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Mediation and regotiation in the siting of hazardous waste management facilities
ABSTRACTS
523
A graduate student will be hired at Lamar University to maintain the culture over the 10-week field study period. In addition, laboratory-scale experiments will be conducted with the biosurfactants and waste to evaluate their performance under controlled environmental conditions. A two-chamber Arthur Automatic respirometer and an eight-chamber N-Con respirometer will be used to conduct toxicity/treatability studies, while a series of experiments will be conducted to determine the rate of release of the waste into an overlying water body as a result of the action of the biosurfactants. MEDIATION
AND NEGOTIATION
THE SITING OF HAZARDOUS MANAGEMENT
IN
WASTE
FACILITIES
James K. Esser and Richard G. Marriott Department of Psychology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710-0036
This seed project responds to reviewer's concern that laboratory experiments, relative to field research, are poorly suited for the study of mediation. An overview of the literature on mediation is presented. Methods of field and laboratory research on mediation are described. Then, the issue of the generalizability of laboratory research to field settings is discussed. Finally, the results of field and laboratory research on mediation tactics are reviewed and compared. It was found that field research alone has been employed to determine what tactics mediators use. Most research concerning when mediators choose to use specific tactics has been field research; however, the few laboratory studies in the literature have provided comparable results. Both laboratory and field research have been employed to determine the effectiveness of mediation tactics, and consistent results have been obtained across these settings. We conclude that laboratory experiments on mediation should not be considered inferior to field research methods, but rather, should be considered complementary. CHEMICAL
DEGRADATION
UNSATURATED POLLUTANTS AQUEOUS
OF
PRIORITY BY OXIDATION
SODIUM
WITH
PERBOATE
John Gupton Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
John Idoux and Keith Hansen Chemistry Department, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710
In our previous proposal, we pointed out that oxidative degradation has long been used by nature and man to treat and or effect the decomposition of many substances which pose a significant risk to human health or the
environment. We also indicated that most of the common oxidizing agents such as chlorine or hypochlorites are not completely satisfactory since they can generate undesirable by-products such as chlorinated hydrocarbons that cannot be further degraded by such oxidants. The development of safe, inexpensive, and efficient alternative oxidizing agents subsequently becomes a high priority for science and engineering research efforts. One material which has the potential to the be ideal, "environmentally friendly" oxidizing agent is sodium perborate. Sodium Perborate is a cheap and non-toxic oxidant that is manufactured as a commodity chemical and has been used in mouthwash and toothpaste. We have previously shown that sodium perborate is a very efficient oxidizing agent for a variety of alkenes and alkynes in either acetic acid or aqueous/dioxane. In the first year of this project, we examined a variety of analogs of styrene under numerous reaction conditions in order to ascertain what might be the best oxidation conditions for both electron-rich and electron-poor alkenes. We were both pleased and surprised to find that a water/acetic acid mixture containing sodium perborate successfully oxidized both types of alkenes. Based on this work, we now propose the following projects for the coming year: 1) Optimization of Water/Acetic Acid Conditions. We plan to optimize these conditions by looking at time, temperature, pH, stoichiometry and concentration effects. 2) Study of Model Compounds Under Optimized Conditions. We plan on examining the following bromo compounds and their corresponding chloro analogs under the optimized conditions. 3) Oxidation of a Variety of Priority Pollutants Under Optimized Conditions. While part 2 of the project is in progress, we will apply our optimized conditions to the oxidation of Acenaphthene; 4,4-DDE; Dieldrin; and lsophorone which are considered to be priority pollutants. This will be an excellent test for the practical application of our optimized sodium perborate oxidation conditions. 4) Oxidation of Low Molecular Weight Priority Pollutants Under Optimized Conditions A variety of low molecular weight priority pollutants (dichloro- and trichloroethylenes, acrolein, and acrylonitrile) will be oxidized under the optimized conditions. The aqueous reaction mixtures will be analyzed by the GC-MS technique to determine what water soluble products are being formed and how much conversion has been accomplished. In all of the work proposed, state-of-the-art instrumental methodology (eg. NMR, IR, GC, HPLC, TLC, Mass Spec and Radial Chromatography) will be applied to structure determination and quantitation.
523
A graduate student will be hired at Lamar University to maintain the culture over the 10-week field study period. In addition, laboratory-scale experiments will be conducted with the biosurfactants and waste to evaluate their performance under controlled environmental conditions. A two-chamber Arthur Automatic respirometer and an eight-chamber N-Con respirometer will be used to conduct toxicity/treatability studies, while a series of experiments will be conducted to determine the rate of release of the waste into an overlying water body as a result of the action of the biosurfactants. MEDIATION
AND NEGOTIATION
THE SITING OF HAZARDOUS MANAGEMENT
IN
WASTE
FACILITIES
James K. Esser and Richard G. Marriott Department of Psychology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710-0036
This seed project responds to reviewer's concern that laboratory experiments, relative to field research, are poorly suited for the study of mediation. An overview of the literature on mediation is presented. Methods of field and laboratory research on mediation are described. Then, the issue of the generalizability of laboratory research to field settings is discussed. Finally, the results of field and laboratory research on mediation tactics are reviewed and compared. It was found that field research alone has been employed to determine what tactics mediators use. Most research concerning when mediators choose to use specific tactics has been field research; however, the few laboratory studies in the literature have provided comparable results. Both laboratory and field research have been employed to determine the effectiveness of mediation tactics, and consistent results have been obtained across these settings. We conclude that laboratory experiments on mediation should not be considered inferior to field research methods, but rather, should be considered complementary. CHEMICAL
DEGRADATION
UNSATURATED POLLUTANTS AQUEOUS
OF
PRIORITY BY OXIDATION
SODIUM
WITH
PERBOATE
John Gupton Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
John Idoux and Keith Hansen Chemistry Department, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710
In our previous proposal, we pointed out that oxidative degradation has long been used by nature and man to treat and or effect the decomposition of many substances which pose a significant risk to human health or the
environment. We also indicated that most of the common oxidizing agents such as chlorine or hypochlorites are not completely satisfactory since they can generate undesirable by-products such as chlorinated hydrocarbons that cannot be further degraded by such oxidants. The development of safe, inexpensive, and efficient alternative oxidizing agents subsequently becomes a high priority for science and engineering research efforts. One material which has the potential to the be ideal, "environmentally friendly" oxidizing agent is sodium perborate. Sodium Perborate is a cheap and non-toxic oxidant that is manufactured as a commodity chemical and has been used in mouthwash and toothpaste. We have previously shown that sodium perborate is a very efficient oxidizing agent for a variety of alkenes and alkynes in either acetic acid or aqueous/dioxane. In the first year of this project, we examined a variety of analogs of styrene under numerous reaction conditions in order to ascertain what might be the best oxidation conditions for both electron-rich and electron-poor alkenes. We were both pleased and surprised to find that a water/acetic acid mixture containing sodium perborate successfully oxidized both types of alkenes. Based on this work, we now propose the following projects for the coming year: 1) Optimization of Water/Acetic Acid Conditions. We plan to optimize these conditions by looking at time, temperature, pH, stoichiometry and concentration effects. 2) Study of Model Compounds Under Optimized Conditions. We plan on examining the following bromo compounds and their corresponding chloro analogs under the optimized conditions. 3) Oxidation of a Variety of Priority Pollutants Under Optimized Conditions. While part 2 of the project is in progress, we will apply our optimized conditions to the oxidation of Acenaphthene; 4,4-DDE; Dieldrin; and lsophorone which are considered to be priority pollutants. This will be an excellent test for the practical application of our optimized sodium perborate oxidation conditions. 4) Oxidation of Low Molecular Weight Priority Pollutants Under Optimized Conditions A variety of low molecular weight priority pollutants (dichloro- and trichloroethylenes, acrolein, and acrylonitrile) will be oxidized under the optimized conditions. The aqueous reaction mixtures will be analyzed by the GC-MS technique to determine what water soluble products are being formed and how much conversion has been accomplished. In all of the work proposed, state-of-the-art instrumental methodology (eg. NMR, IR, GC, HPLC, TLC, Mass Spec and Radial Chromatography) will be applied to structure determination and quantitation.