- Email: [email protected]
Metamaterial based sensor integrating transmission line for detection of branded and unbranded diesel fuel
Journal Pre-proofs Research paper Metamaterial Based Sensor Integrating Transmission Line for Detection of Branded and Unbranded Diesel Fuel Ahmet Tamer, Faruk Karadağ, Emin Ünal, Yadgar I. Abdulkarim, Lianwen Deng, Olcay Altintas, Mehmet Bakır, Muharrem Karaaslan PII: DOI: Reference:
S0009-2614(20)30084-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137169 CPLETT 137169
To appear in:
Chemical Physics Letters
Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date:
2 October 2019 27 January 2020 29 January 2020
Please cite this article as: A. Tamer, F. Karadağ, E. Ünal, Y.I. Abdulkarim, L. Deng, O. Altintas, M. Bakır, M. Karaaslan, Metamaterial Based Sensor Integrating Transmission Line for Detection of Branded and Unbranded Diesel Fuel, Chemical Physics Letters (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137169
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Metamaterial Based Sensor Integrating Transmission Line for Detection of Branded and Unbranded Diesel Fuel Ahmet Tamer1, Faruk Karadağ1, Emin Ünal1, Yadgar I. Abdulkarim2,3,Lianwen Deng2, Olcay Altintas1 , Mehmet Bakır4, Muharrem Karaaslan1* 1)Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, 31100, Turkey 2)School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China. 3) Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani,Sulaimani, 46001, Iraq. 4) Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey.
* Email address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract In this paper, a high sensitive metamaterial – based liquid sensor employing microstrip transmission line have been designed and investigated for detection of authentic and inauthentic diesel samples both numerically and experimentally. The proposed structure employs sensor layer along the radiating edge of patch antenna which is printed on FR4 substrate. Sensitivity of the proposed sensor compared with similar metamaterial or antenna-based sensors which uses resonance frequency shifts. Obtained results showed that the proposed structure provides more than two times greater than similar sensor studies. In addition to higher sensitivity, proposed structure showed good agreement between simulated and tested data. Keywords: metamaterial, transmission line, branded and unbranded diesel, dielectric
characterization
1. Introduction Nowadays, sensor applications always attract attention scientists and engineers, sensor studies have been rapidly growing of interesting applications and advanced technologies such as smart devises, robotics and industrial applications [1-2]. Along this line, different techniques and approaches to fabricate viable sensor can be found in literature because of their simple geometry, small size ease of fabrication and low cost [3-4]. These sensors are realized by artificial engineering electromagnetic structures having unique electromagnetic properties, which are not available, compared to other types of materials in nature these kinds of special materials called metamaterials (MTM) [5-7]. MTM sensor studies can be divided into two categories which are non-resonant and resonant methods [8]. Microstrip structures, especially split ring resonator (SRR) based MTM sensors have been widely used for complex permittivity-based sensor studies due to their ease of application property [912]. Also, transmission line integrated sensors have been investigated for different and multipurpose sensor applications [13-17]. Like the MTM sensors which are developed for dielectrics, liquids and biomolecules, they can be used for physical parameters as temperature, pressure, purity, and cancer cell detection [18-20]. In order to explain the purpose and focus of this study brief literature can be explained as below. MTM sensors which employs resonance frequency shift according to the parameter that is going be sensed [21-22]. Since fuel adulteration is global problem especially in Asian countries this study focused on the adulteration of diesel fuel [23]. There are different methods and different studies conducted to sense resonance frequency shift as fiber grating sensors, density measurement methods and filter paper method and gas chromatography [24-26]. These methods have positive and negative sides for example they need laboratory equipment and need time for show correct results which can be evaluated as negative sides. Positive sides of these methods, they show the correct results with right equipment. In this study as alternative to these methods, a transmission line integrated metamaterial sensor has been designed produced and tested to sense the branded and unbranded diesel. Transmission lines have effectively been used in micro-fluid, strain and rotation sensing in Ref. [27-28]. Chang ming Chen, Jun Xu and Yao Yao[29] designed and fabricated halfmode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) loaded with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) as a humidity sensor with high sensitivity in 2018, Tumkaya et al [30] also presented the distinguish authentic and in authentic fuel samples by using metamaterials based sensor waveguide with a reservoir for the liquids, after one year Tamer with his group [31] investigated the determination authentic and in authentic gasoline samples by using the transmission line based metamaterials sensor, both mentioned pervious work are similar but they used different method. Tumkaya et al. have conducted another study for fuel sensor by using three rhombus slots in [32]. In this work, MTM based liquid sensor integrated transmission line are investigated both numerically and experimentally to determination the authentic and inauthentic diesel at microwave frequency range. CST Microwave Studio, which can be classified as a fullwave electromagnetic (EM) solver using finite integration technique, have been used to design and simulation studies. The electrical properties (relative dielectric constant and lost
tangent) of the authentic and inauthentic diesel samples are examined in a frequency range between 8 GHz and 12 GHz. Also, compatible results observed between 1GHz-20 GHz to verify wideband usability. The dimensions of the proposed structure are determined by using the parametric studies in the simulation program. The mechanism of the sensing studies, electric field and surface current distribution have been presented in the next chapter. The sensor structure has been fabricated by using LPKF E33 PCB machine in the same condition as simulated. The selected samples have been placed in the sensor layer after production. Agilent PLN-A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) was used to measure the transmission coefficient of the proposed structure. Both experimental and simulation study results are complying with each other and the proposed structure have effectively been used for the separation of branded and unbranded diesel. In addition to the diesel separation, the proposed structure can be used for similar liquids for adulteration since it has two times greater sensitivity with similar metamaterial sensor studies when it is compared with [30-32] by its unique design and sensing method.
2. THEORY AND PROPOSED DESIGN In this study, a sensor application has been carried out especially in order to detect diesel fraud in the global. The proposed MTM sensor structure has been designed in accordance with the transmission line modelling as shown in Figure 1.a. The proposed structure is designed as a transmission line based, the backside of the structure is covered by a copper metal which acts as a ground plane with a thickness of 0.035 mm and FR4 (Flame Retardant 4) substrate material having dielectric constant value of 4.3, loss tangent of 0.02 and thickness of 1.6 mm was used as an intermediate layer and has many advantages such as low losses, high mechanical strength and low cost (availability). The resonator parts of the structure consist of copper having 5.8 × 107 S / m, with a thickness of 0.035 mm on both sides of the structure are connected ports that can send waves namely discrete port 1 and discreet port 2. In addition, as depicted in Figure 1.a. to fill the liquid samples in both parts of the resonators are opened to be equal. The magnetic coupling effect-taking place between the transmission line and resonator the transmission line is properly optimized to disclose resonance frequency changes. In the proposed sensor structure, two discrete ports are connected to each side of the transmission line by using Quasi Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode of propagation [33]. In microwave region, each line in the Microstrip transmission line represents the inductive effects on the resonance frequency and they are used to monitoring transmission power and resonance frequency changes due to changes the dielectric constant of the different samples. For better understanding the mechanism of the proposed MTM-based sensor the equivalent circuit diagram of the proposed sensor structure has been demonstrated in Figure 1.b The resonator part of the sensor is consist of three parallel transmission line separated by two sensor layer illustrated in Figure 1.a. As it is known that, each transmission line has resistance (Rx, Ry, and Rz, admittance (Gx, Gy and Gz), inductance (Lx, Ly and Lz) and
capacitance (Cx, Cy and Cz). In addition to these parts, the proposed designed has extra capacitive effects (Ca and Cb) originated from two sensor layer placed between the transmission lines. Hence the transmitted power and phase angles are dependent on this capacitance of the sensor layer which can be varied by the liquid samples having different dielectric characteristics. This can be explained by telegraph equations as below; ∂
∂𝑥𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) ∂
∂
= ― 𝐿∂𝑥𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) ― 𝑅𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) -------------- (1) ∂
------------- (2) ∂𝑥𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) = ― 𝐶∂𝑥𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) ― 𝐺𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) Where R, G and L represent the total resistance admittance and inductance for proposed transmission line of the sensor. C represent the total capacitance includes the parallel capacitive effects of the sensor layer.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Proposed MTM sensor structure (a) Perspective view and (b) equivalent circuit diagram
The dimensions of the designed sensor structure are shown in Figure 2. The length of the FR4 layer with resonators is set to 35 mm. The dimensions of the fluid reservoir are 20 mm long and 2.55 mm wide. All dimensions of this designed structure have been found as a result of parametric studies that give the best precision in simulation environment.
Figure 2. Dimensions parameter of MTM based liquid sensor
3. BRANDED DIESEL AND UNBRANDED DIESEL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dielectric constant value is one of the unique properties of all materials found in nature. Therefore, various methods are available to determine the dielectric constant values of the materials. One of these methods is using open ended coaxial probe. As shown in Figure 3, we have measured the dielectric characteristics of the samples by using Agilent 85070E probe kit that is connected to vector network analyzer (VNA). After making the calibration by using a calibration kit in room temperature, the electrical properties of the selected samples (relative permittivity and loss tangents) have been obtained in the frequency range of 8 –12 GHz. The measured dielectric constant and dielectric loss are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5 for branded and unbranded diesel. After obtaining dielectric characteristics, a new material has been entered as an input to CST Microwave Studio by importing data files. S parameters and phase difference simulations have been monitored for the proposed MTM sensor by having these data.
Figure 3. Experimental setup to determine dielectric measurement of the branded and unbranded Diesel by 85070E dielectric probe kit.
Figure 4. Shows the test results for the branded and unbranded diesel. As it is clearly shown from the Figure, the dielectric constant value of the branded diesel sample starts from 2.71 at 8 GHz and ends at 2.43 at 12 GHz while unbranded ones are 2.48 at 8 GHz and 2.15 at 12 GHz.
Figure 4. Measured results of Dielectric constant for the Branded and Unbranded Diesel.
The loss tangent value is obtained by dividing the imaginative part, which forms the dielectric constant, into the real part. In Figure 5, the tangent values of unbranded and branded diesel samples are given. While, loss tangent of the branded diesel sample starts at 0.48 at 8 GHz and ends at 0.7 at 12 GHz, unbranded diesel starts at 0.53 at 8 GHz and ends at 0.64 at 12 GHz.
Figure 5. Measured results of Dielectric loss factor for the Branded and Unbranded Diesel.
4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE INTEGRATED METAMATERIAL SENSOR 4.1 Simulation Results Numerical simulation studies of branded and unbranded diesels were carried out to show the proposed transmission line based structure’s sensor application. Transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) was applied to the transmission line based sensor and the power value of the sensor transmitted from the first port to the second port (S12) in the frequency band of 8-12 GHz was investigated in this section. Since the dielectric parameters of the diesel to be placed in the measuring chamber of the sensor are not included in the simulation program, the dielectric coefficients and loss tangents of branded and unbranded diesel were measured with Agilent PLN-A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and liquid probe. After that, transmission coefficient when branded and unbranded diesel fuel placed in transmission line have been measured. Obtained results are presented in Figure 6, while red line represents the branded diesel fuel, the blue one is plotted for unbranded diesel fuel. The transmission coefficient resonance frequency is 8.35 GHz for branded diesel fuel. When we change this sample with unbranded diesel fuel, resonance frequency shifted to 8.41 GHz. Observed total bandwidth is 60MHz for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples.
Figure 6. Transmission value of the designed sensor structure in dB, for real and leakage diesel.
There is a 60MHz difference at 10 GHz. These resonance frequency shift can be explained by a general resonance frequency formula of 1 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶. When we look at the Figure 5, dielectric constant of branded diesel fuel is higher than the unbranded ones. So that, we can say that its capacitance is higher than the unbranded diesel sample. Due to inverse proportion between resonance frequency and capacitance, resonance frequency is shifted forward when dielectric constant is decreased. This resonance frequency shift is higher than the similar studies [30,32] due to integration of transmission line. For better understanding of operation mechanism of the proposed transmission line based sensor, the electric field and surface current distribution are simulated and obtained results
are plotted in Figure 7 and Figure 8 at the resonance frequencies for branded and unbranded diesel samples. Branded diesel is examined at 8.41 GHz, while unbranded one is simulated at 8.35 GHz. Electric field waves of the resonator parts are concentrated in the middle resonator parts for both samples. Also, it is possible to say that the electric field is concentrated on the left side of the resonator, whereas for the unbranded diesel sample’s is concentrated on the right side of the resonator layers.
Figure 7. Electric field distributions for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples at 8.35GHz and 8.41GHz, (a) branded diesel sample electric field distribution, (b) unbranded diesel sample electric field distribution.
Surface current distribution plot is also simulated for both unbranded and branded diesel samples at the resonance frequency of 8.41 GHz and 8.35 GHz as given in Figure 8, respectively. Strong localization of surface currents caused by electric and magnetic responses of magnetic and electric coupling of externally applied electromagnetic field. These currents are excited by magnetic and/or electric coupling and induce magnetic and electric responses to couple with the externally applied field.
Figure 8. Surface current distributions for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples at 8.35GHz and 8.41GHz, (a) branded diesel sample, (b) unbranded diesel.
4.2 Experimental Study Results In this section, experimental measurements for the proposed transmission line integrated metamaterial sensor is presented. The proposed sensor structure is manufactured using LPKF E33 PCB machine. As in numerical measurements, the sensor structure consists of a 0.035 mm copper layer on a FR-4 dielectric material with a thickness of 1.6 mm. The transmission line was formed by scraping the LPKF E33 PCB machine of the copper layer. In Figure 9, the produced sample and testing setup can be seen.
Figure 9. (a) Manufactured proposed structure, (b) test setup for the manufactured transmission line based MTM sensor, (d) Network analyzer test setup.
After production, the Agilent PLN-A VNA was used to measure the transmission coefficient of the proposed structure in the X band. The connection ports are then soldered to each end of the sensor's transmission line as shown in Figure 9.b. After preparation of structure and samples, connection of calibrated VNA has been made as shown in Figure 9.c. The measured results obtained from the transmission line-based sensor structure
produced in empty air, branded diesel and unbranded diesel are shown in Figure 10. It is clear from the figure that, while simulated unbranded and branded diesel samples’ resonance frequency has been defined at 8.41 GHz and 8.35 GHz, respectively. Tested resonance frequencies have been defined as 8.83 GHz and 8.43 GHz. Although, simulated and tested transmission coefficient values are higher, they are complying with each other since they are directly proportional with the dielectric constant. The resonance frequencies and the instantaneous values of the transmitted power values obtained for branded and unbranded diesel samples indicates that these two samples can be distinguished from each other.
Figure 10. Measured transmission coefficient in dB for fabricated transmission line based MTM sensor.
Both simulated and measured study results shows that, proposed sensor structure capable of small dielectric constant change between 1-5 effectively and it can be applied to similar sensor studies effectively since small dielectric constant changes have been sensed between branded and unbranded diesel samples. Obtained simulation and measured results shows the significance of the proposed structure and application of similar sensor studies.
5. CONCLUSION In summary, we were investigated both numerically and experimentally, transmission line integrated metamaterials based liquid sensor to determination authentic and inauthentic diesel samples in the microwave frequency region. In the sensing study the electrical properties of the selected samples haven been measured the test results for the dielectric constant, loss tangent for branded and unbranded diesel are 2.71, 0.48, 2.48 and 0.53 respectively. The simulations were carried out by using Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based electromagnetic simulation software CST microwave studio. Simulated results showed the proposed structure can be used for a liquid sensor especially to detect different types of the branded and unbranded diesel. The simulated and measured results were found
to be in good agreement each with other, whereas an approximately 60 MHz frequency difference in the characteristic resonance were noticed in both cases. , furthermore, the physical mechanism of the sensing study has been investigated by simulating surface current and electric field distribution. This suggested metamaterials based transmission line based sensor can be used for the precise detection of the different liquids and for real life application in the field of gasoline industry and medicine
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transmission line integrated metamaterials based liquid sensor to determination authentic and inauthentic diesel samples in the microwave frequency region. an approximately 60 MHz frequency difference in the characteristic resonance This transmission line based sensor can be used for the precise detection of the different liquids
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: As a corresponging Author Muharrem Karaaslan
Conceptualization: Ahmet Tamer , Faruk Karadağ, Mehmet Bakır, Software: Ahmet Tamer, Emin Ünal, Yadgar I. Abdulkarim, Muharrem Karaaslan Investigation: Lianwen Deng Writing - Original Draft: Olcay Altintas Writing - Review & Editing: Mehmet Bakır, Muharrem Karaaslan
S0009-2614(20)30084-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137169 CPLETT 137169
To appear in:
Chemical Physics Letters
Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date:
2 October 2019 27 January 2020 29 January 2020
Please cite this article as: A. Tamer, F. Karadağ, E. Ünal, Y.I. Abdulkarim, L. Deng, O. Altintas, M. Bakır, M. Karaaslan, Metamaterial Based Sensor Integrating Transmission Line for Detection of Branded and Unbranded Diesel Fuel, Chemical Physics Letters (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137169
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Metamaterial Based Sensor Integrating Transmission Line for Detection of Branded and Unbranded Diesel Fuel Ahmet Tamer1, Faruk Karadağ1, Emin Ünal1, Yadgar I. Abdulkarim2,3,Lianwen Deng2, Olcay Altintas1 , Mehmet Bakır4, Muharrem Karaaslan1* 1)Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, 31100, Turkey 2)School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China. 3) Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani,Sulaimani, 46001, Iraq. 4) Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey.
* Email address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract In this paper, a high sensitive metamaterial – based liquid sensor employing microstrip transmission line have been designed and investigated for detection of authentic and inauthentic diesel samples both numerically and experimentally. The proposed structure employs sensor layer along the radiating edge of patch antenna which is printed on FR4 substrate. Sensitivity of the proposed sensor compared with similar metamaterial or antenna-based sensors which uses resonance frequency shifts. Obtained results showed that the proposed structure provides more than two times greater than similar sensor studies. In addition to higher sensitivity, proposed structure showed good agreement between simulated and tested data. Keywords: metamaterial, transmission line, branded and unbranded diesel, dielectric
characterization
1. Introduction Nowadays, sensor applications always attract attention scientists and engineers, sensor studies have been rapidly growing of interesting applications and advanced technologies such as smart devises, robotics and industrial applications [1-2]. Along this line, different techniques and approaches to fabricate viable sensor can be found in literature because of their simple geometry, small size ease of fabrication and low cost [3-4]. These sensors are realized by artificial engineering electromagnetic structures having unique electromagnetic properties, which are not available, compared to other types of materials in nature these kinds of special materials called metamaterials (MTM) [5-7]. MTM sensor studies can be divided into two categories which are non-resonant and resonant methods [8]. Microstrip structures, especially split ring resonator (SRR) based MTM sensors have been widely used for complex permittivity-based sensor studies due to their ease of application property [912]. Also, transmission line integrated sensors have been investigated for different and multipurpose sensor applications [13-17]. Like the MTM sensors which are developed for dielectrics, liquids and biomolecules, they can be used for physical parameters as temperature, pressure, purity, and cancer cell detection [18-20]. In order to explain the purpose and focus of this study brief literature can be explained as below. MTM sensors which employs resonance frequency shift according to the parameter that is going be sensed [21-22]. Since fuel adulteration is global problem especially in Asian countries this study focused on the adulteration of diesel fuel [23]. There are different methods and different studies conducted to sense resonance frequency shift as fiber grating sensors, density measurement methods and filter paper method and gas chromatography [24-26]. These methods have positive and negative sides for example they need laboratory equipment and need time for show correct results which can be evaluated as negative sides. Positive sides of these methods, they show the correct results with right equipment. In this study as alternative to these methods, a transmission line integrated metamaterial sensor has been designed produced and tested to sense the branded and unbranded diesel. Transmission lines have effectively been used in micro-fluid, strain and rotation sensing in Ref. [27-28]. Chang ming Chen, Jun Xu and Yao Yao[29] designed and fabricated halfmode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) loaded with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) as a humidity sensor with high sensitivity in 2018, Tumkaya et al [30] also presented the distinguish authentic and in authentic fuel samples by using metamaterials based sensor waveguide with a reservoir for the liquids, after one year Tamer with his group [31] investigated the determination authentic and in authentic gasoline samples by using the transmission line based metamaterials sensor, both mentioned pervious work are similar but they used different method. Tumkaya et al. have conducted another study for fuel sensor by using three rhombus slots in [32]. In this work, MTM based liquid sensor integrated transmission line are investigated both numerically and experimentally to determination the authentic and inauthentic diesel at microwave frequency range. CST Microwave Studio, which can be classified as a fullwave electromagnetic (EM) solver using finite integration technique, have been used to design and simulation studies. The electrical properties (relative dielectric constant and lost
tangent) of the authentic and inauthentic diesel samples are examined in a frequency range between 8 GHz and 12 GHz. Also, compatible results observed between 1GHz-20 GHz to verify wideband usability. The dimensions of the proposed structure are determined by using the parametric studies in the simulation program. The mechanism of the sensing studies, electric field and surface current distribution have been presented in the next chapter. The sensor structure has been fabricated by using LPKF E33 PCB machine in the same condition as simulated. The selected samples have been placed in the sensor layer after production. Agilent PLN-A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) was used to measure the transmission coefficient of the proposed structure. Both experimental and simulation study results are complying with each other and the proposed structure have effectively been used for the separation of branded and unbranded diesel. In addition to the diesel separation, the proposed structure can be used for similar liquids for adulteration since it has two times greater sensitivity with similar metamaterial sensor studies when it is compared with [30-32] by its unique design and sensing method.
2. THEORY AND PROPOSED DESIGN In this study, a sensor application has been carried out especially in order to detect diesel fraud in the global. The proposed MTM sensor structure has been designed in accordance with the transmission line modelling as shown in Figure 1.a. The proposed structure is designed as a transmission line based, the backside of the structure is covered by a copper metal which acts as a ground plane with a thickness of 0.035 mm and FR4 (Flame Retardant 4) substrate material having dielectric constant value of 4.3, loss tangent of 0.02 and thickness of 1.6 mm was used as an intermediate layer and has many advantages such as low losses, high mechanical strength and low cost (availability). The resonator parts of the structure consist of copper having 5.8 × 107 S / m, with a thickness of 0.035 mm on both sides of the structure are connected ports that can send waves namely discrete port 1 and discreet port 2. In addition, as depicted in Figure 1.a. to fill the liquid samples in both parts of the resonators are opened to be equal. The magnetic coupling effect-taking place between the transmission line and resonator the transmission line is properly optimized to disclose resonance frequency changes. In the proposed sensor structure, two discrete ports are connected to each side of the transmission line by using Quasi Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode of propagation [33]. In microwave region, each line in the Microstrip transmission line represents the inductive effects on the resonance frequency and they are used to monitoring transmission power and resonance frequency changes due to changes the dielectric constant of the different samples. For better understanding the mechanism of the proposed MTM-based sensor the equivalent circuit diagram of the proposed sensor structure has been demonstrated in Figure 1.b The resonator part of the sensor is consist of three parallel transmission line separated by two sensor layer illustrated in Figure 1.a. As it is known that, each transmission line has resistance (Rx, Ry, and Rz, admittance (Gx, Gy and Gz), inductance (Lx, Ly and Lz) and
capacitance (Cx, Cy and Cz). In addition to these parts, the proposed designed has extra capacitive effects (Ca and Cb) originated from two sensor layer placed between the transmission lines. Hence the transmitted power and phase angles are dependent on this capacitance of the sensor layer which can be varied by the liquid samples having different dielectric characteristics. This can be explained by telegraph equations as below; ∂
∂𝑥𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) ∂
∂
= ― 𝐿∂𝑥𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) ― 𝑅𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) -------------- (1) ∂
------------- (2) ∂𝑥𝐼(𝑥,𝑡) = ― 𝐶∂𝑥𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) ― 𝐺𝑉(𝑥,𝑡) Where R, G and L represent the total resistance admittance and inductance for proposed transmission line of the sensor. C represent the total capacitance includes the parallel capacitive effects of the sensor layer.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Proposed MTM sensor structure (a) Perspective view and (b) equivalent circuit diagram
The dimensions of the designed sensor structure are shown in Figure 2. The length of the FR4 layer with resonators is set to 35 mm. The dimensions of the fluid reservoir are 20 mm long and 2.55 mm wide. All dimensions of this designed structure have been found as a result of parametric studies that give the best precision in simulation environment.
Figure 2. Dimensions parameter of MTM based liquid sensor
3. BRANDED DIESEL AND UNBRANDED DIESEL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dielectric constant value is one of the unique properties of all materials found in nature. Therefore, various methods are available to determine the dielectric constant values of the materials. One of these methods is using open ended coaxial probe. As shown in Figure 3, we have measured the dielectric characteristics of the samples by using Agilent 85070E probe kit that is connected to vector network analyzer (VNA). After making the calibration by using a calibration kit in room temperature, the electrical properties of the selected samples (relative permittivity and loss tangents) have been obtained in the frequency range of 8 –12 GHz. The measured dielectric constant and dielectric loss are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5 for branded and unbranded diesel. After obtaining dielectric characteristics, a new material has been entered as an input to CST Microwave Studio by importing data files. S parameters and phase difference simulations have been monitored for the proposed MTM sensor by having these data.
Figure 3. Experimental setup to determine dielectric measurement of the branded and unbranded Diesel by 85070E dielectric probe kit.
Figure 4. Shows the test results for the branded and unbranded diesel. As it is clearly shown from the Figure, the dielectric constant value of the branded diesel sample starts from 2.71 at 8 GHz and ends at 2.43 at 12 GHz while unbranded ones are 2.48 at 8 GHz and 2.15 at 12 GHz.
Figure 4. Measured results of Dielectric constant for the Branded and Unbranded Diesel.
The loss tangent value is obtained by dividing the imaginative part, which forms the dielectric constant, into the real part. In Figure 5, the tangent values of unbranded and branded diesel samples are given. While, loss tangent of the branded diesel sample starts at 0.48 at 8 GHz and ends at 0.7 at 12 GHz, unbranded diesel starts at 0.53 at 8 GHz and ends at 0.64 at 12 GHz.
Figure 5. Measured results of Dielectric loss factor for the Branded and Unbranded Diesel.
4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE INTEGRATED METAMATERIAL SENSOR 4.1 Simulation Results Numerical simulation studies of branded and unbranded diesels were carried out to show the proposed transmission line based structure’s sensor application. Transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) was applied to the transmission line based sensor and the power value of the sensor transmitted from the first port to the second port (S12) in the frequency band of 8-12 GHz was investigated in this section. Since the dielectric parameters of the diesel to be placed in the measuring chamber of the sensor are not included in the simulation program, the dielectric coefficients and loss tangents of branded and unbranded diesel were measured with Agilent PLN-A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and liquid probe. After that, transmission coefficient when branded and unbranded diesel fuel placed in transmission line have been measured. Obtained results are presented in Figure 6, while red line represents the branded diesel fuel, the blue one is plotted for unbranded diesel fuel. The transmission coefficient resonance frequency is 8.35 GHz for branded diesel fuel. When we change this sample with unbranded diesel fuel, resonance frequency shifted to 8.41 GHz. Observed total bandwidth is 60MHz for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples.
Figure 6. Transmission value of the designed sensor structure in dB, for real and leakage diesel.
There is a 60MHz difference at 10 GHz. These resonance frequency shift can be explained by a general resonance frequency formula of 1 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶. When we look at the Figure 5, dielectric constant of branded diesel fuel is higher than the unbranded ones. So that, we can say that its capacitance is higher than the unbranded diesel sample. Due to inverse proportion between resonance frequency and capacitance, resonance frequency is shifted forward when dielectric constant is decreased. This resonance frequency shift is higher than the similar studies [30,32] due to integration of transmission line. For better understanding of operation mechanism of the proposed transmission line based sensor, the electric field and surface current distribution are simulated and obtained results
are plotted in Figure 7 and Figure 8 at the resonance frequencies for branded and unbranded diesel samples. Branded diesel is examined at 8.41 GHz, while unbranded one is simulated at 8.35 GHz. Electric field waves of the resonator parts are concentrated in the middle resonator parts for both samples. Also, it is possible to say that the electric field is concentrated on the left side of the resonator, whereas for the unbranded diesel sample’s is concentrated on the right side of the resonator layers.
Figure 7. Electric field distributions for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples at 8.35GHz and 8.41GHz, (a) branded diesel sample electric field distribution, (b) unbranded diesel sample electric field distribution.
Surface current distribution plot is also simulated for both unbranded and branded diesel samples at the resonance frequency of 8.41 GHz and 8.35 GHz as given in Figure 8, respectively. Strong localization of surface currents caused by electric and magnetic responses of magnetic and electric coupling of externally applied electromagnetic field. These currents are excited by magnetic and/or electric coupling and induce magnetic and electric responses to couple with the externally applied field.
Figure 8. Surface current distributions for branded and unbranded diesel fuel samples at 8.35GHz and 8.41GHz, (a) branded diesel sample, (b) unbranded diesel.
4.2 Experimental Study Results In this section, experimental measurements for the proposed transmission line integrated metamaterial sensor is presented. The proposed sensor structure is manufactured using LPKF E33 PCB machine. As in numerical measurements, the sensor structure consists of a 0.035 mm copper layer on a FR-4 dielectric material with a thickness of 1.6 mm. The transmission line was formed by scraping the LPKF E33 PCB machine of the copper layer. In Figure 9, the produced sample and testing setup can be seen.
Figure 9. (a) Manufactured proposed structure, (b) test setup for the manufactured transmission line based MTM sensor, (d) Network analyzer test setup.
After production, the Agilent PLN-A VNA was used to measure the transmission coefficient of the proposed structure in the X band. The connection ports are then soldered to each end of the sensor's transmission line as shown in Figure 9.b. After preparation of structure and samples, connection of calibrated VNA has been made as shown in Figure 9.c. The measured results obtained from the transmission line-based sensor structure
produced in empty air, branded diesel and unbranded diesel are shown in Figure 10. It is clear from the figure that, while simulated unbranded and branded diesel samples’ resonance frequency has been defined at 8.41 GHz and 8.35 GHz, respectively. Tested resonance frequencies have been defined as 8.83 GHz and 8.43 GHz. Although, simulated and tested transmission coefficient values are higher, they are complying with each other since they are directly proportional with the dielectric constant. The resonance frequencies and the instantaneous values of the transmitted power values obtained for branded and unbranded diesel samples indicates that these two samples can be distinguished from each other.
Figure 10. Measured transmission coefficient in dB for fabricated transmission line based MTM sensor.
Both simulated and measured study results shows that, proposed sensor structure capable of small dielectric constant change between 1-5 effectively and it can be applied to similar sensor studies effectively since small dielectric constant changes have been sensed between branded and unbranded diesel samples. Obtained simulation and measured results shows the significance of the proposed structure and application of similar sensor studies.
5. CONCLUSION In summary, we were investigated both numerically and experimentally, transmission line integrated metamaterials based liquid sensor to determination authentic and inauthentic diesel samples in the microwave frequency region. In the sensing study the electrical properties of the selected samples haven been measured the test results for the dielectric constant, loss tangent for branded and unbranded diesel are 2.71, 0.48, 2.48 and 0.53 respectively. The simulations were carried out by using Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based electromagnetic simulation software CST microwave studio. Simulated results showed the proposed structure can be used for a liquid sensor especially to detect different types of the branded and unbranded diesel. The simulated and measured results were found
to be in good agreement each with other, whereas an approximately 60 MHz frequency difference in the characteristic resonance were noticed in both cases. , furthermore, the physical mechanism of the sensing study has been investigated by simulating surface current and electric field distribution. This suggested metamaterials based transmission line based sensor can be used for the precise detection of the different liquids and for real life application in the field of gasoline industry and medicine
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transmission line integrated metamaterials based liquid sensor to determination authentic and inauthentic diesel samples in the microwave frequency region. an approximately 60 MHz frequency difference in the characteristic resonance This transmission line based sensor can be used for the precise detection of the different liquids
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: As a corresponging Author Muharrem Karaaslan
Conceptualization: Ahmet Tamer , Faruk Karadağ, Mehmet Bakır, Software: Ahmet Tamer, Emin Ünal, Yadgar I. Abdulkarim, Muharrem Karaaslan Investigation: Lianwen Deng Writing - Original Draft: Olcay Altintas Writing - Review & Editing: Mehmet Bakır, Muharrem Karaaslan