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Mental models and human-computer interaction 2
ABSTRACTS 23.5.20 (125688) McDonald, D G, Beckett, M B and Hodgdon, J A 'Psychological predictors of physical performance and fitness in US Navy personnel' Mil Psychol Vol 3 No 2 (1991) pp 73-87 (34 refs) The primary purpose of this study was to assess the role of selected psychological variables (mood scales, physical estimation and attraction, selfconcept, and personality scales) in predicting physical performance and fitness measures in a sample of military volunteers. Subjects were 102 (64 men, 38 women) active-duty US Navy personnel. Subjects performed a number of physical performance and fitness tasks (including a 1.5 m run, a carrying task, and an incremental treadmill test) and completed a battery of standardized questionnaires. Results were analysed by canonical correlation and multiple regression techniques. Although the men and women differed significantly on measures of size, body fat, and physical capacity, there were no significant gender differences in scores on questionnaire measures. The primary findings of this study are as follows. (a) Questionnaire measures, most notably attraction, estimation, and physical selfconcept scores, can be used to predict both performance and fitness measures in a group of US Navy active-duty personnel. (b) There are no differences between men and women in significance of primary questionnaire measures to predict performance or fitness measures, with attraction, estimation, and physical self-concept scores being the best predictors among all questionnaire measures in both gender groups. Other significant predictors were ambition and prudence for men and vigour, anger, and confusion for women. Theoretical implications are discussed. 23.5.21 (125698) Tanber, M J and Ackermann, D (eds)
Mental models and human-computer interaction 2 North-Holland, Amsterdam (1991) 406 pp This is the second volume of Mental models in human-computer interaction and is published as an edited paper of the 8th Interdisciplinary Workshop in Informatics and Psychology which was held in Scharding (Austria) in June 1989. 23.5.22 (125715) Samel, A, Wegmann, H M, Summa, W and Naumann, M 'Sleep patterns in aircrew operating on the polar route between Germany and East Asia' Aviat Space Environ Med Vol 62 No 7 (1991) pp 661-669 (14 refs)
352
The study was performed as the second part of an investigation to assess sleep behaviour and circadian rhythmicity in aircrew operating regular passenger flights between Germany and East Asia via Anchorage (ANC). Continuous records of sleep and ratings of sleep quality were obtained by sleep logs from 101 B747-cockpit crew members, starting at least 3 d before commencing flight duty, continuing during days on duty (the duration depending on the flight schedule) and finishing 4 d after return, at the earliest. Regardless of the specific duty roster, sleep deficit occurred mainly after the first flight leg to ANC, presumably due to the 10 h time zone difference and the short layover time. During the layover in the Far East, the sleep deficit diminished partly because of additional naps. Sleep was often disturbed and scattered over days and nights. Another pronounced sleep deficit occurred after the first return flight from South Korea or Japan to ANC. Compared to the outgoing layover period in ANC, the number and duration of naps increased during this layover and, additionally, on the first 2 d after returning home. Poorer sleep quality ratings were associated with accumulated sleep deficit and increased napping, but significant decrements in sleep quality were seen only during two out of the six different duty rosters. All six of the polar route duty rosters may lead to significant sleep disturbances. During some flight schedules the sleep deficit is large enough to raise operational implications. 23.5.23 (125749) Thayer, R E
energizing, and the other which people describe as producing tension. Relevant research is reviewed, and moods are analysed in relation to circadian rhythms, exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress, and cognition. Perceptual and motivational effects are also discussed, as are measurement and research design issues. 23.5.24 (125769) Karasek, R and Theorell, T
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life Basic Books, New York (1990) 381 pp (708 re.fs) Evidence is accumulating that in many contemporary work environments people are literally 'working themselves to death'. But what do we really know about job-related stress and illness? For example, is stress-related heart disease a problem that affects primarily highpressure 'type-A' executives? Or does the lack of personal control over organizationally imposed tasks make many low-level jobs particularly lethal? And what about productivity? Can human beings learn and acquire new skills in an unhealthy work environment? What exactly would a humane, scientifically based reconstruction of working life entail? Drawing on their own research as well as on the work of others, the authors provide a synthesis of current knowledge and a new approach to creating healthy work environments. The authors' mapping of the psychosocial world of work in a global economic context provides a political articulation of issues that confront us daily, but that have yet to find a voice in our public policy debates.
The biopsychology of mood and arousal Oxford University Press, New York (1989) 234 pp (575 refs) What is the biological function of daily mood variation? What is the relationship between mood and such factors as exercise, time of day, nutrition, stress, and illness? Why do longterm personal problems sometimes appear overwhelming late at night, but of lesser significance when energy is high? How can subtle physiological and psychological influences exert control not only on mood, but also on perception, judgement, and cognitive processes, and ultimately on behaviour? How do snacking, coffee drinking, and smoking affect one's mental disposition, and how can urges to use these substances be understood as attempts to regulate mood? These and other questions are answered in this book. It presents a comprehensive theory of mood states, viewing them as subjective components of two related biological arousal systems, one which people find
23.5.25 (125775) Sutherland, V J and Cooper, C L
Understanding stress: a psychological perspective for health professions Chapman & Hall, London (1990) 307 pp (558 refs) Health professionals are constantly faced with stressful situations during their working lives. Only recently has it been truly recognized that long-term stress can have serious effects on health. It may lead to diseases such as heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome and mental ill health amongst others. It is important therefore that health professionals are aware of the nature of stress in life and at work and its relationship to illness. This book will enable professionals to understand the sources of stress, their impact on illness and the stress-related problems associated with their own particular occupations. It also discusses how professionals can manage their stress by adapting their own approaches to work and the work place. A p p l i e d Ergonomics
Mental models and human-computer interaction 2 North-Holland, Amsterdam (1991) 406 pp This is the second volume of Mental models in human-computer interaction and is published as an edited paper of the 8th Interdisciplinary Workshop in Informatics and Psychology which was held in Scharding (Austria) in June 1989. 23.5.22 (125715) Samel, A, Wegmann, H M, Summa, W and Naumann, M 'Sleep patterns in aircrew operating on the polar route between Germany and East Asia' Aviat Space Environ Med Vol 62 No 7 (1991) pp 661-669 (14 refs)
352
The study was performed as the second part of an investigation to assess sleep behaviour and circadian rhythmicity in aircrew operating regular passenger flights between Germany and East Asia via Anchorage (ANC). Continuous records of sleep and ratings of sleep quality were obtained by sleep logs from 101 B747-cockpit crew members, starting at least 3 d before commencing flight duty, continuing during days on duty (the duration depending on the flight schedule) and finishing 4 d after return, at the earliest. Regardless of the specific duty roster, sleep deficit occurred mainly after the first flight leg to ANC, presumably due to the 10 h time zone difference and the short layover time. During the layover in the Far East, the sleep deficit diminished partly because of additional naps. Sleep was often disturbed and scattered over days and nights. Another pronounced sleep deficit occurred after the first return flight from South Korea or Japan to ANC. Compared to the outgoing layover period in ANC, the number and duration of naps increased during this layover and, additionally, on the first 2 d after returning home. Poorer sleep quality ratings were associated with accumulated sleep deficit and increased napping, but significant decrements in sleep quality were seen only during two out of the six different duty rosters. All six of the polar route duty rosters may lead to significant sleep disturbances. During some flight schedules the sleep deficit is large enough to raise operational implications. 23.5.23 (125749) Thayer, R E
energizing, and the other which people describe as producing tension. Relevant research is reviewed, and moods are analysed in relation to circadian rhythms, exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress, and cognition. Perceptual and motivational effects are also discussed, as are measurement and research design issues. 23.5.24 (125769) Karasek, R and Theorell, T
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life Basic Books, New York (1990) 381 pp (708 re.fs) Evidence is accumulating that in many contemporary work environments people are literally 'working themselves to death'. But what do we really know about job-related stress and illness? For example, is stress-related heart disease a problem that affects primarily highpressure 'type-A' executives? Or does the lack of personal control over organizationally imposed tasks make many low-level jobs particularly lethal? And what about productivity? Can human beings learn and acquire new skills in an unhealthy work environment? What exactly would a humane, scientifically based reconstruction of working life entail? Drawing on their own research as well as on the work of others, the authors provide a synthesis of current knowledge and a new approach to creating healthy work environments. The authors' mapping of the psychosocial world of work in a global economic context provides a political articulation of issues that confront us daily, but that have yet to find a voice in our public policy debates.
The biopsychology of mood and arousal Oxford University Press, New York (1989) 234 pp (575 refs) What is the biological function of daily mood variation? What is the relationship between mood and such factors as exercise, time of day, nutrition, stress, and illness? Why do longterm personal problems sometimes appear overwhelming late at night, but of lesser significance when energy is high? How can subtle physiological and psychological influences exert control not only on mood, but also on perception, judgement, and cognitive processes, and ultimately on behaviour? How do snacking, coffee drinking, and smoking affect one's mental disposition, and how can urges to use these substances be understood as attempts to regulate mood? These and other questions are answered in this book. It presents a comprehensive theory of mood states, viewing them as subjective components of two related biological arousal systems, one which people find
23.5.25 (125775) Sutherland, V J and Cooper, C L
Understanding stress: a psychological perspective for health professions Chapman & Hall, London (1990) 307 pp (558 refs) Health professionals are constantly faced with stressful situations during their working lives. Only recently has it been truly recognized that long-term stress can have serious effects on health. It may lead to diseases such as heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome and mental ill health amongst others. It is important therefore that health professionals are aware of the nature of stress in life and at work and its relationship to illness. This book will enable professionals to understand the sources of stress, their impact on illness and the stress-related problems associated with their own particular occupations. It also discusses how professionals can manage their stress by adapting their own approaches to work and the work place. A p p l i e d Ergonomics