Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India Anita Jain ∗ , S.S. Katewa, P.K. Galav, Pallavi Sharma Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Agrostology, Department of Botany, College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India Received 9 March 2004; received in revised form 26 April 2005; accepted 17 May 2005 Available online 8 September 2005

Abstract The present study has been carried out in Sitamata wildlife sanctuary of Chittorgarh and Udaipur district located in south-west region of Rajasthan. A field survey of the study area was carried out during 2002–2004 to document the medicinal utility of herbs occurring in this area. Two hundred fourty-three genera belonging to 76 families have been reported which are used by the tribals of about 50 villages around the sanctuary as means of primary health care to cure various ailments. The study revealed the new ethnobotanical uses of 24 plant species belonging to 20 genera. A list of plant species along with their local name, plant part/s used and mode of administration for effective control in different ailments of ethnomedicinal plants are given. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Keywords: Sitamata wildlife sanctuary; Ethnomedicinal plants; Ethnobotany; Tribals

1. Introduction The Sitamata wildlife sanctuary lies in the civil districts of Chittorgarh and Udaipur in the south-west region of Rajasthan between 74◦ 04 E and 74◦ 40 E longitude and 24◦ 04 N and 24◦ 23 N latitude (Fig. 1). The climate of this tract is sub tropical type characterized by winter, summer and monsoon seasons. The average annual rainfall is 756 mm with maximum 951 mm and minimum 517 mm. The forest fall under ‘tropical dry deciduous forest’. The main tree species found in this region are Tectona grandis, Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia serrata, Diospyros melanoxylon, Acacia catechu, Pterocarpus marsupium, Mitragyna parvifolia, Schrebera swietenoidies, Ziziphus mauritiana, Miliusa tomentosa, Aegle marmelos, Buchanania lanzan, Terminalia arjuna, Syzygium cumini, Sterculia urens and Butea monosperma. The most common shrubs occuring in this region are Helicteres isora, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Grewia flavescens, Carissa carandus and Cryptolepis buchananii. ∗

Corresponding author. E-mail address: anitajain [email protected] (A. Jain).

0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.047

Due to overgrazing, encroachments, unsustainable utilization and other developmental activities in the sanctuary, several persistent medicinal plant species are on the verge of extinction. Due to lack of awareness and research on these group of plants in this area, people of this region are unknown of this wealth of heritage. Despite many studies on medicinal plant resources (Kirtikar and Basu, 1984; Jain, 1991; Joshi, 1995; Katewa and Guria, 1997; Singh and Pandey, 1998; Katewa et al., 2001a,b, 2003; Katewa and Jain, 2003; Jain et al., 2004) a large number of medicinal plants and associated indigenous uses are still require proper documentation. This is perhaps because of the fact that these studies do not fully represent the wide range of environments in Sitamata wild life sanctuary, where the rugged and undulating topology has created varied niches for plant species. The aim of present study is to evaluate the medicinal use of local plants to provide safety and efficacy information for people who can not afford Western prescription alternatives, to encourage the preservation of culture, tradition, conservation and sustainable utilization of plant wealth occurring in this sanctuary.

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A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

Fig. 1. Map of Rajasthan showing the study area.

2. Materials and methods Regular tours were made to Sitamata wildlife sanctuary from January 2002 to December 2004, for the survey of the vegetation. Ethnomedicinal information on wild plants was collected through interviewing local informants. The local informants were medicine-men, men and women working in the field, priests, village headman and birth attendant above the age of 50 years. To determine the authenticity of information collected during field work, repeated verification of data from different informants and in different times was done. Thus, only the specific and reliable information cross-checked with informants has been incorporated in the present study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on local plant names, uses, parts used, and mode of preparation and administration. Samples of recorded herbs, shrubs and trees were identified with the help of local floras and previous works (Kirtikar and Basu, 1984; Singh and Sheety, 1987–1993; Jain, 1991; Singh and Pandey, 1998). The collected herbs were identified up to species level at the Herbarium of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (India). All the collected specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Agrostology, Department

of Botany, College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur (India) for authentication of information and further reference. Numbers of voucher specimens are also provided.

3. Results and discussion As a result of present study 243 medicinal plant species belonging to 76 families occurs in the Sitamata wildlife sanctuary (Table 1 ). Trees are the primary source of medicinal plants in terms of the number of species (77) followed by herbs (66). Out of 243 plant species 40 are shrubs, 31 are climbers and 20 are tuberous plants. During the survey some epiphytes (Vanda tessellata and Dendrophthoe falcata), parasities (Cuscuta sps. and Striga gesnerioides) and some pteridophytes are also recorded which have medicinal value. Medical administration included inhalation, oral administration, poultice and paste/applying and rubbing/massage. Most of the ailments such as gastrointestinal disorder, maternity ailments, genito-urinary ailments, cardiovascular and circulatory diseases can be cured by oral absorption while most of the skin diseases can be cured by the external

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Table 1 Medicinal plants in the Sitamata Wild life sanctuary in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

EA116

Katha

Extract of bark, latex

Abortifacient

EA117

Kager

Leaf extract

EA47

Renjhua

Gum; decoction of bark

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004)

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. (Mimosaceae)

EA58

Babul

Decoction of stem bark, gum

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. (Mimosaceae)

EA286

Kuamt

Decoction of flower and gum

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae)

EA301

Kalapviriksha

Fruit powder

EA63

Billi, Bel

Apical bud; tender leaves; fruit powder

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (Simaroubaceae)

EA156

Arru, Aduaa

Juice of leaves, powdered stem bark

Kirtikar and Basu (1984) Jain et al. (2004), Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin (Alangiaceae)

EA114

Aankol

Root extract

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Mimosaceae) Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. and Perr. (Combretaceae) Anogeissus pendula Edgew. (Combretaceae) Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) Bauhinia purpurea L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Bauhinia racemosa Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae)

EA98

Siris

EA105

Dhavra, Dhaura

Stem bark, decoction of flower Gum

EA309

Dhokra

Decoction of bark

EA21

Neem

Oil

EA317

Root

EA155

Chapeli, Khatamba Jhinjha

EA123

Kachnar

Extract of leaves

EA202

Semal, Hamlo

EA312

Tad

Bark and flower extract; flower extract and powdered root bark Root decoction

EA52

Salar

Gum

EA200

Lankpana

Bark extract

EA316

Charoli, Chironji Dhak, Khankra Amaltas

Paste of stem bark; gums and seeds Gum; bark extract

Trees Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. (Mimosaceae)

Borassus flabellifer L. (Arecaceae) Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Burseraceae) Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae) Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Anacardiaceae) Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae) Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

EA267 EA129

Bark extract

Seed decoction poultice of leaves

Jain et al. (2004), Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004) Kirtikar and Basu (1984) Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004), Katewa et al. (2003) Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991) Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Eye inflammation, conjunctivitis Demulcent increases potency; contraceptive, menstrual complaints Bronchitis, asthma and leucorrhoea, antidysenteric and syphilis Conjuctivitis, stomach inflammation, sores, burns, haemorrhage and wounds Dysentery and diarrhoea In sexual debility; abdominal pain; chronic dysentery, habitual constipation, dyspepsia Skin eruption, cold and cough, antinematodal, antidote Abortifacient antidote

Boils and pimples spongy gum and pharyngitis In backpain, to repair damaged tissue Gastric disorder Contraceptive Carminative, diarrhoea, ulcer, boils and abscesses To develop sterility, as contraceptive Cure tumor in abdomen Hydrocele, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea and regularize menstruation; urinary problems, tonic To develop sterility, as contraceptive Treat impotency in men To develop sterility, as contraceptive Skin diseases diarrhoea, achne and pimples Leucorrhoea and menorrhagia Antidote, paralysis and rheumatism

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

146 Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng. (Rubiaceae) Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Cordiaceae) Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. (Capparaceae) Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Fabaceae) Dalbergia paniculata Roxb. (Fabaceae) Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. (Ebenaceae) Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. (Ebenaceae) Ehretia laevis Roxb. (Ehretiaceae) Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae) Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)

EA328

Paderi Gundi, Lodi

EA303

–

EA184

Shisham

Bark decoction

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

Mumps, antinematodal

EA215

Paste of seeds, paste of root Decoction of stem bark Decoction of stem

EA

Dhobin

Bark decoction

Jain (1991)

Bodyache

EA224

Karatendu

Jain (1991)

EA240

Timru, Tendu

EA223

Tambolia

Decoction of fruits and Root Powder of fruits and flower bark powder Paste of stem bark

Cracks in sole of feet and abortifacient Urinary and heart diseases, antidysenteric Ointment of burns

EA320

Gadapalsh

Decoction of bark

EA73

Bad

Latex

EA158

Anjeer

Latex

Ficus cordifolia Roxb. (Moraceae) Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae)

EA321

Paraspipal

Fruit extract

EA318

–

Bark powder

Ficus mollis Vahl (Moraceae)

EA324

Bark

Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)

EA183

Gajreda, Kathphadi Gular, Umar

Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae)

EA176

Pipal

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Flacourtiaceae) Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae) Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae)

EA157

Kakon

EA339

Venkarava

Latex; decoction of inflorescence Decoction of inflorescence and bark Inflorescence, bark

EA333

Havan

Grewia teliilfolia Vahl (Tiliaceae) Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd. (Rubiaceae)

EA329

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. (Apocynaceae) Holoptelea intergrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (Ulmaceae) Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb. (Rubiaceae) Kydia calycina Roxb. (Malvaceae) Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill (Anacardiaceae) Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) Br. (Lamiaceae) Madhuca indica J.F. Gmelin (Sapotaceae)

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Indigestion As abortifacient Bodyache

Antidysenteric

Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Kirtikar and Basu (1984) Katewa and Guria (1997) Jain (1991)

To make semen thick and regain sexual potency Boils, eruptions and other skin diseases To kill intestinal worms and in asthma Leucoderma

Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

Causes infertility

Jain (1991)

Asthma, eye diseases

Fresh leaves; decoction of roots

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Dhaman

Root decoction

Jain (1991)

Headache, fever and diarrhoea; antidote in scorpion sting Syphilis

EA100

Haldu

Paste of stem bark, leaves

Singh and Pandey (1998)

EA137

Karontita

Powdered stem bark, extract of root

Singh and Pandey (1998)

EA144

Churel, Papadi

Tender leaf paste

EA334

Lunia

Paste of bark

EA385

Gadihagro

Bark inflorescence

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

EA251

Godal, Gurjan

Fruit

Jain (1991)

EA336

–

Paste of flower bud

EA203

Mahua

Flower and leaves decoction of stem bark

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Decoction of bark

Pain in limbs

Various skin diseases; abortifacient Antidote

Deep wounds and jaundice, stomachache and swelling in stomach Diarrhoea, dysentery and abdomenache bronchitis, cough and cold Skin diseases and antinematodal Body swelling As febrifuge, rheumatism, to increases saliva Bone fracture

Antidote in dog bite Abdominal and chest pain due to cough and cold, blood purifier, gargled in spongy gum, tonsillitis and pharyngitis

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Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae)

EA163

Amba

Seed powdered leaves chewed

Singh and Pandey (1999)

Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sincl. (Annonaceae) Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Rubiaceae)

EA338

Bark

Jain (1991)

EA342

Umbia, Ambua Kadam

Diarrhoea and as astringent, throat infection and hoarseness Paralysis

Bark

Jain (1991)

Morinda tinctoria Roxb. (Rubiaceae) Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. (Bignoniaceae)

EA337

Aal

Root bark

Jain (1991)

EA343

Shivnath

Root and root bark

Jain (1991), Singh and Pandey (1998)

Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. (Fabaceae) Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. (Pandanaceae)

EA263

Tinsa

Bark decoction

EA300

Kevera

Root and inflorescence

Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (Arecaceae) Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae)

EA152

Khajoor

EA44

Amla

Root decoction and shoot apex Ointment of fruit syrup of fruits

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae)

EA249

Karanja

Seed oil leaf decoction

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) Sapindus emarginatus Valh (Sapindaceae) Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. (Oleaceae) Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae)

EA206

Bija, Biya

Bark decoction

EA346

Ardu

Extract of fruits

EA351

Mokha

EA275

Rohan

Paste of leaves and stem bark Bark decoction

Sterculia urens Roxb. (Sterculiaceae)

EA164

Karaya

Bark powder; resin

Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. (Bignoniaceae) Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae)

EA266

Padal

Root extract

EA345

Kajda

Seed bark

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004), Katewa and Guria (1997) Jain et al. (2004), Katewa and Guria (1997) Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae)

EA349

Jamun

Fruits, stem bark

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae) Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae) Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn. (Combretaceae)

EA45

Imali, Aamli

EA302

Rohira

Seed paste extract of fruits Bark powder

EA102

Sagwan

Bark extract

EA173

Arjun

Bark powder

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Katewa and Guria (1997), Jain (1991)

As contraceptive, in fever, leucorrhoea, muscular pain, stomachache and syphilis Ulcer and urinary complaints Antidote, induced conception and abortifacient; diarrhoea and dysentery Raise uterus Antidote, abortifacient; skin diseases, leprosy, scabies and syphilis Heartburns, in loss of counciousness and vertigo Nostril heamorrage leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, syphliis Kill lice and ticks, keep hairs free from dandruffs; antimalarial Raise utreus Asthma, to kill lice and ticks Cracked and chapped lips and skin Regularize menstrual disorders and antidysenteric Regularize menstrual disorders; leucoderma and peptic ulcer Regularize menstrual disorders Chicken pox, paralysis, rheumatism, piles, antidote, eczema and other skin diseases. Body and muscular pain Diabetes, increases appitite; antidysentery, to relive headache Antidote; blood purifier and in jaundice Abortifacient Leucorrhoea Stomach pain; heart diseases and tonic

148

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Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae)

EA262

Bahara

Fruit powder

In dropsy, asthma, cough and cold; Leprosy and liver complaints

Terminalia tomentosa DC. (Combretaceae)

EA192

Sadar

Bark

Singh and Pandey (1998), Jain (1991) Kirtikar and Basu (1984)

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae) Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. (Rhamnaceae)

EA55

Khirni

Latex

EA315

Ghatoor

Fruit decoction

EA118

Jhumka

Seed and leaf extract; leaf decoction

Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae)

EA195

Sitaphal

Root powder, seed paste, stem bark

Barleria cristata L. (Acanthaceae) Barleria prionitis L. (Acanthaceae)

EA260

Patro

EA279

Bajardanti

Root paste and warmed leaves Leaves and leaf juice

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek. (Acanthaceae) Casearia elliptica Willd. (Flacourtiaceae) Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

EA393

Karal

Bark, flowers

EA299

Mojal

Inflorescence

EA353

Anwal

Decoction of seeds; fresh flower

Kirtikar and Basu (1984) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia seena L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. (Verbenaceae) Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. (Verbenaceae)

EA231

Kasondi

Leaf decoction

EA354

–

Leaves

EA115

–

Leaf juice, fresh root

EA394

Arni

Inflorescence, root

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Datura metal L. (Solanaceae)

EA179

Dhatura

Inflorescence, seeds

Jain (1991)

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees. (Poaceae) Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae)

EA92

Bans

Decoction of leaves

EA396

Kareti

Roots

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (Sapindaceae) Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Chees. (Muasceae) Euphorbia nivula Buch.-Hum (Euphorbiaceae)

EA355

Kherata

Inflorescence

Jain (1991)

EA242

Janglikala

EA357

–

Sap of leaves and fruit powder Latex

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Grewia colunnaris Sm. (Tiliaceae) Grewia flavescens A.Juss. (Tiliaceae)

EA241

Gangchi

Root powder

EA235

Kali-Siali

Root powder, decoction of root

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Shrubs Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae)

Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004), Katewa et al. (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Fractured bone, haemorrhage and bronchitis Easy delivery To develop sterility in women Syphilis; antidysenteric and urinary complaints

Postnatal complaints, abortifacient, cold and cough Swelling, rheumatism Bodyache, toothache, pyorrhoea, fever, cough, diarrhoea, hepatic dropsy Emollient, vulnerary Antihelminthetic, wounds, blisters Ophthalmia and conjunctivitis, diabetes and urinary disorders Earache Chronic constipation Syphilis, gonorrhoea, measles Antihelminthetic, fever, Bodyache, boil, fits, gastric disorder Cough, gonorrhoea„ antihelmintics, wounds, leprosy Clear utreus Antidote in snake bite, in asthma bronchitis, dysentery, fever Cold, cuts, wounds, intestinal worms Raise uterus Pain in joints of finger, antidote in animals bite, cuts To develop sterility Bleeding of urinary tract, leucorrhoea, spermtorrhoea

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

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Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori (Tiliaceae) Grewia villosa Willd. (Tiliaceae) Helicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Periplocaceae) Ixora parviflora Valh. (Rubiaceae)

EA141

Gangchi

Root powder

Diarrohea, bone fracture

EA361

Banphalsh

Root powder

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

EA325

Marorphali

Fruit powder

EA341

Garmali

Root powder

EA362

–

Roots and fruits, wood oil

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha gossypifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) Justicia adhatoda Linn. (Acanthaceae) Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (Leeaceae)

EA151

Ratanjot

Latex

EA294

Ratan-Jad

Decoction of root

EA352

Adusa

Whole plant

EA193

Jharmari

Leaf juice

EA153

Mahandi

Paste of fresh leaves

EA245

Hastipalash

Roots, inflorescence and bark

Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. (Leeaceae)

EA389

Hastikand

Roots

Jain (1991)

Mimosa hamata Willd. (Mimosaceae)

EA194

Amado

Seed powder, leaf juice

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae)

EA363

Kala

Unripe fruit

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae)

EA207

Tamat

Inflorescence

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Salisb. (Lythraceae) Xeromphis spinosa (Thaub.) Keay (Rubiaceae)

EA364

Tulsi

Leaf juice

EA271

Nagar

EA365

Dhawri

Seed powder; root extract Crushed flowers

EA281

Mandol, Gadli

Fruits

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae)

EA283

Bor

Decoction of roots; stem bark powder

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight and Arn. (Rhamnaceae) Climbers Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae) Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj. (Convolvulaceae) Argyreia strigosa (Roth) Roberty (Convolvulaceae) Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Liliaceae)

EA400

Jharibor

Decoction of root

Singh and Pandey (1998)

EA24

Chirmi

Leaves, seed extract

EA399

Samander-bel

Roots

EA390

–

Root powder

EA160

Shatavari

Tubers powder

Katewa et al. (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004), Singh and Pandey (1998)

Katewa et al. (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Katewa and Guria (1997) Jain et al. (2004) Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Carbuncle, cholera, dysentery, sores, wounds Stomachache, antidysentric Gonorrhoea, antidote Check haemorrhage in child birth, eczema and skin diseases Pyorrhoea In uterus diseases Tonsilitis Bleeding piles Conjunctivitis, pimples, boils Diarrhoea, dysentery and expectorant, chest bulging in children Bone fracture, body pain, sprains, haemostatic, vermic and wounds Sexual debility in men, coagulant, diarrhoea, dysentery Antinematodal Antihelmintic, cough, hiccough, malarial fever, scabies and other skin diseases Whooping cough Dropsy, gout, rheumatism and Raise utreus Diarrhoea Amoebiasis, dysentery and boils, antimalarial, gonorrhoea Fever, blood purifier, diarrhoea and to improve digestion Pyorrhoea and other tooth diseases

Blisters in mouths and antifertility Chronic ulcer and rheumatism Abdominal and urinary inflammation Raises utreus, leucorrhoea, bodyache; tonic, energetics and increases sexual potentiality

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Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Butea parviflora Roxb. (Fabaceae)

EA387

Nag-bel

Stem bark roots

Jain (1991)

Butea superba Roxb. (Fabaceae) Cardiospermum hali-cacabum L. (Sapindaceae) Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin (Vitaceae) Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae) Cissus quardrangularis L. (Vitaceae) Cissus repanda Valh. (Vitaceae) Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Fabaceae) Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. (Cucurbitaceae) Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels (Menispermaceae) Cocculus pendulus Diels (Menispermaceae) Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. and Schult. (Periplocaceae)

EA388

Palas-bel

Flowers; stem bark

Jain (1991)

Antidysenteric toothache and gum problem, rheumatic pain in ribs and veneral diseases Abortifacient; cuts

EA198

Chirputa

Paste of whole plant

Rheumatism and earache

EA331

Khatalimu

Inflorescences

EA110

Malkagni

Seed oil

EA170

–

Root decoction

EA378

Hadhjood

Internode of stem

EA367

Gudbalado

Bark

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Katewa et al. (2003) Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

EA335

Vardia

Paste of seeds

In syphilis

EA216

–

Fruit

Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

EA127

–

Leaf extract

EA209

–

Leaf extract

EA220

Dudhi

Roots

Gloriosa superba Linn. (Liliaceae)

EA222

Kalihari

Tuber extract

Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. (Convolvulaceae) Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wt. and Arn. (Asclepiadaceae) Luffa acutangula (Linn.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. (Cucurbitaceae) Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) Sarcostemma intermedium Decne. (Asclepiadaceae) Smilax zeylanica L. (Smilacaceae)

EA366

–

Roots

EA368

Nil-kalmi

Seed powder

EA239

–

Paste of seeds and leaves

EA91

Jangli Turi

Fruit extract

EA244

Karala

Fruit juice, Leaf juice

EA175

Kikoda

Fruit juice, Leaf juice

EA369

–

EA95

Hamerbel

EA405

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Vogit (Curbitaceae) Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004), Katewa et al. (2003) Jain (1991)

Asthma, catarrhal affection, headache Rheumatic pain and increases memory Antidote in snake and dogbite, pneumonia Bone fracture Bone fracture

Cold, cough, diabetes and throat affection To develop sterility in men Skin diseases and nostril haemorrage Abdominal and stomach pain, fits, internal fever and rheumatism As abortifacient; wound and asthma

Cough and pain

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

As purgative

Jaundice

Seeds Roots

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

–

Root paste Poultice of whole plant Roots

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

EA280

Neem-giloi

Leaves

EA406

–

Juice of fresh plant

EA306

Indrani

Root and inflorescence

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Gangrene

As blood purifier, in diabetes; eye infection As blood purifier, in diabetes; eye infection Diabetes, diarrhoea, toothache Antidote; bone fracture Anaemia, blood dysentery, fever, spermatorrhoea, rheumatism and veneral diseases Leucorrhoea Earache Bronchitis and heart diseases

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

151

Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

EA250

Jangli angoor

Paste of tuber; decoction

Jain et al. (2004), Katewa and Guria (1997)

Leucorrhoea, menorrhagia and boils

EA150

Andhijara

Leaf decoction, root powder

Katewa and Guria (1997)

EA111

Tokriyo

Paste of leaves

EA13

–

Root paste

EA101

Gavarpatha

Pulp of leaves

EA371

Jangli chaulai

Root paste

Singh and Pandey (1998) Katewa et al. (2001) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Stomach pain and constipation, rheumatic pain As coagulant

Apluda mutica Linn. (Poaceae)

EA12

Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) Aristolochia bracteolata Lamk. (Aristolochiaceae) Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (Scrophulriaceae)

EA148

Polada, Bhangta Satyanasi

Poultice of whole plant Latex

EA273

Kalipad

Leaf extract

EA124

Brahmi

Warmed leaf paste

Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)

EA107

Choti Hadadi

Decoction of roots

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Boerhaavia helenae Schultes (Nyctaginaceae) Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus (Poaceae)

EA122

Gingli

Roots

Jain (1991)

Abdominal ache, urinary inflammation, nervine tonic Night blindness, asthma, jaundice, anaemia, stomachache Corns

EA31

–

Katewa and Jain (2003)

Aromatic, antitumourous, diuretic

Cassia obtusifolia L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia pumila Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia tora L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Poaceae)

EA230

Pamaria

EA372

–

Essential oil from leaves and infloresence Root paste, Fried leaves Whole plant

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Ringworms, foul ulcer, tuberculosis Galactogogues

EA181

Phouadia

EA50

–

Seed paste, seed extraxct, leaf extract Seed paste

EA54

Decoction of root

Expulsion of guinea worm, asthma, in obesity Ovarian and uterine diseases Intestinal worms

Cenchrus setigerus Vahl (Poaceae) Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae) Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae) Chloris virgata Sw. (Poaceae)

EA52

Anjan, Dhaman –

EA223

Brahmi-buti

EA292

–

Paste of whole plant, leaf juice Seed powder

EA45

–

Decoction of roots

Christensen jawarncusa (Jones) Schult. (Poaceae) Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks (Fabaceae)

EA95

Gunderi

EA131

Bokhania

EA229

Baphuli

Essential oil from whole plant Leaf vegetable, Leaf paste Powder of whole plant

Katewa et al. (2003) Katewa et al. (2003) Katewa and Jain (2003) Katewa and Jain (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Katewa and Jain (2003) Katewa and Jain (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain et al. (2004)

Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Watson (Poaceae)

EA58

Rohira, Rosha

Paste of leaves

Vitis vitiginea Haines (Vitaceae)

Herbs Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf (Poaceae) Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Liliaceae) Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)

Decoction of root

Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa and Guria (1997) Katewa et al. (2003) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Katewa and Jain (2003)

Toothache Increases potency, expulsion of guinea-worm Stomachache, congestion of liver, irritation in urinary duct Mouth sores of cattle; in liver complaints Skin diseases, antinematodal Antidote in snake bite

Intestinal worms Increases memory Swollen gums Cold, cough and rheumatism Aromatic; diaphoretic in gout and rheumatism Leprosy and epitaxis Increases vitality and tonic and to regulate menstrual disorder Aromatic; rheumatism and stomachache

152

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)

EA50

Dub

Paste; decoction of whole plant

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae) Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae)

EA65

Makra, Jharnia

Powdered grain

Cut and wound; nostril haemorrhage, stomachache, menstrual problem, anticoagulant Stomachache

EA135

Kantawaladatura

Inflorescence

Katewa et al. (2001), Katewa and Guria (1997) Katewa et al. (2001) Jain (1991)

Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf (Poaceae) Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koelar (Poaceae) Echinops echinatus Roxb. (Asteraceae) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae) Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindl. (Acanthaceae)

EA59

Kush

EA62

–

EA196

Utkali

Paste of whole plant; Root paste Decoction of inflorescence Root

EA83

–

Paste of whole plant

EA314

Galobi

Whole plant

Enicostema axillare (Lam.) Raynal (Gentianaceae) Euphorbia hitra Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)

EA187

Nammi

Leaf powder

EA140

Dudhi

Decoction of whole plant, latex

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze (Poaceae) Hemarthria compressa (L.f.) R. Br. (Poaceae) Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (Poaceae) Indigofera cordifolia Heyne ex Roth. (Fabaceae)

EA96

–

Whole plant

EA104

–

Paste of root

EA93

Soorwala

Root paste

EA119

Dab

Root paste

EA149

Bakari

Launaea obtusus (DC.) Mundhe et Almeida (Astraceae) Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (Lamiaceae) Martynia annua Linn. (Martyniaceae)

EA251

Dalavad

Leaves chewed, decoction of seeds and leaves Inflorescence

EA147

–

Leaves

EA243

Bichhu-butti

Nervilia aragoana Gaud. (Orchidaceae) Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) Panicum antidotale Retz. (Poaceae) Panicum miliaceum L. (Poaceae) Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. (Poaceae) Pedalium murex L. (Pedaliaceae) Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze (Poaceae)

EA407

–

Decoction of whole plant, seed oil, paste of fruits Tubers

EA247

Jangli-tulsi

Sees extract

EA340

Gunera

EA374

–

Poultice of whole plant Whole plant

EA360

Kodra

EA226

Gokhru

Paste of whole plant; grain flour Leaf extract

EA373

–

Inflorescence

Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa and Jain (2003) Jain et al. (2004) Katewa and Jain (2003) Jain (1991)

Katewa and Guria (1997) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Katewa and Jain (2003) Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa et al. (2001) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Asthma, dislocation of joints, stomach complaints, toothache Dysentry, asthma and jaundice Fever In painful delivery Fever Abscess of mammary glands, boils, burns, colic, diarrhoea, rickets, throat compliments, tonsillitis Antimalarial Asthma, bronchial infection, typhoid, pneumonia, dysentery, colic pains, eczema, scabies, pimples, cuts Enlarged spleen and liver Indigestion Antidote in snake bite Antidote in scorpion sting Swollen gums, throat congestion

Jain (1991)

Fever

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Painful swellings and skin diseases Pneumonia and cold fever scabies, eczema and allergy, antidote Cooling

Jain (1991) Jain et al. (2004) Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa et al. (2001) Katewa et al. (2001) Jain et al. (2004) Katewa et al. (2001)

Increases potency in men Wounds Gonorrhoea Skin diseases and as antidysentric Gonorrhoea Stop bleeding after child birth

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

153

Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

EA398

Nal

Leaf juice

As diuretic

EA145

–

Phyllanthus virgatus Forster (Euphorbiaceae)

EA146

–

Leaf paste and decoction of leaves Fresh root Whole plant inflorescence

Katewa et al. (2001) Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Physalis minima Linn. (Solanaceae) Piper longum L. (Piperaceae)

EA268

Rusberry

Leaf juice

EA401

–

Root, fruit

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

Cold, fever and piles, gonorrhoea, itch and stomachache Earache

Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae) Sesamum indicum Linn. (Pedaliaceae)

EA408

Jangli Palak

Whole plant

Jain (1991)

EA189

Jangli-til

Poultice of leaves; decoction of leaves

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae)

EA375

Kangni

Grains

EA165

–

Inflorescence roots

Katewa and Jain (2003) Jain (1991)

Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borssum (Malvaceae)

EA159

–

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae)

EA89

Makoy

Crushed leaves; paste of flower and unripe fruits Juice of whole plant; root extract; fruits eaten

Solanum surattense Burm. f. (Solanaceae) Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae)

EA340

Dhaturi

Seed decoction

EA261

Jhojhru

Decoction of whole plant, root powder and root juice, leaf juice

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Tribulus terrestris Linn. (Zygophyllaceae) Tridax procumbens Linn. (Asteraceae) Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae)

EA232

Gokhru

Fruit powder

EA143

Tokariyo

Whole plant

EA409

Adhashishi

Juice of plant, oil of seeds

EA106

Suran

Crushed tuber

EA410

–

Tuber

EA359

Tuber paste

EA211

Haap roo dakaro Kaduloo

EA212

Kaduloo

Tubers; whole plants

EA43

Dholimusli

Tubers

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae) Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae)

Tuberous plants Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. (Araceae) Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engler (Araceae) Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (Araceae) Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. (Asclepiadaceae) Ceropegia candelabrum L. (Asclepiadaceae)

Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and Fern. (Liliaceae)

Tubers

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Jain et al. (2004) Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Syphilis, gonorrhoea, jaundice

Bronchitis, cold, cough, indigestion, rheumatism, antidote and paralysis Sunstroke and cooling drink Antinematodal and abdominal pain; cough and cold As diuretic, astringent, cooling and sedative Abortifacient, anthelmintics, antiemetic, boils, burns, haemostatic, gastric disorder gonorrhoea and antidote Diarrhoea diuretics

Liver compaints, blood purifier, antidote, boils and psoriasis; antiemetic; diarrhoea, eye infection and hydrophobia Acbolis and abortifacient Anthelmintic, blood purifier, hiccough, Dyspepsia, enlarged liver, impotence, antidote, earache, toothache, leprosy Renal disorder and leucorrhoea Coagulant and boil, blisters Headache, leucoderma, eczema and scabies

Katewa and Guria (1997) Jain (1991)

Antidote in animal bites

Katewa et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2004) Jain et al. (2003), Katewa et al. (2003) Katewa et al. (2003)

Antidote in snake bite and bone fracture To increases fertility and vitality To increases fertility and vitality; kidney stone

Antidote in snake bite

Anaemic, rheumatism

154

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Table 1 (Continued ) Botanical name

Heb. No.

Local name

Part/s used

Literature source

Medicinal uses

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker (Liliaceae) Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. (Costaceae)

EA293

Dholimusli

Tubers

Bone fracture

EA413

Arbi

Root stocks

Singh and Pandey (1998) Jain (1991)

EA87

Mahalakri

Tubers

Jain (1991)

Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae) Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) Curcuma amada Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) Curcuma aromatica Sailb. (Zingiberaceae)

EA322

Dadukanda

Tubers

Jain (1991)

Atrophy, cough and bronchial disorder Anthelminctic, cough and cold, dysentery, giddiness, leprosy, snake bite, tonic and urinary complaints Skin diseases

EA126

Tubers

EA323

Kajoorior ra pana Jangli-haldi

Tubers

Jain et al. (2004) Jain (1991)

To increases potency, in syphilis Aromatic

EA221

Haldi

Tubers

Jain (1991)

Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae)

EA276

Jangli nager bel

Tubers

Jain (1991)

Dioscorea hispida Dennst. (Dioscoreaceae) Dioscorea pentaphylla L. (Dioscoreaceae) Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.–Ham. ex Don (Euphorbiaceae) Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. (Fabaceae)

EA391

Jatashankar ri godi Vahrikand

Fever, indigestion, intestinal worms, removes dead foetus from womb, rheumatism Abdominal pain, boils, bone fracture, piles, dysentery Antidote in dogbite, boils

Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth (Liliaceae) Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) Pteridophytes Actiniopteris radiata (Swartz) Link (Actiniopteridaceae)

EA392

Jain (1991) Tubers

Jain (1991)

EA330

Kargosh ra kandoo

Tubers

Jain (1991)

EA264

Vidari kand

Tubers

Jain (1991)

EA402

Kolikanda

Paste of boil tuber

EA282

Aada

Extract of rhizome

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998)

EA272

Mopankhi

Paste of leaves, decoction of leaves

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Adiantum incisum Forsk. (Adiantaceae) Adiantum philippense L. (Adiantaceae)

EA376

–

Inflorescence

Jain (1991)

EA288

–

Decoction of fresh leaves paste of leaves

Singh and Pandey (1998)

Aleuritopteris farinosa (Forst.) Fee. (Sinopteridaceae)

EA289

Hathajodi

Root, inflorescence

Jain (1991)

EA109

Amarbel

EA128

Amarbel

EA327

Salarbel

EA277

Lalagia, Gwal-mehandi Hatjoor

Infusion of whole plant Decoction of whole plant Decoction of whole plant Extract of whole plant

Singh and Pandey (1998) Singh and Pandey (1998) Katewa et al. (2003) Kirtikar and Basu (1984) Singh and Pandey (1998)

Parasites Cuscuta hyalina Heyne ex Roth (Convolvulaceae) Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Convolvulaceae) Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Etting. (Loranthaceae) Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke (Scrophulariaceae) Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don (Orchidaceae)

EA395

Decoction of whole plant

Asthma, bile, cough, bone fracture, rheumatism Fever, gout and rheumatism Abdominal pain, antiemetic, asthma, bodyache, cholera, diarrhoea Boils and tumours Sores and throat

Regularize menses, to increases fertility in women, tuberculosis, diarrhoea and spermatorrhoea Skin diseases Cough, asthma, fever, erysipelas, leprosy, hair fall Eczema, stomachache manstrual disorder Antiseptic Jaundice, cholera and asthma Menstrual complaints In diabetes Achne, jaundice and dropsy

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

155

Table 2 New Ethnomedicinal plant based remedies from Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Botanical name

Local name

Plant part/s used

Herba-rium no.

Mode of administration

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Acanthaceae) Actiniopteris radiata (Swartz) Link (Actiniopteridaceae) Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj. (Convolvulaceae)

–

Leaf extract

EA350

Mopankhi

Whole plant

EA272

Samander-bel

Leaves

EA399

Argyreia strigosa (Roth) Roerty (Convolvulaceae)

–

Leaves

EA390

Mixture of leaf extract of Cassia tora L. and this plant is applied externally on cut and wounds Inhalation treatment- smoke of whole plant is given by the tribals to recover from unconciousness The upper surface of leaves is warmed, simmered with butter and tied locally on tumor. The tumor (cyst) will burst and healing will start. If leaves are tied from its lower surface than tumor will be suppressed inside the body One-fourth cup decoction of whole plant is taken by tribal women once in a day for 15 days to cure leucorrhoea and menorrhagia. During this period salt, chilli and chapaties made from wheat and maize is strictly prohibitive while chapaties made from ‘Jou’ (Hordeum vulgare) flour is taken in the meal

Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (Araceae)

Haap roo dakaro

Tuber

EA359

(i) Extract of half tuber is taken orally by the tribals as antidote in dog bite (ii) Powder of one tuber is divided in three parts and each part is taken orally daily for three days to cure liver complaints and stomachache

Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae) Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. (Verbenaceae)

Semal, Heembal, Hemlo

Root bark

EA202

Lankpana

Fruit extract

EA200

Arni

Whole plant

EA394

Decoction of root bark is taken by the tribal ladies in menorrhagia for three days One or two drop of fruit extract is poured in ear to cure earache Two teaspoon extract prepared from the flowers of Madhuca indica and this plant is taken daily by the tribals orally early in the morning for 15 days upto 3 months to cure arthritis and rheumatism

Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. (Costaceae)

Mahalakri

Tuber

EA87

(i) One teaspoon root powder is taken by the tribals twice a day for 3-4 days to cure asthma and sexual debility (ii) Two teaspoon root powder is taken by the tribal early in the morning for three days as antinematodal (iii) Decoction of root powder is given to children for two days twice a day in diarrhoea, dysentery and stomachache

Curcuma amada Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)

Jangli haldi

Tubers

EA323

(i) Poultice of tuber is tied on fractured bone for early cure (ii) The tribal put the leaves in new leather shoe to protect the foot from shoe bite

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae)

Kareti, Salparni

Roots

EA396

Vahrikand, Jangli nager bel

Tubers

EA276

Half-cup root decoction is taken orally by the tribals as antidote in snake bite One fourth cup of extract of tuber is taken orally by the women in leucorrhoea

Dioscorea hispida Dennstedt (Dioscoreaceae)

Jatashankri

Tuber

EA391

(i) One tea spoon powder is taken orally by the tribals to cure tuberculosis and asthma (ii) Mixture of tuber powder of Dioscorea pentaphylla and this plant is taken by the tribal orally twice a day for 15 day in tuberculosis and also in respiratory problems created after overdrinking of alcohol

Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn. (Dioscoreaceae)

Lalvala vahrikand

Tuber

EA392

(i) Equal amount of root powder of Dioscorea pentaphylla and Eulophia ochreata is mixed and one teaspoon powder is taken orally twice a day for 15 days to cure asthma and acute bronchitis. This extract is also given by the tribals as antidote in snake bite (ii) The extract of tuber is taken orally by the tribal ladies as contraceptive on daily basis

156

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

Table 2 (Continued ) Botanical name

Local name

Plant part/s used

Herba-rium no.

Mode of administration

Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae)

Galobi

Roots

EA314

(i) Decoction of root is mixed in equal amount in local liquor and one cup of this mixture is taken daily for 3–4 days in the morning for easy expulsion of guinea-worm (ii) Half tea spoon root extract is given to children once a day for two days in Asthma

Eulophia ochreata Lindl. (Orchidaceae)

Gorakhamundi

Tuber

EA403

Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br. (Periplocaceae) Kydia calycina Roxb. (Malvaceae) Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (Leeaceae)

Dudhli

Roots

EA341

Kadihakro

Stem bark

EA385

Hastikand

Roots

EA245

Half cup decoction or one teaspoon powder of tubers is taken orally by the tribals twice a day for 1 month to cure leukaemia Half teaspoon powder or decoction of whole plant is taken orally by the tribals to cure rheumatism Decoction of stem bark is taken by the tribals twice a day for seven days in rheumatism and bodyache Half teaspoon extract of inflorescence is given by the tribals to children in chest bulging

Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. (Leeaceae)

Dalavad

Roots

EA389

(i) Root powder is taken by the tribals once in a day for 7 days to cure sexual debility in men (ii) Decoction of one inch tuber is given to animals through drenching tube in food poisoning

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae)

Bija, Biya

Bark

EA206

(i) Fifty grams of bark is taken in earthen pots and add some water in it, stay it overnight. This extract is taken early in the morning for 7 days in asthma, diabetes and gastritis (ii) Paste prepared from the bark of Ehertia leavis and this plant is applied locally in eczema and other skin diseases

Sterculia urens Roxb. (Sterculiaceae)

Karaya

Bark

EA164

(i) Gum of this plant is mixed with CaCo3 and applied locally as well as taken internally in small quantity as antidote in snakebite (ii) Extract of gum is applied locally to remove the spine from the skin

Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae)

Imali, Aamli

Seeds

EA45

Kaki-kado

Seeds

EA406

Paste of seeds is applied locally as well as taken orally by the tribals to cure piles One-teaspoon seed powder is taken orally by the tribal ladies for sterility

application. Some ailments may be cured by both external as well as internal application such as animal bites and skeleto-muscular problems. In animal bites, gum extract of Sterculia urens is applied locally as well as given orally as antidote. The information recorded about medicinal utility of the plants was compared with the information gathered by earlier published ethnobotanical surveys (Table 1). A review of literature indicates that 34 remedies based on 24 plants are new (Table 2) Notable among these remedies are use of leaves of Argyreia strigosa for leucorrhoea and menorrhagia, use of tubers of Arisaema tortuosum as antidote in dog bite and liver complaints, use of tubers of Costus speciosus, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea pentaphylla and Eulophia ochreata to cure chronic asthma and bronchitis, use of roots of Leea macrophylla to cure sexual debility in men, use of roots of Hemidesmus indicus and whole plant of Clerodendrum viscosum to cure rheumatism and arthritis, tubers of Eulophia ochreata to cure leukameia and use of seeds of Trichosanthes bracteata to develop sterility in women.

Commercial exploitation of species like Arisaema tortuosum, Asparagus racemosus, Bombax ceiba, Pueraria tuberosa, Eulophia ochreata, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Gloriosa superba, Piper nigrum, Costus speciosus, Ceropegia bulbosa, Ceropegia candelabrum, Dioscorea hispida, Kydia calycina, Leea macrophylla and Sterculia urens have been reported from this region. Due to overexploitation, these medicinal plant species become rare and seen at a few spots only; however, the local people say about their wide occurrence in several localities quite some times ago. If proper and immediate steps were not taken for their conservation and sustainable utilization these species would be threatened. The present study indicates that the area harbors a high diversity of medicinal plants.

Acknowledgements One of the authors (Dr. Anita Jain) is highly thankful to the CSIR, New Delhi (India) for providing financial

A. Jain et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 143–157

assistance and to the forest officials specially Mr. R.S. Shekhawat (D.F.O.), Chittorgarh district for providing necessary facilities during field work.

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