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Mechanical Properties of Rocks
APPENDIX A
Mechanical Properties of Rocks The most important mechanical properties of rock materials for engineering design and failure analysis are the elastic properties and strength of intact rocks, and the strength and stiffness of rock joints. The properties given in this appendix are the typical properties of some known rock materials tested in laboratory for various applications. It should be noted that these properties may vary significantly depending on geological location, chemical compositions, internal defects or fissures, temperature, regional seismic activities, loading history, age, dimensions of test specimens, and many other factors. The typical values listed in Tables A.1 A.3 should therefore be used for reference only. Any intention for real life Table A.1 Elastic properties of typical rock materials (Gerecek, 2007; Pariseau, 2006) Rock type
Igneous
Elastic properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Dolomite
Poison’s ratio
Isotropic elastic modulus (GPa)
Isotropic shear modulus (GPa)a
0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10
7.8 99.4
3.2 41.1
1.2 83.8
0.49 34.2
35.9 88.4
14.6 36.1
5.9 81.7
2.5 34.0
4.6 90.0
1.9 36.7
1.2 99.4
0.5 41.4
0.32 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.35
a
Shear modulus is calculated by substituting average Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus from table above into Eq. (4.8).
391
392
Appendix A: Mechanical Properties of Rocks
Table A.2 Strength properties of typical rock materials Rock type
Igneous
Strength properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Siliceous
Tensile strength (MPa)
Shear strength (MPa)
SUC (MPa)
7 25
14 50
100 250
10 30
20 60
100 300
10 30
20 60
35 300
5 20
15 30
100 200
2 25
8 40
20 170
5 25
10 50
30 250
Table A.3 Specific gravity, porosity (Pariseau, 2006), and permeability of typical rock materials Rock type
Igneous
Other properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Siliceous
Specific gravity
Porosity (%)
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.5 0.5 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2
0.3 9.6
2.7 3.3 3.0 2.8 0.7 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.4
Permeability (µm2)
2.7 42.5
1024 20 (fractured)
0.9 1.9
1029 1025 (unfractured)
0.4 22.4
1.8 21.4
0.3 36.0
1025 0.1 1024 20 1028 2 3 1026 2 3 1025 1
Appendix A: Mechanical Properties of Rocks
393
design calculations and fracture mechanics analysis should be based on the properties obtained from in situ measurements and/or laboratory tests performed on rock samples taken from the location under study. Although the test methods are standardized, some of the values given in Tables A.1 A.3 cover a broad range indicating the substantial property difference for the same rock material taken from different locations.
Mechanical Properties of Rocks The most important mechanical properties of rock materials for engineering design and failure analysis are the elastic properties and strength of intact rocks, and the strength and stiffness of rock joints. The properties given in this appendix are the typical properties of some known rock materials tested in laboratory for various applications. It should be noted that these properties may vary significantly depending on geological location, chemical compositions, internal defects or fissures, temperature, regional seismic activities, loading history, age, dimensions of test specimens, and many other factors. The typical values listed in Tables A.1 A.3 should therefore be used for reference only. Any intention for real life Table A.1 Elastic properties of typical rock materials (Gerecek, 2007; Pariseau, 2006) Rock type
Igneous
Elastic properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Dolomite
Poison’s ratio
Isotropic elastic modulus (GPa)
Isotropic shear modulus (GPa)a
0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10
7.8 99.4
3.2 41.1
1.2 83.8
0.49 34.2
35.9 88.4
14.6 36.1
5.9 81.7
2.5 34.0
4.6 90.0
1.9 36.7
1.2 99.4
0.5 41.4
0.32 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.35
a
Shear modulus is calculated by substituting average Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus from table above into Eq. (4.8).
391
392
Appendix A: Mechanical Properties of Rocks
Table A.2 Strength properties of typical rock materials Rock type
Igneous
Strength properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Siliceous
Tensile strength (MPa)
Shear strength (MPa)
SUC (MPa)
7 25
14 50
100 250
10 30
20 60
100 300
10 30
20 60
35 300
5 20
15 30
100 200
2 25
8 40
20 170
5 25
10 50
30 250
Table A.3 Specific gravity, porosity (Pariseau, 2006), and permeability of typical rock materials Rock type
Igneous
Other properties
Plutonic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Sedimentary
Clastic
Chemical
Granite Gabbro Diorite Andesite Pumice Basalt Marble Quartzite Metabasalt Slate Schist Gneiss Sandstone Siltstone Shale Rock salt Limestone Siliceous
Specific gravity
Porosity (%)
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.5 0.5 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2
0.3 9.6
2.7 3.3 3.0 2.8 0.7 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.4
Permeability (µm2)
2.7 42.5
1024 20 (fractured)
0.9 1.9
1029 1025 (unfractured)
0.4 22.4
1.8 21.4
0.3 36.0
1025 0.1 1024 20 1028 2 3 1026 2 3 1025 1
Appendix A: Mechanical Properties of Rocks
393
design calculations and fracture mechanics analysis should be based on the properties obtained from in situ measurements and/or laboratory tests performed on rock samples taken from the location under study. Although the test methods are standardized, some of the values given in Tables A.1 A.3 cover a broad range indicating the substantial property difference for the same rock material taken from different locations.