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Method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV sets
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432 www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
Communication
Method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV sets M. Varman, T.M.I. Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Available online 18 April 2005
Abstract The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, VCD and DVD are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the Malaysia. Following this increased consumption, energy efficiency standard present a highly effective measure for decreasing electricity consumption in the residential sector. The main problem in setting energy efficiency standard is identifying annual efficiency improvement, due to the lack of time series statistical data available in developing countries. This study attempts to present a method of calculating annual energy efficiency improvement for TV set, which can be used for implementing energy efficiency standard for TV sets in Malaysia and other developing countries. Although the presented result is only an approximation, definitely it is one of the ways of accomplishing energy standard. Furthermore, the method can be used for other appliances without any major modification. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Television; TV; Energy efficiency; Appliance standards; Annual efficiency improvement
1. Introduction Energy labeling and minimum energy efficiency standard for household appliances are now becoming a common practice in many countries around the world. For developing Asian countries, these options can hedge against increase in energy intensity, particularly that of electricity, towards their pursuit for economic development (Harrington and Damnics, 2001). However, the main problem of setting energy efficiency standard and label in developing countries is the lack of time series data for determining annual efficiency improvement of appliances. Minimum energy efficiency standards are the specified minimum energy efficiency level that products must meet before it can be legally sold. To date, only six nations have been known to have minimum energy Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 3 7967 6842; fax: +60 3 7967 5317. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (T.M.I. Mahlia).
0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.01.013
efficiency standard for residential television sets. China’s standard has yet to be translated in English. Japan’s standard is not specific to energy efficiency and is used only for comparing and evaluating performance. America’s standard is regarding standby power consumption. Meanwhile, Russia’s standard is regarding on mode power consumption only. On the other hand, Group for Energy Efficient Appliances for EU nation states that the energy efficiency index should be less than 0.75 (Siderious, 2002). According to Biermayer et al. (2000), Sri Lanka’s standard is regarding test for power consumption, to measure electrical, acoustical and optical properties. In proposing a minimum energy efficiency standard, it was found that the main problem is to identify the appliance’s annual energy efficiency improvement that will be used to determine future improvements required by the standard. Therefore inline with this problem, this study attempts to discuss the method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV set which is essential for setting up energy efficiency standard and label.
ARTICLE IN PRESS M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432
2430
Nomenclature
AEIon
AEI
n Pb Pi To Tst
2. Methodology For most appliances, there are only two parameters necessary for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement. The parameters are on-mode and standby-mode efficiency improvement. On-mode is the condition when the appliance consumes energy during its normal operation stage e.g., producing picture and sound. Standby-mode is the condition when the appliance consumes energy even when there are no sound and picture produced. In this study, in addition to the equation to compute annual efficiency improvement, the regression analysis methodology is utilized to determine the average appliance power level. This value is then replaced in the equation to determine the annual efficiency improvement. 2.1. On-mode and Standby-mode efficiency improvement The annual efficiency improvement is the percentage of efficiency improvement between two consecutive years. This can be also calculated by considering the percentage of efficiency improvement between two period of time and dividing it with the duration between these two periods. The equation can be used for both standby and active power and it is enumerated below: Pi Pb Pi 100 AEI ¼ . (1) n The value of average power level (P) is obtained from the equation for average on-mode and standby-mode efficiency improvement which is derived from regression analysis of data.
3. Results and Discussions
and stand-by mode efficiency improvement. The calculation results are presented in the following section. 3.1. On-mode efficiency improvement First, the TV power level data obtained from household survey is plotted against the year it is manufactured. In this study the plot involves 14-in, 21-in and 29in TV sets which correspond to the highest TV ownership class. Next, a trend line is drawn through a regression analysis of all the data points. This line represents the average on-mode efficiency improvement line that will be used to compute the annual efficiency improvement. Fig. 1 shows the plot for three sizes of TV sets to determine the on-mode annual efficiency improvement. In order to determine the annual efficiency improvement (AEIon), the percentage of efficiency improvement between the collected data in the year 1980 and 2000 is divided by the duration between these two periods, which is 20 years. Based on Eq. (1), the formula can be written as follows: P1980 P2000 100 P1980 . (2) AEI on ¼ 20 Meanwhile the value of average power level (P) is obtained from the regression analysis trend line 250 14-inch 21-inch 29-inch
200 Power Level (W)
AEIst
annual efficiency improvement of television set (%) annual efficiency improvement for standbymode (%)
annual efficiency improvement for on-mode (%) present year – previous year (year) power consumption in the previous year (W) power consumption in the present year (W) duration of TV on on-mode daily (hour) duration of TV on standby-mode daily (hour)
y = -2.2208x + 4592.8
150 y = 0.1846x - 278.73
100
50 y = -0.2103x + 485.46
Year
Fig. 1. On-mode power level for three TV sizes.
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
0 1978
It has been mentioned that the TV sets annual efficiency improvement depends on on-mode efficiency improvement and standby-mode efficiency improvement. Therefore to estimate TV sets annual efficiency improvement, the calculation is divided into two sections which are on-mode efficiency improvement
ARTICLE IN PRESS M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432 Table 1 Average power level from average on-mode efficiency improvement Equation
(P1980)
(P2000)
14 in 21 in 29 in
P ¼ 0.2103x+485.46 P ¼ 0.1846x278.73 P ¼ 2.2208x+4592.8
69 87 196
65 90 151
18.0 y = -1.1045x + 17.355
16.0 14.0
Power Level (W)
Type of TV
2431
12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0
equation that is presented in Fig. 1. The results are tabulated in Table 1. The annual efficiency improvement for: (i) TV AEI 14-in ¼
Avg.standby pow
2.0 0.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
Fig. 2. Average standby power level.
100 ¼ 0:3%. 20
6965 69
(3)
(ii) 21-in TV AEI 21-in ¼ 0:2%. (iii) 29-in TV AEI 29-in ¼ 1:1%. Therefore, the on-mode annual efficiency improvement for 14-in, 21-in and 29-in TV are 0.3%, 0.2% and 1.1% each, respectively. Although this is a small amount of improvement, similar results were also reported by Rosen and Meier (2000). The authors collected TV average power level data from the year 1985 to the year 1998 in the United States. Eventually they found out that the TV power level has not changed significantly since 1985. However the exact figure was not mentioned. The low-efficiency improvement is expected due to the focus of manufacturers to produce bigger and flatter screen TV that is equipped with additional accessory rather than its efficiency. 3.2. Standby-mode efficiency improvement The standby-mode efficiency improvement calculation is adapted from Harrington and Kleverlaan (2001). This is because, it is impossible to obtain this data from the household survey because manufacturers do not display standby power level on TV sets or its user manual. Even the data obtained from product catalogues only published standby power level data from the year 2002 onwards. However, this particular authors have conducted an in depth study whereby standby power level data have been measured in retail outlets from the year 1970 to 2001 with an average TV size of 63 cm (25 in) displayed in 2001. These data are applicable in Malaysia because many TV sets are
identical. It is produced by large multinational companies and sold worldwide. However, it is important to only concentrate on standby power improvement from the year 1990 onwards. This is because most TV sets in Malaysia before this period were not equipped with a remote control which causes TV sets to be switched into standby mode. The average standby power level plot from the year 1990 onwards is presented in Fig. 2 (Harrington and Kleverlaan, 2001). Hence, the annual standby efficiency improvement (AEIst) is estimated using Eq. (1) and considering n ¼ 10 years for the duration from 1991 to 2001. The result is as follows: 16:35:3 16:3 100 ¼ 6:7%. (4) AEI st ¼ 10
4. Conclusions The energy efficiency standard for television sets has proven to reduce national electricity consumption in many countries around the world. Once the standard is implemented, only television sets that meet this standard should be allowed into the market. This will enable optimum amount of energy to be saved during the effective period of standard. This study has presented the method to calculate annual energy efficiency improvement for TV sets, which can be used for implementing minimum energy efficiency standard and label in countries where lack of time series data are present. Although this study only uses TV as a case study, the method can be used for other appliances without major modification. Based on the calculation result, TV sets on-mode efficiency does not show an obvious trend that suggests its efficiency is improving or deteriorating. However the standby-mode efficiency has shown a strong trend towards its improvement. This may due to the efforts proposed by some countries to
ARTICLE IN PRESS 2432
M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432
introduce 1-W label in the future. Although the presented results are only an approximation, its main objective is to reduce energy consumption of this appliance. Furthermore, implementation of energy efficiency standard is the best way to conserve energy in a developing country like Malaysia.
References Biermayer, P., Busch, J., Hakim, S, Turiel, I., DuPont, P., Stone, C., 2000. Feasibility of an Appliance Energy Testing and Labeling Program for Sir Lanka. DSM Branch Ceylon Electricity Board.
Harrington, L., Damnics, M., 2001. Energy labelling and standards programs throughout the world. In: Regional Symposium on Energy Efficiency Standard and Labelling, Bangkok, Thailand, 2001. Harrington, L., Kleverlaan, P., 2001. Quantification of residential standby power consumption in Australia: results of recent survey work, Project for the National Appliance & Equipment Energy Efficient Committee, Australian Greenhouse Office, pp. 1–13. Rosen, K., Meier, A., 2000. Power measurements and national energy consumption of televisions and videocassette recorders in the USA. Energy 25 (3), 219–232. Siderious, H. P., 2002. Energy efficiency index TV–introduction brochure. Compiled from www.efficient-appliances.org. Group for Energy Efficient Appliances (GEEA).
Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432 www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
Communication
Method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV sets M. Varman, T.M.I. Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Available online 18 April 2005
Abstract The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, VCD and DVD are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the Malaysia. Following this increased consumption, energy efficiency standard present a highly effective measure for decreasing electricity consumption in the residential sector. The main problem in setting energy efficiency standard is identifying annual efficiency improvement, due to the lack of time series statistical data available in developing countries. This study attempts to present a method of calculating annual energy efficiency improvement for TV set, which can be used for implementing energy efficiency standard for TV sets in Malaysia and other developing countries. Although the presented result is only an approximation, definitely it is one of the ways of accomplishing energy standard. Furthermore, the method can be used for other appliances without any major modification. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Television; TV; Energy efficiency; Appliance standards; Annual efficiency improvement
1. Introduction Energy labeling and minimum energy efficiency standard for household appliances are now becoming a common practice in many countries around the world. For developing Asian countries, these options can hedge against increase in energy intensity, particularly that of electricity, towards their pursuit for economic development (Harrington and Damnics, 2001). However, the main problem of setting energy efficiency standard and label in developing countries is the lack of time series data for determining annual efficiency improvement of appliances. Minimum energy efficiency standards are the specified minimum energy efficiency level that products must meet before it can be legally sold. To date, only six nations have been known to have minimum energy Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 3 7967 6842; fax: +60 3 7967 5317. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (T.M.I. Mahlia).
0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.01.013
efficiency standard for residential television sets. China’s standard has yet to be translated in English. Japan’s standard is not specific to energy efficiency and is used only for comparing and evaluating performance. America’s standard is regarding standby power consumption. Meanwhile, Russia’s standard is regarding on mode power consumption only. On the other hand, Group for Energy Efficient Appliances for EU nation states that the energy efficiency index should be less than 0.75 (Siderious, 2002). According to Biermayer et al. (2000), Sri Lanka’s standard is regarding test for power consumption, to measure electrical, acoustical and optical properties. In proposing a minimum energy efficiency standard, it was found that the main problem is to identify the appliance’s annual energy efficiency improvement that will be used to determine future improvements required by the standard. Therefore inline with this problem, this study attempts to discuss the method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV set which is essential for setting up energy efficiency standard and label.
ARTICLE IN PRESS M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432
2430
Nomenclature
AEIon
AEI
n Pb Pi To Tst
2. Methodology For most appliances, there are only two parameters necessary for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement. The parameters are on-mode and standby-mode efficiency improvement. On-mode is the condition when the appliance consumes energy during its normal operation stage e.g., producing picture and sound. Standby-mode is the condition when the appliance consumes energy even when there are no sound and picture produced. In this study, in addition to the equation to compute annual efficiency improvement, the regression analysis methodology is utilized to determine the average appliance power level. This value is then replaced in the equation to determine the annual efficiency improvement. 2.1. On-mode and Standby-mode efficiency improvement The annual efficiency improvement is the percentage of efficiency improvement between two consecutive years. This can be also calculated by considering the percentage of efficiency improvement between two period of time and dividing it with the duration between these two periods. The equation can be used for both standby and active power and it is enumerated below: Pi Pb Pi 100 AEI ¼ . (1) n The value of average power level (P) is obtained from the equation for average on-mode and standby-mode efficiency improvement which is derived from regression analysis of data.
3. Results and Discussions
and stand-by mode efficiency improvement. The calculation results are presented in the following section. 3.1. On-mode efficiency improvement First, the TV power level data obtained from household survey is plotted against the year it is manufactured. In this study the plot involves 14-in, 21-in and 29in TV sets which correspond to the highest TV ownership class. Next, a trend line is drawn through a regression analysis of all the data points. This line represents the average on-mode efficiency improvement line that will be used to compute the annual efficiency improvement. Fig. 1 shows the plot for three sizes of TV sets to determine the on-mode annual efficiency improvement. In order to determine the annual efficiency improvement (AEIon), the percentage of efficiency improvement between the collected data in the year 1980 and 2000 is divided by the duration between these two periods, which is 20 years. Based on Eq. (1), the formula can be written as follows: P1980 P2000 100 P1980 . (2) AEI on ¼ 20 Meanwhile the value of average power level (P) is obtained from the regression analysis trend line 250 14-inch 21-inch 29-inch
200 Power Level (W)
AEIst
annual efficiency improvement of television set (%) annual efficiency improvement for standbymode (%)
annual efficiency improvement for on-mode (%) present year – previous year (year) power consumption in the previous year (W) power consumption in the present year (W) duration of TV on on-mode daily (hour) duration of TV on standby-mode daily (hour)
y = -2.2208x + 4592.8
150 y = 0.1846x - 278.73
100
50 y = -0.2103x + 485.46
Year
Fig. 1. On-mode power level for three TV sizes.
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
0 1978
It has been mentioned that the TV sets annual efficiency improvement depends on on-mode efficiency improvement and standby-mode efficiency improvement. Therefore to estimate TV sets annual efficiency improvement, the calculation is divided into two sections which are on-mode efficiency improvement
ARTICLE IN PRESS M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432 Table 1 Average power level from average on-mode efficiency improvement Equation
(P1980)
(P2000)
14 in 21 in 29 in
P ¼ 0.2103x+485.46 P ¼ 0.1846x278.73 P ¼ 2.2208x+4592.8
69 87 196
65 90 151
18.0 y = -1.1045x + 17.355
16.0 14.0
Power Level (W)
Type of TV
2431
12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0
equation that is presented in Fig. 1. The results are tabulated in Table 1. The annual efficiency improvement for: (i) TV AEI 14-in ¼
Avg.standby pow
2.0 0.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
Fig. 2. Average standby power level.
100 ¼ 0:3%. 20
6965 69
(3)
(ii) 21-in TV AEI 21-in ¼ 0:2%. (iii) 29-in TV AEI 29-in ¼ 1:1%. Therefore, the on-mode annual efficiency improvement for 14-in, 21-in and 29-in TV are 0.3%, 0.2% and 1.1% each, respectively. Although this is a small amount of improvement, similar results were also reported by Rosen and Meier (2000). The authors collected TV average power level data from the year 1985 to the year 1998 in the United States. Eventually they found out that the TV power level has not changed significantly since 1985. However the exact figure was not mentioned. The low-efficiency improvement is expected due to the focus of manufacturers to produce bigger and flatter screen TV that is equipped with additional accessory rather than its efficiency. 3.2. Standby-mode efficiency improvement The standby-mode efficiency improvement calculation is adapted from Harrington and Kleverlaan (2001). This is because, it is impossible to obtain this data from the household survey because manufacturers do not display standby power level on TV sets or its user manual. Even the data obtained from product catalogues only published standby power level data from the year 2002 onwards. However, this particular authors have conducted an in depth study whereby standby power level data have been measured in retail outlets from the year 1970 to 2001 with an average TV size of 63 cm (25 in) displayed in 2001. These data are applicable in Malaysia because many TV sets are
identical. It is produced by large multinational companies and sold worldwide. However, it is important to only concentrate on standby power improvement from the year 1990 onwards. This is because most TV sets in Malaysia before this period were not equipped with a remote control which causes TV sets to be switched into standby mode. The average standby power level plot from the year 1990 onwards is presented in Fig. 2 (Harrington and Kleverlaan, 2001). Hence, the annual standby efficiency improvement (AEIst) is estimated using Eq. (1) and considering n ¼ 10 years for the duration from 1991 to 2001. The result is as follows: 16:35:3 16:3 100 ¼ 6:7%. (4) AEI st ¼ 10
4. Conclusions The energy efficiency standard for television sets has proven to reduce national electricity consumption in many countries around the world. Once the standard is implemented, only television sets that meet this standard should be allowed into the market. This will enable optimum amount of energy to be saved during the effective period of standard. This study has presented the method to calculate annual energy efficiency improvement for TV sets, which can be used for implementing minimum energy efficiency standard and label in countries where lack of time series data are present. Although this study only uses TV as a case study, the method can be used for other appliances without major modification. Based on the calculation result, TV sets on-mode efficiency does not show an obvious trend that suggests its efficiency is improving or deteriorating. However the standby-mode efficiency has shown a strong trend towards its improvement. This may due to the efforts proposed by some countries to
ARTICLE IN PRESS 2432
M. Varman et al. / Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2429–2432
introduce 1-W label in the future. Although the presented results are only an approximation, its main objective is to reduce energy consumption of this appliance. Furthermore, implementation of energy efficiency standard is the best way to conserve energy in a developing country like Malaysia.
References Biermayer, P., Busch, J., Hakim, S, Turiel, I., DuPont, P., Stone, C., 2000. Feasibility of an Appliance Energy Testing and Labeling Program for Sir Lanka. DSM Branch Ceylon Electricity Board.
Harrington, L., Damnics, M., 2001. Energy labelling and standards programs throughout the world. In: Regional Symposium on Energy Efficiency Standard and Labelling, Bangkok, Thailand, 2001. Harrington, L., Kleverlaan, P., 2001. Quantification of residential standby power consumption in Australia: results of recent survey work, Project for the National Appliance & Equipment Energy Efficient Committee, Australian Greenhouse Office, pp. 1–13. Rosen, K., Meier, A., 2000. Power measurements and national energy consumption of televisions and videocassette recorders in the USA. Energy 25 (3), 219–232. Siderious, H. P., 2002. Energy efficiency index TV–introduction brochure. Compiled from www.efficient-appliances.org. Group for Energy Efficient Appliances (GEEA).