enhance the strength, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites [8]. Sudhir et al. [9] investigated the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of bagasse/short coir fibers hybrid composites. It reveals that the improved tensile and flexural properties for tri-layer composites than bi-layer composites. Bio composites were needed because of pollutant the environment. Bio-fibres like hemp, palm, sisal, jute and coir are wide range of home and industrial applications. Bio-composite were fulfill the synthetic composite properties [10]. Chang et al., studied thermomechanical properties and morphologies of polyester
nanocomposite. Improving thermal stability of the hybrid fibers, while adding organoclay (1–4 wt%) [11]. Investigated clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of MMT/epoxy nanocomposite. The results revealed that improving both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength as the dispersion of clay weight percentage [12]. Inorganic fillers are added to profitable thermoplastics and thermosetting resin for cost-effective reasons as well as in order to satisfactorily modify definite properties such as mechanical, electrical and thermal properties [13]. Shingare et al. have investigated electromechanical behaviors of graphene reinforced nanocomposite (GRNC) plates with flexoelectric effect by using Kirchhoff’s plate theory. While adding the graphene results are found in good agreement with the existing experimental and numerical results [14]. The mechanical characteristics of polymer composites by using different mass fraction nanoparticle was studied. The results shown that improved the mechanical properties, while adding the nanoparticles [15]. Yuthavisuthi et al. have studied the mechanical properties of palm oil/TiO2 composite materials. They have indicated that improved the mechanical properties, while adding 0.5 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles [16]. In the present study, the mechanical properties of Palm fiber/ZnO/Epoxy nano composite materials are studied. In addition, the chemical modification on fiber surface was done by using NaOH treatment to study the interfacial adhesion and the crystallinity of the fiber.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Sivasamy). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
2
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental details
2.3. Preparation of palm fiber/ZnO/epoxy nanocomposite
2.1. Materials
Palm fiber is produced from plants. They were in irregular shape and size. We brought them to our required size of 25 20 4 cm. Even then, they were not flat; its surface had some crusts and troughs. To make it flat, it was placed in the mold and compressed in composite plate (Stainless Steel). Initially, fibres are arranged in a randomly oriented manner and apply the mixture of epoxy and hardener. Then a mixture of 100 ml resin, 10 ml hardener. The plate was curing for 48 h and remove the plate from the composite plate. Then a mixture of 100 ml resin, 10 ml hardener and 0.5% of Nano-Particles (ZnO) The plate was curing for 48 h and remove the plate from the composite plate (Fig. 2).
Palm fiber were used as reinforcement for thermoset resin. Epoxy resin was used as matrix, which was purchased from Vasivibala resins (P) Ltd, Chennai, India. zinc nitrate and NaOH were obtained from SRL, India. 2D water (bi-distilled water) was used. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The chemicals used in the present work were of analytical reagent grade and were utilized without further purification.
2.2. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles
3. Results and discussions
To synthesis Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, 150 ml of ethanol solution was stirred for 20 min at 700 rpm and then, 8.92 g of zinc nitrate was added in the ethanal solution. The NaOH solution (0.2 M) was added slowly to the above mixed solution until it reaches 10–12pH. Then, the obtained precipitate was centrifuged and washed 3 times by using 2D water. Finally, it was dried in an oven at 120 °C for 24 h. These dried samples were well grained by using agate mortar and pestle to get a fine powder of ZnO NPs (Fig. 1).
3.1. Tensile properties The tensile strength is defined as the stress (r) per unit area (A), and its measure in units of Mega Pascal (MPa). The tensile test specimen was followed by ASTM D3039. The tensile strength of a material is the highest amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking. The simple formula to calculate the tensile strength is given in the Eq. (1).
Fig. 1. Preparation of ZnO nanoparticle.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
3
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 2. Steps involved in preparation of palm composites.
Tensile strength ðTSÞ ¼
Load at breaking point Width thickness
ð1Þ
The tensile strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum tensile strength. From the following Fig. 3 different materials with their tensile strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 3 shows that the tensile strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP composite get tensile
Fig. 3. Tensile strength.
strength up to 39.44 MPa compared to other composites [17]. But main aim is targeted at the cost reduction and good fiber adhesion with the base material. 3.2. Impact properties Impact strength tests are used to measure a materials ability to withstand shock loading. The classic definition of impact strength
Fig. 4. Impact strength.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146
4
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
ZnO NP, 0.3 wt% ZnO NP and 0.5 wt% ZnO NP was prepared. The comparison between the mechanical properties of specimens with and without addition of NP were studied. There is an increase in the tensile strength of the specimens due to the addition of NP. Impact energy of the palm fibers were also found to be increased with the addition of NP. It is concluded that the 0.5 wt% ZnO NP composite get more tensile, impact strength and flexural strength compare to other composites. The mechanical properties of palm/epoxy/ZnO nanocomposites, have better strengths than wood composites, sisal and plastics. Moreover, these composites might be considered for future materials usages. Since the reinforcing material is green composite, harmless, non-health hazardous, low cost and easily available as compared to conventional fibers like glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, kenaf fiber etc., it is a good substitute for wood in indoor applications, automobile components. References
Fig. 5. Flexural strength.
is the energy requisite to rupture a given volume of material and it is measured in units of Joules (J). The impact test specimen was followed by ASTM D256. The simple formula to calculate the impact strength is given in the Eq. (2).
Notch impact strength ðISÞ ¼
Absorb energy Effectiv e crosssection area
ð2Þ
The impact strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum impact strength. From the following Fig. 4 different materials with their impact strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 4 shows that the impact strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP nanocomposite get impact strength is up to 3.082 J compared to other composites [18,19]. 3.3. Flexural properties Flexural strength is also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength or fracture strength a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material ability to the resist deformation under load, and its measured in units of Mega Pascal (MPa). The flexural test specimen was followed by ASTM D790. The simple formula to calculate the flexural strength is given in the Eq. (3).
Flexural strength ðFSÞ ¼
3FL 2W d2
ð3Þ
Where, F is the maximum test load, L is the length between load points, W is the width of the sample piece and d is the thickness of the sample piece. The flexural strengths for different composite materials are taken and are plotted in a graph for finding the material with the maximum flexural strength. From the following Fig. 5 different materials with their impact strengths are plotted in a graph. Fig. 5 shows that the flexural strength of NaOH treated palm fibers/epoxy with addition of 0.5 wt% ZnO NP nanocomposite get flexural strength is up to 40.64 MPa compare to other composites [20]. 4. Conclusion Polymer composite material using NaOH treated palm fibers and general epoxy resign as matrix with the addition of 0.1 wt%
[1] Md. Mominul Haque, Md. Mahbub Hasan, Md. Saiful Islam, Ershad Ali, Physicomechanical properties of chemically treated palm and coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composites, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 4903–4906. [2] P. Saravanan, A. Devaraju, Improving mechanical properties of palm sheath composites using sodium hydroxide [NaoH] treatment, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14355–14361. [3] A. Orue, A. Jauregi, U. Unsuain, J. Labidi, A. Eceiza, A. Arbelaiz, The effect of alkaline and silane treatments on mechanical properties and breakage of sisal fibers and poly (lactic acid)/sisal fiber composites, Compos. Part A (2016). [4] A. Devaraju, K. Babu, A. Gnanavelbabu, Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut bunch fiber reinforced epoxy with Al2O3 nano particles composites for structural application, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14252– 14257. [5] K. Obi Reddy, C. Uma Maheswari, K. Ramakrishna Reddy, M. Shukla, E. Muzendaa, Varada Rajulue, Effect of chemicals treatment and fiber loading on mechanical properties of borassus (toddy palm) fiber/epoxy composites, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. (2015). [6] A. Devaraju, Influence of fiber percentage on mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials, J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. 2 (13) (2015) 1–5. [7] A. Krishnakumari, A. Devaraju, M. Saravanan, Evaluation of mechanical properties of hybrid root fibre reinforced polymer composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14560–14566. [8] A.H. Mahmoud, G.S. Tay, H.D. Rozman, A preliminary study on ultraviolet radiation-cured unsaturated polyester resin based on palm oil, Polymer-Plast. Technol. Eng. 50 (6) (2011) 573–580. [9] K.S. Sudhir, S. Gautam, C. Aru, Dynamic mechanical analysis of randomly oriented short bagasse/coir hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy Novolc composites, Fiber Polym 12 (4) (2011) 506–513. [10] Maya Jacob John, Sabu Thomas, Biofibres and biocomposites, Carbohydr. Polym. 71 (3) (2008) 343–364. [11] Jin-Hae Chang, Comparison of thermomechanical properties and morphologies of polyester nanocomposite fibers: PBT, PET, and PTT, Polymer-Plast. Technol. Eng. 47 (8) (2008) 791–801. [12] S.R. Ha et al., Effect of clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of clay/epoxy nanocomposites, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 448 (1) (2007) 264–268. [13] Jeanette Gonzalez et al., Effects of coupling agents on mechanical and morphological behavior of the PP/HDPE blend with two different CaCO3, Eur. Polym. J. 38 (12) (2002) 2465–2475. [14] K.B. Shingare, S.I. Kundalwal, Static and dynamic response of graphene nanocomposite plates with flexoelectric effect, Mech. Mater. 134 (2019) 69– 84. [15] A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy, Comparative analysis of mechanical characteristics of sisal fibre composite with and without nano particles, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14362–14366. [16] P. Yuthavisuthi, L. Jarupan, C. Pechyen, Modification of mechanical properties by TiO2 nano-particle for biodegradable materials made from palm oil sludge and activated sludge cake, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22 (2012) 697– 701. [17] R. Periyardhasan, A. Devaraju, Mechanical characterization of steel wire embedded GFRP composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (6) (2018) 14339–14344. [18] ChinnakkannuKarikal Chozhan et al., Thermo mechanical behaviour of unsaturated polyester toughened epoxy–clay hybrid nanocomposites, J. Polym. Res. 14 (4) (2007) 319–328. [19] P. Jeyaprakash, V. Prabakaran, A. Devaraju, Experimental and numerical analysis of carbon epoxy fibre composite under buckling load, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (2018) 14526–14530. [20] I. Ben Amor, Z. Ghallabi, H. Kaddami, M. Raihane, Experimental study of relaxation process in unidirectional (epoxy/palm tree fiber) composite, J. Mol. Liq. 154 (2010) 61–68.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Sivasamy and G. B. Loganathan, Mechanical properties of polymer composites with ZnO nano-particle, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.146