Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications

Journal Pre-proof Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications Harish Chandra, Pragati Kumari, Elza Bontempi, Saurabh Yadav PII:

S1878-8181(19)31299-X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101518

Reference:

BCAB 101518

To appear in:

Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology

Received Date: 4 September 2019 Revised Date:

6 January 2020

Accepted Date: 28 January 2020

Please cite this article as: Chandra, H., Kumari, P., Bontempi, E., Yadav, S., Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101518. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1

Medicinal Plants : Treasure Trove for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and their

2

biomedical applications

3

4

Harish Chandra1, ¥, Pragati Kumari2,¥*, Elza Bontempi3, Saurabh Yadav4*

5 6

1

7

249404, India

Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidayalaya, Haridwar

8 9

2

Scientist Hostel-S-02, Chauras campus, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India

10

3

INSTM and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Brescia, Via

11

Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.

12

4

13

Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India

14

*Corresponding author, ¥ Contributed equally

Department of Biotechnology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (Central) University,

15

16

17

18

19

20

1

21

Abstract

22

The cornerstone of nanoscience and nanotechnology are nanoparticles which have immense

23

power and functional ability in diverse fields. Nanoparticles are synthesized by physical,

24

chemical methos but limitations are due to its toxicity. We have discussed few green synthesis

25

routes which are eco friendly and less toxic methods, including alage, microorganisms, plants

26

etc.. Expoiting the potential of medicinal plants, is one of the green synthesis routes and is

27

significant because the current therapeutic approaches have toxicity problems and microbial

28

multidrug resistance issues. As the metal nanoparticles have received great attention across the

29

globe, so in this study we have discussed and focused many different metallic nanoparticles

30

obtained by green synthesis using medicinal plants. We have also discussed the types, size and

31

medicinal properties like antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral activities of

32

nanoparticales. The biomolecules, secondary metabolites and coenzymes present in the plants

33

help in easy reduction of metal ions to nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are considered as

34

potential antioxidants and promising candidates in cancer treatment. The simplified model

35

summarises the green synthesis, its characterization using physicochemical means and their

36

biomedical applications. Succinctly, we have discussed the recent advances in green synthesis of

37

metallic nanoparticles, milestones, therapeutic applications and future perspectives of

38

biosynthesized nanoparticles from some important medicinal plants.

39

40

Keywords: Green synthesis, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Medicinal plants, Antibacterial,

41

Antifungal

42

2

43

44

1. Introduction The life expectancy of human beings has increased after the immense progress in medical

45

sciences. Earlier the average life of a human being was about 50-60 years. Now it has been

46

increased to approx 70 years and above (Roser 2016). This is possible due to immense

47

contribution of applied research in medical sciences in the field of diagnostics, prevention and

48

targeted treatment (Roser 2016). The most valuable contribution of microbiological sciences

49

was the discovery of antibiotics. When first antibiotic penicillin was discovered and introduced

50

in 1940, it saved the life of many soldiers who earlier died of septic or wound infection mainly

51

caused by Staphylococcus spp (Tan and Tatsumura 2015). Soon after the introduction of

52

penicillin, Staphylococcus became resistant and use of penicillin became less relevant to treat

53

Staphylococcus infection.. During evolution, bacteria developed resistance towards

54

antimicrobial agents (Fair and Tor 2014). Also the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics have

55

added to the woes. Researchers across globe are quite aware that such irrational use of

56

antibiotics, will make the treatment difficult as antibiotics will become toothless (Ventola, 2015).

57

So the world is in the search of newer alternative of pharmaceuticals which are small and

58

capable of targeted delivery (Taylor 2016). Thus, the scientists are keen to investigate smaller

59

medicinally important molecules and nanotechnology seems to be the result of that curiosity.

60

Nanotechnology is emerging science which deals with the study of small particles or

61

nanoscale materials whose size ranges from 1-100 nm ( 1 nm = 10-9 m). Ancient system of

62

medicine in India, Ayurveda deals with the different formulations which are suggestive about

63

the nanosize range in for e.g. Swarna Bhashm, Muktashukti bhasma, Abhrak bhashma, Tamra

64

bhasma, Louha Bhasma (Pal et al., 2015;Sharma and Prajapati 2016). Bhasmas are generally a

65

metallic preparations having decoction of medicinally important herbs and it is widely used for 3

66

the treatment of various diseases (Pal et al., 2015). These bhasmas were considered to be aseptic

67

and free from toxicity in therapeutic doses which proved its enhanced efficacy (Chaudhary,

68

2011). The term nanotechnology was first given by N. Taniguchi at the international conference

69

on industrial production in Tokyo in 1974, in order to describe the very thin development of

70

materials within nanometer range. This idea was taken up by Feynman and it was later developed

71

by Drexler. In the year 2000 American President Mr. Bill Clinton showed interest in

72

nanotechnology and started funding for cutting edge research. On the similar lines, President

73

George W. Bush signed and introduced the Nanotechnology Research and Development Act.

74

This legislation made nanotechnology research a national priority and of prime importance

75

thereby forming National Technology Initiative (NNI). This nanotechnology based applied

76

research has found importance in many research institutions around the world.

77

2. Why Green synthesis ?

78

In the last few years Indian subcontinent witnessed great progress in terms of herbal based

79

products. This revolution is due to the trust of people towards Ayurvedic products or herbal based

80

products as most of the people now aware of side effects of a chemically derived or synthetic

81

antimicrobial compounds, which have adverse effects on human health. Another reason was the

82

development of antibiotic resistance to multiple drugs (Srivastava et al., 2014; Chandra et al.,

83

2017). In medical sciences the infection is controlled by the use of antibiotics, however due to

84

the emergence of Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) bacteria, it is very much difficult to treat

85

such patients who are infected with MDR pathogenic bacteria. In the case of Urinary tract

86

infection, E. coli is the most frequently encountered bacteria and it became resistant to most of

87

the common drugs which is being used today to control the infection. This bacteria have shown

88

good response towards Gentamicin but the problem associated with this drug is its side effects. It 4

89

is nephrotoxic and could cause permanent kidney damage (Pazhayattil and Shirali 2014). So, to

90

avoid such toxic and life threatening side effects, people are shifting their dependence towards

91

herbal based antimicrobial agents which are effective, eco-friendly and relatively free from side

92

effects. Towards this we performed searching by using the keywords

93

“green AND synthesis AND nanoparticles AND plant” and results showed that India has more

94

than 1400 published papers from 1996 to 2018 and is the most active region working in this field

95

of research, followed by Iran which published about 260 papers (Fig. 1). With these keywords,

96

the search result showed that the field of materials science is promising and stands second one

97

after the Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology area containing the largest number of

98

publications (Fig. 2). For the synthesis of nanoparticle, researcher have tried different methods

99

like physical and chemical methods. However, these methods weretime consuming, expensive,

100

require sophisticated electronic or electrical equipment. These methods use toxic chemicals that

101

have many health hazards and it was not environment friendly (Chandra et al., 2019). So, green

102

synthesis including important medicinal plants were proving helpful and promising in this regard

103

(Elemike et al. 2019; Khatami et al. 2018).

104

3. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles

105

3.1 Sol-Gel Method

106

The Sol-gel method is well known method for the synthesis of metallic NPs in which there are

107

certain essential preparation steps for the synthesis nanoparticles. Initially monomers are

108

converted to the sol (a colloidal solution) which is the precursor for subsequent gel formation

109

(Owens et al., 2016). This method has the following steps i.e. the metal undergoes hydrolysis and

110

forms metal hydroxide solution and rapid condensation leads to three-dimensional gel formation.

111

The gel is then dried and the product is rapidly converted to Xerogel or Aerogel. The 5

112

nanostructures obtained are of high purity and homogenous structure. Sol-gel process is more

113

preferred as it is economically feasible and involves low-temperature (Thiagarajan et al., 2017;

114

Owens et al., 2016).

115

3.2 Polyol Method

116

In Polyol process there is synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by using polyols which

117

acts as a reaction medium which has role of reducing agent, solvent and complexation

118

agent simultaneously with dissolved stabilizing agents (Dhand et al., 2015). It is

119

liquid phase synthesis in which polyol group such as ethylene glycol etc. reacts with

120

low cost metal salts with different proportion following the addition of sulphuric acid

121

and heating the solution upto boiling temperatures. After the reaction, solution was

122

cooled to room temperature, and the particles were separated from the liquid by

123

centrifugation and then repeatedly washed with ethanol. The resulting particles were

124

dried at room temperature till further use (Kim et al., 2006).

125

3.3 Microemulsion

126

Microemulsion solutions contain at least three components viz. polar, non polar and

127

surfactant. Microemulsions are homogeneous, isotropic and thermodynamically

128

stable solutions (Malik et al., 2012). It is one of the inorganic nanoparticle synthesis

129

method in which microemulsiom material and reactant are mixed together due to the

130

collision of water droplets of microemulsions with reactant. The precipitation occurs

131

in the nanodroplets followed by nucleation and coagulation. The resultant

132

nanoparticles surrounded by water (Rane et al., 2018). There are namely two routes

133

for synthesis of the nanoparticles viz. one micro emulsion method and two micro

134

emulsion method.

6

135

3.4 Hydrothermal synthesis

136

Nowdays the potential of rapid and continuous techniques for controlled production of

137

inorganic nanomaterials has been demonstrated (Darr and Poliakoff 1999). The

138

promising green approach are mostly water-based viz. continuous hydrothermal synthesis

139

process (Bartkowiak et al., 2018; Jaggessar and Yarlagadda, 2020). Hydrothermal

140

process is a liquid phase technology that has gained importance during years. In the

141

hydrothermal process, inside an engineered mixer having preheated water under high

142

temperature and high pressure gets reacted with aqueous metal salt solution under

143

continuous flow and nanoparticle metal oxide is the product (Darr and Poliakoff 1999).

144

The process varies and the product is dependent upon the process conditions and reagents

145

used.

146

147

4. Green synthesis routes of metal nanoparticles

148

There are different routes of green synthesis methods to synthesize nanoparticles exploiting

149

microbes and plants etc. which have been proven safe, efficient and cost-effective (Gowramma

150

et al., 2015). The different routes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles uses biological

151

organisms like bacteria, viruses, actinomycetes, fungi (including yeast), plant extracts etc. (Shah

152

et al., 2015). These green synthesis methods involve an eco-friendly approach using green

153

chemistry. In comparison to the above-mentioned biological entities working as an efficient

154

factories for nanoparticle synthesis, the NPs formed via plants is comparatively a straight

155

forward method which is more advantageous approach (Iravani 2011). Microbes have the ability

156

to help synthesize inorganic materials and this is a bottom-up approach. Each microbe acts in a

7

157

different manner and interacts differently with particular metallic ions. The formation of metallic

158

nanoparticles depends on cellular milieu (pH and temperature) in specific microorganisms and

159

the biochemical processing in respective microbes determines with a particular size and

160

morphology (Iravani 2014). There are different routes of green synthesis exploiting the potential

161

of the following organisms-

162

4.1 Bacteria

163

The different bacteria possesses inherent ability to reduce the heavy metals and can be

164

considered potential candidates for synthesis of nanoparticles. This reduction is a combination of

165

many factors nanoparticles and few organic functional groups present at bacterial cell wall seems

166

to be an important factor which induces reduction. In this category, the bacterial species helpful

167

in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles are Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella

168

pneumoniae, Actinobacter sp., Lactobacillus spp., Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp. etc.

169

(Iravani 2014; Sunkar and Nachiyar 2012). Both intracellular and/or extracellular mechanisms

170

are used by bacterial cells involved in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Facile biosynthesis

171

of zirconium dioxide crystalline nanoparticles were synthesized using Acinetobacter sp. KCSI1

172

(Suriyaraj et al., 2019). The gold (Au) ions were effectively reduced by using Pseudomonas

173

aeruginosa and it resulted in the extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Husseiny et al.,

174

2007). Also the reduction of palladium and its biocrystallization was observed by Desulfovibrio

175

desulfuricans (Yong et al., 2002). Regarding the yield of nanoparticles and their proper

176

synthesis, selection of correct culture media for a specific bacterial populations and the desired

177

metallic salt is very important (Roh et al., 2001; Yong et al., 2002)

178

8

179

4.2. Actinomycetes

180

There are reports about the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles from actinomycetes and

181

their biomedical and therapeutic applications (Golinska et al., 2014). In the actinomycetes

182

culture, the enzymes secreted from the cell wall and cell membrane helps in the reduction of

183

silver and gold ions and the proteins help in capping and stabilization of the nanoparticle

184

formation (Sukanya et al., 2013).

185

4.3. Algae

186

Algae offers a quick and cheap route of green synthesis (Baker et al., 2013). Algae came in use

187

for NP synthesis because the nucleation and growth of crystal was accelerated due to the

188

presence of negative charge on the surface of algal cells and also the industrial synthesis is at

189

very low cost. The metabolites secreted by the culture medium of the Chaetomorpha linum algae

190

causes the reduction of silver nitrate. Flavonoids and terpenoids in the extract acted as effective

191

capping and stabilizing agents and also they helped in the formation of NPs which were useful in

192

medical fields (Kannan et al., 2013). Spirulina platensis mediated biosynthesis of gold

193

nanoparticles and the bio functionality was tested by its antibacterial activity against S. aureus

194

and B. subtilis (Suganya et al., 2015). Polysaccharides of algal species helps in controlling the

195

size and shape of silver nanoparticles. Few marine algae are efficient in nanoparticle synthesis

196

and the NPs are useful also (El-Rafie et al., 2013).

197

4.4. Fungi

198

Another group of organisms like fungi have enzymes and proteins which can reduce metal ions

199

into nanoparticles and also stabilize the resulting nanoparticles (Khandel and Shahi 2018).

200

Plethora of different proteins in fungi convert the metallic salts into corresponding nanoparticles 9

201

and the process is very fast. There are many fungi viz. Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and

202

Penicillium sp. which have their biosynthetic ability to create both silver and gold nanoparticles

203

(Vigneshwaran et al., 2007; Philip 2009; Kathiresan 2009). Trichothecium sp, an alkali tolerant

204

fungus were used in biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Ahmad et al., 2005). Green synthesis of,

205

silver nanoparticle from soil fungus Penicillium italicum was carried out and tested effectively

206

against multi drug resistance (MDR) pathogens (Nayak et al., 2018). In comparison of bacteria,

207

fungi contains and efficiently secrete different proteins and several enzymes per unit biomass for

208

proper synthesis of metallic nanoparticles due to which yield of nanoparticles is increased

209

(Narayanan and Sakthivel 2010). Yeasts are simple eukaryotes and have proper post-translational

210

methods which helps proteins and enzymes for efficient function. Silver nanoparticles were used

211

in the biotransformation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Korbekandi et al., 2016). The

212

synthesis of nanoparticles were in the cells, inside cell membrane and attached to cell membrane

213

and also outside of the yeast cells (Korbekandi et al., 2016). A silver tolerant yeast strain MKY3

214

was used in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles extracellularly (Kowshik et al., 2003). Thus

215

they are preferred in comparison to bacteria due to mass production of nanoparticles and easy

216

handling and control in laboratory using simple nutrients (Moghaddam et al., 2015).

217

4.5. Plants

218

The routes via plants especially medicinal plants offers extra advantages and also it does not

219

require any complex protocols or methodologies. In the case of microbes, there are multi-step

220

process including isolation of potential microbe, specific culture preparation and sub-

221

culturing, maintenance of culture etc. Furthermore, the process via plants is comparatively

222

easy for scaling up, for large scale production of nanoparticles (Jha et al., 2009; Bar et al.,

223

2009). In green synthesis method involving the plant materials such as leaves, root, stem, 10

224

bark, flower, fruit etc. (Akhtar et al., 2013) which act as reducing and stabilizing agent are

225

mixed with desired metal solution such as Silver nitrate (AgNO3), Titanium oxide (TiO2),

226

Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO).2H2O), Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate

227

(HAuCl4), hexachloroplantic acid (H2PtCl6.6(H2O), Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate salt

228

(CuSO4.5H2O) and other metals (Figure 3). Gopinath et al. (2012) synthesized silver

229

nanoparticles from the medicinal plant, Tribulus terrestris L. fruit bodies and reported the

230

spherical shaped NPs having size between 16-28 nm. These green synthesized AgNPs were

231

tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogens,

232

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and and found to have bactericidal activity

233

against all tested isolates of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Also the silver nanoparticles from

234

leaf of Tribulus terrestris bearing medicinal properties displayed antibacterial activity

235

(Gopinath et al. 2015). The phytomediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticle from

236

Mentha piperita leaves and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against human

237

pathogens E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The gold nanoparticle was found superior than

238

silver nanoparticles (Mubarakali et al., 2011). The silver nanoparticle synthesized from the

239

leaves of Podophyllum hexandrum inhibited the cellular mechanism of HeLa by DNA

240

damage and caspase-mediated cell death. (Jeyaraj et al., 2013). Titanium dioxide

241

nanoparticles ( TiO2NPs) were synthesized from Cissus quadrangularis extract was reported

242

to have significant bactericidal activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus (Priyadarshani et

243

al., 2019). Cinnamon was used as cinnamon as reductant and stabilizer in green synthesis of

244

silver NPs and antibacterial activity was observed (Premkumar et al., 2018). The

245

biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaf of Justicia wynaadensis which is a

246

medicinal herb showed antimitotic and DNA-binding potential (Hemanth Kumar et al.,

11

247

2019). The extract of common herbal plant, Caesalpinia pulcherrima was used for silver

248

nanoparticle synthesis and proved cytotoxic on HCT116 cell lines (Deepika et al., 2020). The

249

phytomediated synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticle was described by Chandra et al., (2019)

250

in which Berberis aristata leaves was used for the synthesis of ZnONPs. Francis et al.(2017)

251

synthesisized and characterized gold and silver nanoparticle from the leaf extract of

252

Mussaenda glabrata by using green synthesis method. A medicinal plant, Cissus

253

quadrangularis was used for facile biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles which were

254

used as potential antifungal agents against Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus

255

flavus (Devipriya & Roopan 2017). The green biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by

256

the use of extract from the flower of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and their antifungal potential

257

against many phytopathogens (Jamdagni et al., 2018). A medicinal herb Rosmarinus

258

officinalis L. (rosemary) was used for green synthesis of iron nanoparticles. Rosemary-

259

FeNPs proved to have cytotoxicity on 4T1 and C26 cancer cell lines (Farshchi et al., 2018).

260

The facile biosynthesis of nanoparticles by using plants especially medicinal plants is safe,

261

less time needed and economically viable in comparison to other biological organisms like

262

microbes etc. (Shah et al., 2015; Mittal et al., 2013). The green synthesized nanoparticles

263

possess increased antimicrobial activity in comparison to the other nanoparticles. This

264

activated antimicrobial activity may be the result synergistic action of few proteins which

265

function in capping and subsequently stabilizing the biosynthesized nanoparticles (Roy et al.,

266

2019).

267

5. Characterization of nanoparticle

268

For nanoparticle synthesis, reaction mixture is exposed to sunlight directly and the color change

269

is observed to determine nanoparticle formation.The agglomeration of NPs is avoided after 12

270

removing from sunlight once the color intensities are stored in dark. This nanopowder is further

271

subjected to characterization using physicochemical means. After synthesis of metal nanoparticle

272

it is essential to characterize the synthesized NPs (Figure 3) to know whether the synthesized

273

metal nanoparticle are in the nano range and also for shape and chemical nature. Various

274

techniques are used for the study of synthesized nanoparticle. X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis

275

of the green synthesized nanopowders is carried out and the average crystallite size of

276

nanocrystals was calculated using Scherrer's equation (Scherrer 1918). The maximum

277

absorbance of the synthesized nanoparticle was measured by UV-Vis Spectrometry and Fourier

278

transform- infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy helps in identifying the functional groups involved.

279

The shape of the nanopowders were analysed using Scanning electron microscopy and the

280

elemental compositions of the nanoparticle was analysed using Energy dispersive X-ray

281

spectroscopy (EDX). A noninvasive method is dynamic light scattering (DLS) which is used to

282

measure the size distribution of the synthesized nanoparticles. DLS method depends on the

283

nanoparticle interaction with light and relies on Rayleigh scattering. These above mentioned

284

techniques were used for the characterization of the following biosynthesized nanoparticles from

285

medicinal plants e.g. silver nanoparticles from cinnamon (Premkumar et al., 2018), Caesalpinia

286

pulcherrima (Deepika et al., 2020), zinc oxide nanoparticles from Justicia wynaadensis

287

(Hemanth Kumar et al., 2019), Berberis aristata (Chandra et al., 2019), Nyctanthes arbor-

288

tristis (Jamdagni et al., 2018), Solanum nigrum (Ramesh et al., 2015), gold and silver

289

nanoparticle from Mussaenda glabrata (Francis et al., 2017), Mentha piperita (Mubarakali et al.,

290

2011), copper oxide nanoparticles from Cissus quadrangularis (Devipriya & Roopan 2017) and

291

iron nanoparticles from Rosmarinus officinalis (Farshchi et al., 2018). The confirmation of the

13

292

biosynthesized crystals were done by the physico-chemical techniques mentioned above and

293

later the biofunctionality was ascertained.

294

6. Mechanism of action of nanoparticles

295

The modern medicine system is more popular among all form of medicines due its

296

immediate action and life saving effects. However, traditional system of medicines takes

297

longer time but it acts on the root cause of the diseases.. The Homeopathic medicines are

298

based on the nanoparticles and they consist of highly reactive nanoparticles (Bell and

299

Koithan, 2012). The nanoparticles display their cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis or by

300

inducing cell cycle arrest (de Stefano et al. 2012). The smaller size of selenium NPs

301

enters the cancerous cells via nucleus and does DNA breakage which ultimately leads to

302

cell death. The selenium NPs does cytotoxic effects by the disruption of glutathione and

303

thioredoxin systems by generation of reactive oxygen species (Menon et al., 2018).

304

Mechanism of action of antibacterial activity by the biosynthesized nanoparticles are due

305

to the following (i) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation (ii) bacterial protein

306

denaturation (iii) entry in the bacterial cell wall and causes cell death. (iv) disrupting

307

bacterial respiratory chain that leads to cell death (v) formation of asymmetrically shaped

308

pits in the cell membrane and changes permeability of membrane, thereby causing release

309

of lipopolysaccharides and membrane proteins (Rajeshkumar and Bharath, 2017). These

310

may be the putative methods by which the nanoparticles exhibit their action and

311

biofunctionality. Zinc nanoparticles disrupts plasma membrane of bacteria but the cause

312

of interference in permeability of cell is not well established. Some hypothesis may be

313

ascribed for this phenomenon viz. the nanoparticles exhibit their antibacterial activity via

14

314

induction of oxidative stress and release of metal ion etc. (Chandra et al. 2019) and also

315

formation of hydrogen peroxide from the surface of zinc oxide NPs (Rai et al. 2009).

316

7. Medicinal value of Plants

317

The burgeoning incidence of diseases caused by MDR pathogenic bacteria in developed and

318

developing countries put immense pressure on medical fraternity to search the alternate treatment

319

of these resistant microorganisms. In India, people are now showing faith to alternate systems of

320

medicines such as Ayurveda, Homoeopathic and Unani practices. All these systems are directly

321

or indirectly use medicine which is already described in ancient literature. As mentioned in the

322

previous section that different kinds of Bhasmas as prescribed for the treatment of various

323

ailments fall within the permissible limit of nanosize (Sharma and Prajapati 2016). The

324

researchers from different countries reported the synthesis of different metal nanoparticles from

325

medicinal plants and have shown important therapeutic properties such as antioxidant activity,

326

antimicrobial activity, wound healing properties, insecticidal activity, anticancer activity,

327

immunomodulatory activity, antidiabetic activity, hepatoprotective activity etc. (Table 1). Thus,

328

a new era of nanomedicine (Muhammad et al. 2019) is on the rise and use of medicinal plants

329

will immensely benefit through their use in formation of metallic nanoparticles..

330

7.1. Applications of medicinal plants as nanomedicine

331

The application in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries by the use of nanomedicine has

332

seen profound effects (Wagner et al., 2006; Shi et al., 2011). Approximately 100 products of

333

nanomedicines clinically approved are finding prominence in the field ranging from drug

334

delivery, bio-imaging, biomaterials and diagnostic or other medical devices (Etheridge et al.,

335

2013). The drugs which we ingest remains available in a very low amount in the blood streams

15

336

and is termed as bioavailabilty. So, to achieve that bioavailability level, dose optimization is

337

necessary and the drug which we take should have a specific target. So, to get appropriate

338

bioavailability, theoretically heavy quantity of drugs must be taken but that will result in more

339

side effects. The nanotechnology approach is promising technology and has proved that it has

340

site specific drug delivery (Hanafy et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2017). Due to this approach the

341

required dose of drug will be used and side-effects can be reduced substantially. The use of drugs

342

in small quantities and the specific target can reduce the cost of drugs and even reduce pain to

343

the patients (Nikalje, 2015). The synthesized polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles carrying

344

antibiotics and termed as “PEGylation” helps in improving drug efficiency and helps delivery of

345

genes to target cells. The coatings by PEG helps administration of nanoparticle formulations in

346

efficient manner. These formulations were evaluated for the control of bacterial infection, and it

347

was found to efficiently target bacterial infection more precisely inside the body (Suk et al.,

348

2016). The nano delivery of particles, containing a sub-layer of pH sensitive chains of the amino

349

acid histidine, is used to destroy bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics because of

350

the large dose and sustained release of the drug. Applications of nanotechnology is nowdays

351

used efficiently to treat various infectious diseases (Radovic-Moreno et al. 2012). The resin

352

based composites having an inorganic residues as filler particles of different sizes in the range of

353

supra micron, submicron and nano level are used in dentistry (Schmalz and Arenholt 2009). In

354

dental implants and surgery, the resin content of the composites is reduced by filling it with

355

nanoparticles. Nanohybrids are the composites and they are a mix of small and large particles in

356

a resin based composites but the nano-composites are the ones having only nano particles

357

(Albers 2002). The filler particles in a resin based composites vary differently in composition of

358

nanoparticles. Earlier the resin-based nanocomposites used to contain the quartz particles (Albers

16

359

2002). The filler nanoparticles gave new dimension to the research in dentistry. With the advent

360

of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles have proved to be efficient antimicrobial agents due to

361

its interactions with bacteria (Rai et al., 2009; Lok et al., 2006). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

362

were used in filling dental caries from the last few years (Correa et al., 2015; Priyadarsini et al.,

363

2018) for preventing bacterial infections and colonization (Manikandan et al., 2017). These

364

nanoparticles have been used in many dentistry areas like endodontics (Samiei et al. 2013; Lotfi

365

et al. 2011), implantology (Zhao et al., 2011), restorative dentistry (Cheng et al., 2011) and

366

dental prosthetics (Nam 2011). In dental implants also the silver nanoparticles have been

367

successfully used (Flores et al. 2010; Zhao et al., 2011). Durner et al. (2011) and Cheng et al.

368

(2012) have reported the use of silver NPs in restorative dentistry. The nanocomposites

369

containing acrylic resins and silver nanoparticles possess antimicrobial effect against bacteria

370

and also provided better strength in dental treatment (Kassaee et al., 2008).The data on the

371

release of silver nanoparticlesfrom dental implants or fillings are rare.

372

The oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans was inhibited by the antibacterial action of the

373

silver particles which were released from the resin-based composites having silver ion-implants

374

as fillers (Yamamoto et al. 1996). Therefore, from all these studies it can be assumed that either

375

silver nanoparticles as such are released or the silver ions from these particles have beneficial

376

effects. The silver nanoparticle incorporation were aimed for avoiding the microbial colonization

377

thereby, increasing overall oral health.

378

7.2. Nanoparticles in Urinary Tract Infection

379

UTI are most common infection in human beings mainly caused by bacteria and Candida spp. It

380

is most commonly encountered in females and affecting people of all ages. The worldwide

17

381

incidence rate of UTI was 150 million people per year (Swify et al., 2015; Flores-Mireles et al.,

382

2015). E. coli is responsible for approx. 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and while

383

choosing appropriate antibiotics such bacteria should be targeted (Kang et al., 2018).

384

The UTI affects urinary tract including urethra, ureter and kidney. The most frequent

385

microorganism encountered in urine examination is E. coli, followed by Klebsiella, enterococci,

386

groupB streptococci, Pseudomonas, and Proteus mirabilis (Srinivas et al., 2014). UTI is

387

experienced by about 12% of men and 40% women at least once during their lifetime but 40%

388

women display recurrent UTI (Foxman, 2010; Ikäheimo et al., 1996). UTIs are prevalent during

389

the medical complications of pregnancy and this increased incidence during pregnancy is due to

390

the physiological changes that occurs in the genitourinary tract of females during pregnancy

391

(Abdullah and Al-Moslih, 2005; Jeyabalan A, Lain, 2007).

392

Most of the antibiotics used for the control of UTI infections are now ineffective due to

393

development of resistance against these antibiotics (Lee et al., 2018). These urinary tract

394

pathogens acquire resistance due to acquistation of resistance gene acquired through horizontal

395

gene transfer or by other means such as irrational administration of antibiotic without knowing

396

the sensitive pattern of causal microorganisms (Lee et al., 2018). Chandra et al. (2019),

397

synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle from Berberis aristata and evaluated its antibacterial activity

398

against urinary tract pathogens isolated from urine sample of patients and found that it has

399

significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia

400

but it has not shown positive response against Proteus spp and S. typhi. The green synthesized

401

copper oxide nanoparticles from indian medicinal plant, Tabernaemontana divaricate leaf, has

402

effective antibacterial activity against the urinary tract pathogens (Sivaraj et al. 2014).

18

403

Ravikumar et al. (2012) also observed in vitro antibacterial activity of Al2O3 nanoparticle as

404

antibacterial agents against urinary bacterial pathogens.

405

7.3. Antiparasitic activity of nanoparticles

406

Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases and spread through the female Anopheles

407

mosquito. As per the data given by National Vector Borne Disease control program number of

408

death has been reduced tremendously (NVBDCP, 2012). In India incidence of chloroquine

409

resistance was reported from various places of India and that resistance was due to the K767

410

mutations in pfcrt gene of P. falciparum (Vinayak et al., 2003). So, there is need of some

411

alternate and effective strategy to control malaria in resistant cases. There are several reports

412

which describes the effectiveness of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs). The AgNPs synthesized from

413

the leaf of Andrographis paniculata was investigated for antiplasmodial activity against P.

414

falciparum at 100 µg/mL concentration and it showed 83% inhibition (Paneerselvam et al.,

415

2011). AgNPs synthesized from the leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta also showed the total

416

reduction of P. falciparum (Paneerselvam et al., 2015). Generally, researchers have found

417

different botanicals to control mosquitoes by acting as larvicidal and pupicidal (Prabhu et al.,

418

2011). The green synthesis nanoparticle from plants are reported to have oviposition deterrent,

419

mosquitocidal and inhibitory effect on adult stage of mosquitoes (Soni et al., 2014; Benelli,

420

2016). Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from Feronia elephantum plant had larvicidal activity

421

against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes Aegypti

422

(Veerakumar et al., 2014). Green synthesized gold nanoparticles from the Cymbopogon citratus

423

plant of medicinal importance, was observed to be effective against various mosquitos vector

424

(Murugan et al., 2015). The fungal-mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles

425

(AgNPs and AuNPs) were effective as larvicidal agents and their efficiency was shown against 19

426

the Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes Aegypti (Soni et al., 2012). Dengue

427

fever reduces platelet counts and is fatal to the patient. However, no efficient treatment apart

428

from the platelet transfusion is possible. However, herbs are known to have potential to increase

429

the platelet counts and that can be exployed by green synthesis. Recently, gold nanoparticles

430

from Artemisia vulgaris (Sundararajan et al., 2017) and Cymbopogon citratus (Murugan et al.,

431

2015) were shown to have inhibitory action against dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti.

432

7.4. Antiviral activity of nanoparticles

433

In recent years, there is a burgeoning incidence of a viral infection such as viral hepatitis, HIV,

434

Swine flu and SARS virus, , West Nile virus, monkey pox virus, Hantavirus, Nipah virus,

435

Hendravirus, chikungunya virus are causal agents for other viral borne infection (von Overbeck

436

2003; Daszak et al., 2013). The treatment available in allopathic practice is an administration of

437

the antiviral drug e.g. acyclovir which inhibits viral multiplication but the treatment suffers from

438

many side effects and fail to complelely remove the virus particles from the patient’s body. The

439

life cycle and multiplication of virus follows steps i.e. virus adsorption, virus penetration,

440

uncoating, expression of the virus genome, replication of the genome, protein synthesis,

441

assembly and release of the virus. The drugs developed for viral infection have action on one of

442

the above mentioned steps. The metal nanoparticle e.g. silver nanoparticles has shown promising

443

response against viral infection by inhibiting any of the steps listed above (Galdiero et al., 2011).

444

The silver nanoparticle has antiviral activity against HIV infected cells (Sun et al., 2005; Lara et

445

al., 2010), Hepatitis B Virus (Lu et al., 2008), Herpes simplex virus type I (Baram-Pinto et al.,

446

2009), monkey pox virus (Rogers et al., 2008) and chikungunya virus (Sharma et al., 2019).

447 448

7.5. Antiproliferative/anticancer activity/cytotoxic effect of metallic nanoparticles 20

449

Cancer stands out to be one of the greatest scourge to human life. The standards in treatment and

450

diagnosis of the disease have been elevated by the nanotechnology and considered as the most

451

encouraging introduction for cancer therapy. In the modern system of medicine, some effective

452

treatments available to control or remove the cancerous cells from the body includes

453

chemotherapy, radiation and surgical removal of cancerous tissues. The phytosynthesized

454

nanoparticle has shown some hope for certain type of cancers. Silver nanoparticles from leaf

455

extract of Melia azedarach were active against the HeLa cervical cancer cell lines (Sukirtha et

456

al., 2011). The silver nanoparticle synthesized from Nepeta deflersiana plant have shown

457

anticancer properties against cervical cancer (i.e. HeLa cells) (Al-Sheddi et al., 2018). The MTT

458

assay of silver nanoparticle synthesized from the aqueous leaf extract of pomegranate (Punica

459

granatum) shown anticancer properties against cervical cancer (Sarkar and Kotteeswaran, 2018).

460

Copper oxide nanoparticles were formed from Phaseolus vulgaris (Black bean) and can induce

461

apoptosis and acts as inhibitory action of HeLa cells (Nagajyothi et al., 2017) Mousavi et al.

462

(2018) reported that phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Artemisia turcomanica leaf

463

have to cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer cells (AGS) as well as normal fibroblast cells

464

(L–929) by MTT assay. The silver nanoparticles from Piper longum showed cytotoxic effects on

465

HEp-2 cancer cells (Jacob et al., 2011). Gold nanoparticles Allium cepa were useful against the

466

MCF-7 breast cancer cells (Parida et al., 2011). The silver nanoparticles synthesized from the

467

plant have now proven to have potential to control cancer (Abdel-Fattah and Ali, 2018).

468

8. Conclusions

469

The green synthesis of nanoparticles poses research interest to scientists across the globe, due to

470

its applications. Medicinal plants contain phytometabolites of therapeutic values and are

471

currently exploited for benefit to mankind. This method is found to be promising and eco21

472

friendly for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Our review article discussed the biosynthesized

473

metallic nanoparticles from various medicinal plants including their pharmaceutical and

474

therapeutic applications in different sectors like biomedical, drug delivery, nanomedicine and,

475

diagnostics. Since the nanoparticles from medicinal plants are free from toxic contaminants, they

476

are well suited in medical sciences and therapeutics. The biosynthesized nanoparticles from

477

medicinal plants have gained the level of competency or biofunctionality as compared to their

478

physically and chemically synthesized nanoparticles. The potential of nanotechnology is

479

emerging in newer fields like DNA nanotechnology which may help to reduce drug toxicity and

480

enhance the efficiency of drug targeting.

481

Acknowledgements- The authors are thankful to Dr. Hemant Ritturaj Kushwaha, Jawaharlal

482

Nehru University, New Delhi, India for critically reading the manuscript.

483

Funding- This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,

484

commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

485

Legends

486

Figure 1- (Upper) Number of papers reporting the keyword search

487

“green AND synthesis AND nanoparticles AND plant” from SCOPUS (data were analyzed

488

form 1996 to 2018) (Lower) Geographical map depicting India, with more than 1400 published

489

papers rom 1996 to 2018 followed by Iran that published about 260 papers, as the most active

490

region working in this field of research.

491

Figure 2- The field of materials science is second one after the Biochemistry, Genetics and

492

Molecular Biology area containing the largest amount of publications.

22

493

Figure 3- Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, their physico-chemical characterization and

494

biomedical applications.

495

Table 1- Metallic nanoparticles synthesized from different medicinal plants, plant part used, size

496

in nm, and their medicinal properties.

497

References

498

Abdel-Fattah, W.I., Ali, G.W., 2018. On the anti-cancer activities of silver nanoparticles. J.

499

Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 5(1), 43-46. DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2018.05.00116.

500

Abdullah, A.A., Al-Moslih, M. I., 2005. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant

501 502

women in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. East. Mediterr. Health. J. 11, 1045-1052. Ahmad, A., Senapati, S., Khan, M.I., Kumar, R., Sastry, M., 2005. Extra-/intracellular,

503

biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by an alkalotolerant fungus, Trichothecium sp. J.

504

Biomed. Nanotechnol. 1, 47-53.

505

Ahmad, N., Sharma, S., 2012. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of Ananas

506

comosus. Green. Sustainable. Chem. 2 (4) Article ID: 24781

507

DOI:10.4236/gsc.2012.24020.

508 509 510 511 512

Akhtar, M.S., Panwar, J., Yun, Y.S., 2013. Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by plant extracts. ACS. Sustain. Chem. Eng. 1 (6), 591-602. Albers, H. F., 2002. Resin in tooth coloured restoratives. Principle and technique 9th Edition; 82273. Al-Sheddi, E. S., Farshori, N. N., Al-Oqail, M. M., Al-Massarani, S. M., Saquib, Q., Wahab

513

R., Musarrat , J., Al-Khedhairy, A.A., Siddiqui, M. A., 2018. Anticancer Potential of

514

Green Synthesized silver nanoparticles using extract of Nepeta deflersiana against

515

Human Cervical Cancer Cells (HeLA). Bioinorganic. Chem. Appl. Article ID 9390784,

516

https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9390784.

23

517

Ankanna, S., Prasad, T.N.V.K.V., Elumalai, E.K., Savithramma, N., 2010. Production of

518

Biogenic silver nano particles using Boswellia ovalifoliolata stem bark. Dig. J. Nano.

519

Mat.Biostruct. 5, 369-372.

520

Arunachalam, K.D., Annamalai, S. K., Hari, S. 2013 One-step green synthesis and

521

characterization of leaf extract-mediated biocompatible silver and gold nanoparticles

522

from Memecylo numbellatum. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 8, 1307-1315.

523

Bala, N., Srimoyee, S., Chakraborty, M., Moumita, M., Das, S., Basu, R., Nandy, P., 2015

524

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: Effect

525

of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity. RSC. Adv.

526

5, 4993-5003.

527

Banerjee, J., Narendhirakannan, R.T., 2011. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium

528

cumini (L.) seed extract and evaluation of their In Vitro antioxidant activities. Dig J.

529

Nano. Biostruct. 6(3), 961-968.

530

Bar, H., Bhui, D.K., Sahoo, G.P., Sarkar, P., de Sankar, P., Misra, A., 2009. Green synthesis of

531

silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Colloids. Surf. A. 339, 134-139.

532

Baram-Pinto, D., Shukla, S., Perkas, N., Gedanken, A., Sarid, R., 2009. Inhibition of herpes

533

simplex virus type 1 infection by silver nanoparticles capped with mercaptoethane

534

sulfonate. Bioconjug. Chem. 20, 1497-1502.

535

Bartkowiak, A., Suchanek, K., Menaszek, E., Szaraniec, B., Lekki, J., Perzanowski, M.,

536

Marszalek, M., 2018. Biological effect of hydrothermally synthesized silica nanoparticles

537

within crystalline hydroxyapatite coatings for titanium implants. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 92, 88-

538

95.

539

Bell, I. R., Koithan, M., 2012. A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles,

540

allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive

541

system. BMC. Complement. Alt. Med. 12, 191 doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-191.

542 543

Benelli, G., 2016. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: A Review. Parasitol. Res. 115, 23-34. 24

544

Chandra, H., Patel, D., Kumari, P., Jangwan, J.S., Yadav, S., 2019. Phytomediated synthesis of

545

zinc oxide nanoparticle of Berberis aristata: Characterisation, antioxidant activity and

546

antibacterial activity with special reference to urinary tract infection. Mat. Sci. Engg. C.

547

102, 212-220.

548

Chandra, H., Bishnoi, P., Yadav, A., Patni, B., Mishra, A. P., Nautiyal, A.R., 2017.

549

Antimicrobial resistance and the alternative resources with special emphasis on plant-

550

based antimicrobials-A Review. Plants. 6, 16.

551

Chandran, S.P., Chaudhary, M., Pasricha, R., Ahmad, A., Sastry, M., 2006. Synthesis of gold

552

nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnol.

553

Progress. 22, 577-583.

554 555

Chaudhary, A., 2011. Ayurvedic Bhasma: Nanomedicine of ancient India-Its global contemporary perspective. J. Biomed. Nanotech. 7(1) 68-69.

556

Cheng, L., Weir, M. D., Xu, H. H., Antonucci, J.M., Kraigsley, A. M., Lin, N. J., , Lin-Gibson,

557

S., Zhou, X., 2012. Antibacterial amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposites with a

558

quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate and silver nanoparticles. Dental. Mat. 28(5) 561-

559

572.

560

Cheng, L., Weir, M.D., Xu, H.H.K. et al., 2012. Effect of amorphous calcium phosphate and

561

silver nanocomposites on dental plaque microcosm biofilms. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. B.

562

Applied Biomaterials. 100(5), 1378-1386.

563 564 565 566

Correa, J.M., Mori, M., Sanches, H.L., da Cruz, A.D., Poiate, E., Jr., Poiate, I.A., 2015. Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int. J. Biomater. 485275. Darr, J. A., Poliakoff, M., 1999. New directions in inorganic and metal organic coordination chemistry in Supercritical Fluids. Chem. Rev. 99, 495-541.

567

Daszak, P., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Bogich, T.L., Fernandez, M., Epstein, J.H., Murray, K.A.,

568

Hamilton, H., 2013. Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding disease emergence:

569

the past, present, and future drivers of Nipah virus emergence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.

570

USA. 110, 3681-3688. 25

571 572 573

De Stefano D., Carnuccio R., Maiuri M.C., 2012. Nanomaterials Toxicity and Cell Death Modalities. J. Drug Deliv. doi: 10.1155/2012/167896. Deepika, S., Selvaraj, C.I., Roopan, S.M., 2020 Screening bioactivities of Caesalpinia

574

pulcherrima L. swartz and cytotoxicity of extract synthesized silver nanoparticles on

575

HCT116 cell line. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 106, Article 110279.

576

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110279.

577

Devipriya, D., Roopan, S.M., 2017. Cissus quadrangularis mediated ecofriendly synthesis of

578

copper oxide nanoparticles and its antifungal studies against Aspergillus niger,

579

Aspergillus flavus. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 80, 38-44.

580

Dhand, C., Dwivedi, N., Loh, X.J., Ying, A.N.J., Verma, N.K., Beuerman, R.W.,

581

Lakshminarayanan, R., Ramakrishna, S., 2015. Methods and strategies for the synthesis

582

of diverse nanoparticles and their applications: A comprehensive overview. RSC.

583

Adv. 5, 105003-105037.

584

Dipankar, C., Murugan, S., 2012. The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the

585

biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous

586

extracts. Colloids. Surf. B. 98, 112-119.

587

Divyapriya. S.1., Sowmia. C., Sasikala. S., 2014. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle and

588

antimicrobial activity of Murraya koeiniggi. World. J. Pharmacy. Pharm. Sci. 3(12),

589

1635-1645.

590 591 592

Dobrucka, R., Długaszewska, J., 2016. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower extract. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 23(4), 517-523. Durner, J., Stojanovic, M., Urcan, E., Hickel, R., Reichl, F.X., 2011. Influence of silver nano-

593

particles on monomer elution from light-cured composites. Dental. Mat. 27(7), 631-636.

594

Elemike, E.E., Uzoh, I.M., Onwudiwe, D.C., Babalola, O.O., 2019. The Role of Nanotechnology

595

in the Fortification of Plant Nutrients and Improvement of Crop Production. Appl. Sci.

596

9(3), 499.

26

597

Elumalai, K., Velmurugan, S., 2015. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial

598

activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (L.).

599

Appl. Surface Sci.345, 329-336.

600

Etheridge, M.L., Campbell, S.A., Erdman, A.G., Haynes, C.L., Wolf, S.M., McCullough, J.,

601

2013. The big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved

602

nanomedicine products. Nanomedicine. 9:1-14.

603

Farshchi, H.K., Azizi, M., Jaafari, M.R., Nemati, S.H., Fotovat, A., 2018 Green synthesis of iron

604

nanoparticles by rosemary extract and cytotoxicity effect evaluation on cancer cell lines.

605

Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 16:54-62.

606

Flores, C. Y., Diaz, C., Rubert, A., Benítez, G. A., Moreno, M.S., Fernández Lorenzo de Mele,

607

M. A., Salvarezza, R.C., Schilardi, P.L., Vericat, C., 2010. Spontaneous adsorption of

608

silver nanoparticles on Ti/TiO2 surfaces. Antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas

609

aeruginosa. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 350(2), 402-408.

610

Foxman, B., 2010. The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat. Rev. Urol. 27, 653-660.

611

Francis, S., Joseph, S., Koshy, E. P., Mathew, B., 2017. Green synthesis and characterization of

612

gold and silver nanoparticles using Mussaendo glabrata leaf extract and their

613

environmental applications to dye degradation. Environment Science Pollution Research

614

International 24, 17347-17357.

615

Galdiero, S., Falanga, A., Vitiello, M., Cantisani, M., Marra, V., Galdiero, M., 2011. Silver

616

nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents. Molecules 16 (10), 8894-8918.

617

10.3390/molecules16108894.

618

Gavhane, A.J, Padmanabhan, P., Kamble, S.P., Jangle, S.N., 2012. Synthesis of silver

619

nanoparticles using extract of Neem leaf and Triphala and evaluation of their

620

antimicrobial activities. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 3, 88-100.

621

Golinska, P., Wypij, M., Ingle, A.P., Gupta, I., Dahm, H., Rai, M., 2014. Biogenic synthesis of

622

metal nanoparticles from actinomycetes: Biomedical applications and cytotoxicity. Appl.

623

Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 8083-8097. 27

624

Gopinath, V., MubarakAli, D., Priyadarshini, S., Priyadharsshini, N.M., Thajuddin, N.,

625

Velusamya, P., 2012. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris and its

626

antimicrobial activity: A novel biological approach. Colloids. Surfaces. B. Biointerfaces.

627

96, 69- 74.

628

Gopinath, V., Priyadarshini, S., Venkatkumar, G., Saravanan, M., MubarakAli, D., 2015.

629

Tribulus terrestris Leaf Mediated Biosynthesis of Stable Antibacterial Silver

630

Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. 3, 26-34.

631

Gowramma, B., Keerthi, U., Mokula, R., Rao, D.M., 2015. Biogenic silver nanoparticles

632

production and characterization from native stain of Corynebacterium species and its

633

antimicrobial activity. 3 Biotech. 5, 195-201.

634 635

Hanafy, N.A., Leporatti, S.; El-Kemary, M.A. Mucoadhesive Hydrogel Nanoparticles as Smart Biomedical Drug Delivery System. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 825.

636

Hemanth Kumar, N.K., Andia, J.D., Manjunatha, S., Murali, M., Amruthesh, K.N., Jagannath,

637

S., 2019. Antimitotic and DNA-binding potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs from leaf

638

extract of Justicia wynaadensis (Nees) Heyne - A medicinal herb. Biocatal. Agric.

639

Biotechnol. 18:101024.

640 641 642

Husseiny, M.I., El-Aziz, M.A., Badr, Y., Mahmoud, M.A., 2007. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Spectrochim. Acta. A. 67, 1003-1006. Ikäheimo, R.; Siitonen, A, Heiskanen, T., Kärkkäinen, U., Kuosmanen, P., Lipponen,

643

P., Mäkelä, P. H., 1996. Recurrence of urinary tract infection in a primary care setting:

644

Analysis of a 1-year follow-up of 179 women. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 91-99.

645 646

Iravani, S., 2011. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green. Chem. 13, 26382650.

647

Jacob, S., Finub, J., Narayanan, A., 2011. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper longum

648

leaf extracts and its cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 cell line. Colloids. Surf. B.

649

Biointerfaces. 91:212-214.

28

650

Jaggessar, A., Yarlagadda, P. K. D.V., 2020. Modelling the growth of hydrothermally

651

synthesised bactericidal nanostructures, as a function of processing conditions. Mat. Sci.

652

Eng. C 108, Article 110434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110434.

653

Jagtap, U., Bapat, V. A., 2013. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artocarpus

654

heterophyllus Lam. seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Ind. Crops Prod. 46, 132-

655

137.

656

Jamdagni, P., Khatri, P., Rana, J.S., 2018. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using

657

flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and their antifungal activity. J. King. Saud.

658

Univ. Sci. 30 (2), 168-175.

659

Jayaseelan, C., Rahuman, A. A., Rajakumar, G., Vishnu Kirthi, A., Santhoshkumar, T.,

660

Marimuthu, S., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Zahir, A.A., Abdul A., Elango, G., 2011.

661

Synthesis of pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from

662

heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Parasit. Res. 109(1), 185-194.

663 664 665

Jeyabalan, A., Lain, K.Y., 2007. Anatomic and functional changes of the upper urinary tract during pregnancy. Urol. Clin. North. Am., 34, 1-6. Jeyaraj, M., Rajesh, M., Arun, R., MubarakAli, D., Sathishkumar, G., Sivanandhan, G., Dev G.

666

K., Manickavasagam, M., Premkumar, K., Thajuddin, N., Ganapathi, A., 2013. An

667

investigation on the cytotoxicity and caspase-mediated apoptotic effect of biologically

668

synthesized silver nanoparticles using Podophyllum hexandrum on human cervical

669

carcinoma cells. Colloids. Surfaces. B. Biointerfaces. 102, 708-717.

670 671 672 673

Jha, A.K., Prasad, K., 2010. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cycas Leaf. Int. J. Green. Nanotechnol. 1, 110-117. Jha, A.K., Prasad, K., Kulkarni, A.R., 2009. Plant system: Nature’s nanofactory. Colloids. Surf. B. 73, 219-223.

674

Kang, C., Kim J., Park D. W., et al. 2018. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Antibiotic

675

Treatment of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections. Infection &

676

Chemotherapy. 50(1):67-100. 29

677

Karthikeyan, A. P., Kadarkarai, M., Chellasamy, P., Sekar, P., Jiang-Shiou, H., Marcello, N.,

678

2012. Biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using

679

Euphorbia hirta against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res.

680

111, 997-1006.

681

Kassaee, M.Z., Akhavan, A., Sheikh, N., Sodagar, A., 2008. Antibacterial effects of a new dental

682

acrylic resin containing silver nanoparticles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110:1699-1703.

683

Kathiresan, K., Manivannan, S., Nabeel, M.A., Dhivya, B., 2009. Studies on silver nanoparticles

684

synthesized by a marine fungus, Penicillium fellutanum isolated from coastal mangrove

685

sediment. Colloids. Surf. B. 71, 133-137.

686

Khalil, M.M.H., Ismail, E. H., El-Baghdady, K. Z., Mohamed, D., 2014. Green synthesis of

687

silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arabian J.

688

Chem. 7, 1131-1139.

689 690 691 692 693 694

Khandel, P., Shahi, S.K., 2018. Mycogenic nanoparticles and their bio-prospective applications: current status and future challenges. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 8, 369-91. Khatami, M., Alijani, H.Q., Nejad, M.S., Varma, R.S., 2018. Core@shell Nanoparticles: Greener Synthesis Using Natural Plant Products. Appl. Sci. 8(3), 411. Kim, D., Jeong, S., Moon, J., 2006. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the polyol process and the influence of precursor injection. Nanotechnology. 17, 4019-4024.

695

Korbekandi, H., Mohseni, S., Mardani, J.R., Pourhossein, M., Iravani, S., 2016. Biosynthesis of

696

silver nanoparticles using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Artif. Cells. Nanomed. Biotechnol.

697

44: 235-9.

698

Kowshik, M., Arhtaputre, S., Kharrazi, S., Vogel, W., Urban, J., Kulkarni, S.K., Paknikar, K.M.,

699

2003. Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a silver-tolerant yeast strain

700

MKY3. Nanotechnology. 14, 95-100.

701

Krishnamoorthy, P., Jayalakshmi, T., 2012. Preparation, characterization and synthesis of silver

702

nanoparticles by using Phyllanthus niruri for the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic

703

effects. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 4 (11), 4783-4794. 30

704

Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E.G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P, Kalaichelvan, P.T., Mohan, N., 2010.

705

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial

706

activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids. Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 76(1), 50-56.

707 708 709

Lara, H.H., Ayala-Nuñez, N.V., Ixtepan-Turrent, L., Rodriguez-Padilla, C., 2010. Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1. J. Nanobiotechnol. 8, 1-10. Lee, D.S., Lee S.J., Choe H.S., 2018. Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection by

710

Escherichia coli in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance. BioMed Res. Int. 7656752. doi:

711

10.1155/2018/7656752.

712 713 714 715 716

Lee, S.W., Mao, C., Flynn, C., Belcher, A.M., 2002. Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses. Science. 296, 892-895. Lok, C.N., Ho. C.M., Chen, R. et al., 2006. Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J. Proteome Res. 5(4), 916-924. Lotfi, M., Vosoughhosseini, S., Ranjkesh, B., Khani, S., Saghiri, M., Zand, V., 2011.

717

Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate

718

against Enterococcus faecalis. Afr. J. Biotech. 10(35), 6799-6803.

719 720 721

Lu, L., Sun, R.W., Chen, R., Hui, C.K., Ho, C.M., Luk, J.M., Lau, G.K., Che, C.M., 2008. Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus replication. Antivir. Ther. 13, 253-262. Mahendran, V., Gurusamy, A., 2013. Coleus aromaticus leaf extract mediated synthesis of

722

silver nanoparticles and its bactericidal activity. Appl. Nanosci. 3, 217-223.

723

Malik, M. A., Wani, M. Y., Hashim, M. A., 2012. Microemulsion method: a novel route to

724

synthesize organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Arab. J. Chem. 5, 397-417.

725

Mallikarjuna, K., Narasimha, G., Dillip, G. R., Praveen, B., Shreedhar, B., Sree Lakshmi, C.,

726

Reddy, B.V. S., , Raju, B. D. P., 2011. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using

727

Ocimum leaf extract and their characterization. Digest J. Nanomat. Biostructures. 6 (1),

728

181-186.

31

729

Manikandan, V., Velmurugan, P., Park, J.H., Chang, W.S., Park, Y.J., Jayanthi, P., Cho, M., Oh,

730

B.T., 2017. Green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity

731

against dental pathogens. 3 Biotech 7(1), 72. doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0670-4.

732

Menon, S., Shrudhi Devi, K.S., Santhiya, R., Rajeshkumar, S., Kumar, V., 2018. Selenium

733

nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its

734

mechanism. Colloids. Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 170, 280-292.

735 736 737

Mittal, A.K., Chisti, Y., Banerjee, U.C., 2013. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants. Biotechnol. Adv. 31, 346-356. Moghaddam, A.B., Namvar, F., Moniri, M., Tahir, P.M., Azizi, S., Mohamad, R., 2015.

738

Nanoparticles biosynthesized by fungi and yeast: a review of their preparation,

739

properties, and medical applications. Molecules. 20:16540-16565.

740

Mousavi, B., Tafvizi, F., Bostanabad, S. Z., 2018. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using

741

Artemisia turcomanica leaf extract and the study of anti-cancer effect and apoptosis

742

induction on gastric cancer cell line (AGS), Artificial Cells. Nanomed. Biotech. 46(1)

743

499-510, DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1430697.

744

MubarakAli, D., Thajuddin, N., Jeganathan, K., Gunasekaran, M., 2011. Plant extract mediated

745

synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against clinically

746

isolated pathogens. Colloids. Surfaces. B. Biointerfaces. 85, 360-365.

747

Muhammad Mailafiya, M., Abubakar, K., Danmaigoro, A., Musa Chiroma, S., Bin Abdul

748

Rahim, E., Aris Mohd Moklas, M., Abu Bakar Zakaria, Z., 2019. Cockle Shell-Derived

749

Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles: A Dynamite to Nanomedicine. Appl.

750

Sci. 9, 2897.

751

Murugan, K., Benelli, G., Panneerselvam, C., Subramaniam, J., Jeyalalitha, T., Dinesh, D.,

752

Nicoletti, M., Hwang, J.S., Suresh, U., Madhiyazhagan, P., 2015. Cymbopogon citratus

753

synthesized gold nanoparticles boost the predation efficiency of copepod Mesocyclops

754

aspericornis against malaria and dengue mosquitoes, Exp. Parasitol. 1053, 129-138.

32

755 756 757

Muthu, K., Rangasamy, R., 2013. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ixora coccinea leaves extract. Material Letters. 97, 141-143. Nagajyothi, P.C., Muthuraman, P., Sreekanth, T.V.M., Kim, D.H., Shim, J., 2017. Green

758

synthesis: In-vitro anticancer activity of copper oxide nanoparticles against human

759

cervical carcinoma cells. Arabian. J. Chem. 10, 215-225.

760 761 762 763 764

Nam, K.Y., 2011. In vitro antimicrobial effect of the tissue conditioner containing silver nanoparticles. J. Adv. Prosthodontics. 3(1), 20-24. Narayanan, K.B., Sakthivel, N., 2010. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 156, 1-13. Nayak, B. K., Nanda, A., Prabhakar, V., 2018. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticle from

765

wasp nest soil fungus, Penicillium italicum and its analysis against multi drug resistance

766

pathogens. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 16, 412-418. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.014.

767

Nikalje, A. P., 2015. Nanotechnology and its Applications in Medicine. Med. chem. 5, 81-89.

768

Owens, G.J., Singh, R.K., Foroutan, F., Alqaysi, M, Han, C.M., Mahapatra, C.,Kim, H.W.,

769

Knowles J.C., 2016. Sol–gel based materials for biomedical applications, Prog. Mater.

770

Sci. 77, 1-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.12.001.

771 772 773

Pal, D., Sahu, C.K., Haldar, A., 2014 Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 5(1), 4-12. Panneerselvam, C., Murugan, K., Amerasan, D., 2015. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

774

Using Plant Extract and its Anti-Plasmodial Property. Adv. Materials. Res., 1086, 11-30.

775

Panneerselvam, C., Ponarulselvam, S., Murugan, K., 2011 Potential Anti-plasmodial Activity of

776

Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle using Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae).

777

Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(6):208-217.

778

Parida, U.K., Bindhani, B.K., Nayak, P., 2011. Green synthesis and characterization of gold

779

nanoparticles using onion (Allium cepa) extract. World. J. Nano. Sci. Eng. 1, 93-98.

33

780

Patil, S.V., Borase, H.P., Patil, C.D., Salunke, B.K., 2012. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles

781

using latex from few Euphorbian plants and their antimicrobial potential. Appl. Biochem.

782

Biotechnol. 167(4), 776-790.

783 784 785 786 787 788 789

Pazhayattil, G.S., Shirali, A.C., 2014. Drug-induced impairment of renal function. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 7,457-468. Philip, D., 2009. Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au-Ag nanoparticles using edible mushroom extract. Spectrochim. Acta. A. 73, 374-381. Philip, D., 2010. Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Phys. E. 42, 1417-1424. Ponarulselvam, S., Panneerselvam, C., Murugan, K., Aarthi, N., Kalimuthu,

790

K., Thangamani, S., 2012. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus

791

roseus Linn. G. Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.

792

2(7), 574-580.

793

Prabhu, K., Murugan, K., Nareshkumar, A., Ramasubramanian, N., Bragadeeswaran, S. 2011.

794

Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles

795

stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 1 (2), 124-

796

129.

797

Premkumar, J., Sudhakar, T., Dhakal, A., Shrestha, J.B., Krishnakumar, S., Balashanmugam, P.

798

2018. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from cinnamon against bacterial

799

pathogens. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 15, 311-316.

800

Priyadarshini, S., Mainal, A., · Sonsudin, F., Yahya, R., .Abdullah, Alyousef, A.A.,

801

Mohammed, A., 2019. Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their superior

802

antibacterial effect against human nosocomial bacterial pathogens. Res. Chem.

803

Intermediates. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03857-6.

804 805

Priyadarsini, S., Mukherjee, S., Mishra, M., Nanoparticles used in dentistry: A review. 2018. J. Oral. Biol. Craniofac. Res. 8, 58-67.

34

806

Radovic-Moreno, A. F., , Lu, T. K., Puscasu, V. A., Yoon, C. J., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O.C.,

807

2012. Surface charge-switching polymeric nanoparticles for bacterial cell wall-targeted

808

delivery of antibiotics. ACS. Nano. 6, 4279-4287.

809 810

Rai, M., Yadav, A., Gade, A., 2009. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol. Adv. 27(1), 76-83.

811

Rajakumar, G., Rahuman, A., 2011. Larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using

812

Eclipta prostrata leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vectors. Acta Tropica.

813

118,196-203. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.003.

814

Rajeshkumar, S., Bharath, L.V., 2017. Mechanism of plant-mediated synthesis of silver

815

nanoparticles – A review on biomolecules involved, characterisation and antibacterial

816

activity, Chemico-Biol. Interactions. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.019.

817

Ramesh, M., Anbuvannan, M., Viruthagiri, G., 2015 Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using

818

Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Spectrochim. Acta. A Mol.

819

Biomol. Spectrosc. 136, 864-870.

820

Rane, A., Kanny, K., Abitha, V.K., Thomas, Sabu. Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles and

821

Fabrication of Nanocomposites. In: Synthesis of inorganic nanoparticle. Elsevier Ltd.,

822

Amsterdam, 2018, pp 121-139. 10.1016/B978-0-08-101975-7.00005-1.

823

Ravikumar, S., Gokulakrishnan, R., Boomi, P., 2012. In vitro antibacterial activity of the metal

824

oxide nanoparticles against urinary tract infections bacterial pathogens. Asian. Pacific. J.

825

Trop. Dis. 2:85-89.

826

Rogers, J.V., Parkinson, C.V., Choi, Y.W., Speshock, J.L., Hussain, S.M., 2008. A preliminary

827

assessment of silver nanoparticles inhibition of monkeypox virus plaque formation.

828

Nanoscale Res. Lett. 3, 129-133.

829

Roh, Y., Lauf, R.J., McMillan, A.D., Zhang, C., Rawn, C.J., Bai, J., Phelps, T.J., 2001.

830

Microbial synthesis and the characterization of metal-substituted magnetites. Solid State

831

Commun. 118, 529-534.

35

832

Roy, A., Bulut, O., Some, S., Mandal, A.K., Yilmaz, M.D., 2019. Green synthesis of silver

833

nanoparticles: Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity.

834

RSC. Adv. 9, 2673-2702.

835

Samiei, M., Aghazadeh, M., Lotfi, M., Shakoei, S., Aghazadeh, Z., Pakdel, S. M. V., 2013.

836

Antimicrobial efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate with and without silver

837

nanoparticles. Iranian. Endodontic. J. 8(4)166-170.

838

Sangeetha, G. Rajeshwari, S., Rajendran, V., 2011. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles

839

by Aloe barbadensis miller leaf extract: Structure and optical properties. Mat. Res. Bull..

840

46, 2560-2566.

841

Santhoshkumar, J., Kumar, S.V., Rajeshkumar, S., 2017. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles

842

using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen. Resource-Efficient.

843

Technol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.05.001.

844

Santhoshkumar, T., Rahuman, A. A., Rajakumar, G., Marimuthu, S., Bagavan, A.;,Jayaseelan,

845

C., Zahir, A.A. Gandhi, E., Kamaraj, C., 2011. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using

846

Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis

847

vectors. Parasit. Res. 108(3), 693-702.

848

Sarkar, S., Kotteeswaran, V., 2018. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf

849

extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and their anticancer activity on human

850

cervical cancer cells. Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9025014.

851

Scherrer, P., 2018. Bestimmung der Groβe und der inneren struktur von kolloidteilichen mittels

852

Rontgenstrahlen, nachrichten von der von der Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften zu

853

Gottingen. Mathmatisch- physikalische Klasse. 98-100.

854 855 856 857

Schmalz, G., Arenholt-Bindslev D., 2009. Biocompatibility of dental materials. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 2-3, 71-72. Shah, M., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S., Tripathy, S.K., Poinern, G.E.J., 2015. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Materials. 8, 7278-7308.

36

858 859

Sharma, R., Prajapati, P.K., 2016. Nanotechnology in medicine: Leads from Ayurveda. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 8, 80-81.

860

Sharma, V., Kaushik, S., Pandit, P., Dhull, D., Yadav, J.P., Kaushik, S., 2019. Green synthesis of

861

silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants and evaluation of their antiviral potential

862

against chikungunya virus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 103:881-891.

863

Shi, J., Xiao, Z., Kamaly, N., Farokhzad, O.C., 2011. Self-assembled targeted nanoparticles:

864

evolution of technologies and bench to bedside translation. Acc. Chem. Res. 44:1123-

865

1134.

866

Singh, A., Jain, D., Upadhyay M. K., Khandelwal, N., Verma, H. N., 2010.Green synthesis of

867

silver Nanoparticles Using Argemone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their

868

antimicrobial activities. Digest J. Nanomat. Biostr. 5(2), 483-489.

869

Sivaraj R, Rahman, P.K., Rajiv, P., Salam, H.A., Venckatesh, R., 2014. Biogenic copper oxide

870

nanoparticles synthesis using Tabernaemontana divaricate leaf extract and its

871

antibacterial activity against urinary tract pathogen, Spectrochim. Acta. Part A: Mol.

872

Biomol. Spectrosc. 133:178-181.

873 874 875 876 877

Soni, N., Prakash, S., 2012. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the fungus Aspergillus niger and its efficacy against mosquito larvae. Rep. Parasitol. 2, 1-7. Soni, N., Prakash, S., 2014. Green nanoparticles for mosquito control, Sci. Worl J. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/496362. Srinivas, M. A., Chandrashekar, U. K., Shivashankara, K. N., Pruthvi, B. C., 2014 Clinical

878

profile of urinary tract infections in diabetics and non-diabetic. Australasian. Med. J.

879

7(1), 29-34.

880

Srivastava, J., Chandra, H., Nautiyal, A.R., Kalra, S.S., 2014 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

881

and plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAms) as an alternative drug line to control

882

infections. 3 Biotech. 4, 451-460.

37

883

Suganya, K.S., Govindaraju, K., Kumar, V.G., Dhas, T.S., Karthick, V., Singaravelu, G.,

884

Elanchezhiyan, M., 2015. Blue green alga mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and

885

its antibacterial efficacy against gram positive organisms. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 47,351-356.

886 887 888 889 890

Suk, J.S., Xu, Q., Kim, N., Hanes, J., Ensign, L.M., 2016. PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle‐based drug and gene delivery. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 99:28-51. Sukanya, M.K., Saju, K.A., Praseetha, P.K., Sakthivel, G., 2013. Therapeutic potential of biologically reduced silver nanoparticles from Actinomycete cultures. J. Nanosci. 1-8. Sukirtha, R., Priyanka, K.M., Antony, J.J., Kamalakkannan, S., Ramar, T., Palani, G., 2011.

891

Cytotoxic effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach against

892

in vitro HeLa cell lines and lymphoma mice model. Process. Biochem. 47, 273-279.

893

Sun, R.W., Chen, R., Chung, N.P., Ho, C.M., Lin, C.L., Che, C.M., 2005. Silver nanoparticles

894

fabricated in Hepes buffer exhibit cytoprotective activities toward HIV-1 infected cells.

895

Chem.Commun. (Camb) 40, 5059-5061.

896

Sundararajan, B., Kumari, B.R., 2017. Novel synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Artemisia

897

vulgaris L. leaf extract and their efficacy of larvicidal activity against dengue fever

898

vector Aedes aegypti L. J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol. 43:187-196.

899

Sunkar, S., Nachiyar, C.V., 2012. Biogenesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles using the

900

endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from Garcinia xanthochymu. Asian. Pac. J.

901

Trop. Biomed. 12, 953-959.

902

Suriyaraj, S.P., Ramadoss, G., Chandraraj, K., Selvakumar, R., 2019. One pot facile green

903

synthesis of crystalline bio-ZrO2 nanoparticles using Acinetobacter sp. KCSI1 under

904

room temperature.105,110021, Mat.Sci.Eng.C,

905

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110021.

906 907

Thiagarajan, S., Sanmugam, A., Vikraman, D., 2017. Facile Methodology of Sol-Gel Synthesis for Metal Oxide Nanostructures. Recent. Appl. Sol-Gel Synth. 1-16.

38

908

Veerakumar, K., Govindarajan, M., Rajeswary, M., Muthukumaran, U., 2014. Low-cost and eco-

909

friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Feronia elephantum (Rutaceae)

910

against Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera:

911

Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 113, 2363-2373.

912

Veerasamy, R., Xin, T. Z., Gunasagaran, S., Wei Xiang, T. F., Chou Yang, E. F., Jeyakumar, N.,

913

Dhanaraj, S. A., 2011. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract

914

and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. J. Saudi. Chem. Soc. 15, 113-120.

915

Ventola, C.L., 2015. The antibiotic resistance crisis. Pharmaceutic and Therapeutics 40(4), 277-

916 917

283. Vigneshwaran, N., Ashtaputre, N.M., Varadarajan, P.V., Nachane, R.P., Paralikar, K.M.,

918

Balasubramanya, R.H., 2007. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the

919

fungus Aspergillus flavus. Mater. Lett. 61, 1413-1418.

920

Vinayak, S., Biswas, S., Dev, V., Kumar, A., Ansari, M. A., Sharma, Y.D., 2003. Prevalence of

921

the K76T mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum among chloroquine

922

responders in India. Acta Trop. 87, 287-293.

923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931

von Overbeck J, 2003. Insurance and epidemics: SARS, West Nile virus and Nipah virus. J. Insur. Med. 35, 165-173. Wagner, V., Dullaart, A., Bock, A.K., Zweck, A., 2006. The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat Biotechnol 24:1211-1217. Wang, Z., Colombi Ciacchi, L., Wei, G., 2017. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of GrapheneBased Nanomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery. Appl. Sci. 7, 1175. Yamamoto, K., Ohashi, S., Aono, M., Kokubo, T., Yamada, I., Yamauchi, J., 1996. Antibacterial activity of silver ions implanted in SiO2 filler on oral streptococci. Dent. Mater. 12, 227. Yong, P., Rowsen, N.A., Farr, J.P.G., Harris, I.R., Macaskie, L.E., 2002. Bioreduction and

932

biocrystallization of palladium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans NCIMB 8307. Biotechnol.

933

Bioeng. 80, 369-379.

39

934

Zargar, M., Hamid, A. A., Bakar, F.A, Shamsudin, M.N, Shameli, K., Jahanshiri, F., Farahani,

935

F., 2011. Green synthesis and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles using Vitex

936

negundo L. Molecules. 16(8), 6667-6676.

937 938 939

Zayed, M.F., Eisa, W.H., Shabaka, A. A., 2012. Malva parviflora extract assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim. Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectroscopy. 98:423-428. Zhao, L., Wang, H., Huo, K., Cui, L., Zhang, W., Ni, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Chu, P.K., 2011.

940

Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles.

941

Biomaterials. 32(24), 5706-5716.

942

40

S.No

Medicinal Plant

1. 2. 3. 4.

Syzygium cumini Ixora coccinea Ananas comosus L. Memecylon umbellatum Malva parviflora

5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Pedilanthus tithymaloides Euphorbia milii Vitex Negundo Artocarpus heterophyllus Euphorbia hirta Coleus aromaticus Cycas Iresine herbstii

16. Melia azedarach 17. Eclipta prostrata 18. Tinospora cordifolia Miers 19. Boswellia ovalifoliolata 20. Andrographis paniculata 21. Nelumbo nucifera

Types of Nanoparticles (NPs) AgNP AgNP AgNP AgNP

Plant part used Seed Leaves Fruit Leaf

Size of NPs (in nm) 93 13-57 12 15-20

AgNps

Leaf

19-25

AgNP AgNP AgNP

Latex Latex Latex

73 62 123

AgNP AgNP AgNP

Latex Leaf Seed

AgNP AgNP AgNP AgNP

Medicinal Properties

References

Antioxidant activity ND Antioxidant activity Antimicrobial activity

Banerjee and Narendhirakannan, (2011) Muthu and Rangasamy, (2013) Ahmed and Sharma (2012) Arunachalam et al., 2013

Inflammation, abscesses, pimples, kidney infections, vaginal inflammation, fever, headache, spider stings, bronchitis, pharingitis, tuberculosis Antibacterial Antibacterial Antibacterial

Zayed et al., 2012

105 18.2 10.78

Antibacterial Antibacterial Antibacterial

Patil et al., 2012 Zargar et al., 2011 Jagtap and Bapat (2013)

Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

20-30 40-50 2-6 44-64

Karthikeyan et al. (2012) Mahendran and Gurusamy (2013) Jha and Prasad (2013) Dipankar and Murigun (2012)

AgNP AgNP AgNP

Leaf Leaf Leaf

78 35-65 55-80

Larvicidal and Pupicidal Bactericidal Antioxidant Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and antitumor activity Antitumor activity Larvicidal activity Pediculocidal and Larvicidal

AgNP

Stem

30-40

Rheumatic pains

Ankanna et al. (2010)

AgNP

Leaf

35-55

Anti-plasmodial Activity

Panneerselvam et al. (2011)

AgNP

Leaf

45

Larvicidal activity against

Santhoshkumar et al., 2011

Patil et al., 2012 Patil et al., 2012 Patil et al., 2012

Sukirtha et al. (2012) Rajakumar and Rahuman (2011) Jayaseelan et al. (2011)

22. Ocimum

AgNP

Leaf

3-20

Stem, Root 23. 24. 25. 26.

malaria and filariasis vectors Treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, worms and kidney malfunctions

Mallikarjuna et al. (2011)

Catharanthus roseus Azadirachta indica Olive Hibiscus rosa sinensis 27. Aloe vera 28. Acalypha indica

AgNP AgNP AgNP AgNP

Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

35-55 43 20-25 5000

Antiplasmodial activity Antimicrobial Antibacterial Fish pathogen A. hydrophila

Ponarulselvam et al. (2012) Gavhane et al. (2012) Khalil et al. (2014) Philip (2010)

AgNP AgNP

Leaf Leaf

70-192 20-30

Chandran et al. 2006 Krishnaraj et al., 2010

29. Garcinia mangostana 30. Phyllanthus niruri

AgNP

Leaf

35

Antibacterial Antibacterial against fish pathogens MDR Human pathogens

AgNP

Leaf

32-53

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect

Krishnamoorthy and Jayalakshmi (2012)

31. Argemone Mexicana 32. Hibiscus subdariffa

AgNP ZnONPs

Leaf Leaf

20 12-46

33. Aloe barbadensis miller ZnONPs

Leaf

25-40

34. Trifolium pratense

ZnONPs 35. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis ZnONPs

Flower

Veerasamy et al., 2011

Antimicrobial Singh et al. (2010) Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Bala et al. (2015) Sangeetha et al. (2011) Cosmetics

100-190 Antibacterial

Dobrucka and Długaszewska, ( 2016)

Flower

12-32

Antifungal

Jamdagni et al. (2018)

36. Solanum nigrum

ZnONPs

Leaf

29.79

Antibacterial

Ramesh et al. (2015)

37. Azadirachta indica

ZnONPs

Leaf

18

Antimicrobial

Elumalai and Velmurugan (2015)

38. Passiflora caerulea

ZnONPs

Leaf

37.67

Antibacterial

Santhoshkumar, et al. (2017)

39. Murraya koenigii

ZnONPs

Leaf

30-35

Antimicrobial

Divyapriya et al. (2014)

40. Hibiscus subdariffa

ZnONPs

Leaf

16-60

Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Bala et al. (2015)

41. Berberis aristata

ZnO NPs

Roots

20-40

Urinary tract pathogens

Chandra et al. (2019)

Highlights • • • •

Green synthesis involves eco-friendly, less toxic methods exploiting medicinal and aromatic plants etc. Biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles have shown potential role as antibacterial agents. The nanoparticles are considered as potential antioxidants and promising candidates in cancer treatment. They will open new avenues in Biomedical applications like antiparasitic, dentistry, urinary tract infections etc.