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Method for carbonization of pulverized waste raw materials to produce carbonaceous material with improved carbonization efficiency
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) unrealistically large increase in fuel taxes, no single policy appears likely to be capable of achieving the target reductions by 2010, although certain combinations of policies may be able to achieve the targets. However, if the time frame is extended out to 2030, certain technologyoriented policies appear quite promising for achieving large GHG reductions.
00100626 Integrated planning for mitigating CO2 emissions in Taiwan: a multi-objective programming approach Hsu, G. J. Y. and Chou, F-Y. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (8), 519-523. In this paper, a multi-objective programming approach integrated with a Leontief inter-industry model is used to evaluate the impact of energy conservation policy on the cost of reducing CO* emissions and undertaking industrial adjustment in Taiwan. An inter-temporal COz reduction model, consisting of two objective equations and 1340 constraint equations, is constructed to simulate alternative scenarios consisting of Case I (no constraint on COz emissions), Case II (per capita COz emissions at Taiwan year 2000 levels, i.e. 9.97 t), Case III (Case II emission levels with energy conservation), and Case IV (Case II emission levels with energy conservation plus improved electricity efficiency). The empirical results show that the cost of reducing COz emissions in Cases II, III, and IV is USS404, US%376 and USS345 per t, respectively. Some policy implications are also elaborated upon in order to assist decision makers with relevant planning. 00100627 Investment under uncertainty and option value in environmental economics Fisher, A. C. Resource and Energy Economics, 2000, 22, (3), 197-204. A question has arisen concerning the relationship between the financial theory of options and the concept of option value developed in the literature on environmental preservation. This article presents simple models in each approach and then demonstrates their equivalence. The conventional, differing interpretations of results in the two approaches are also shown to be consistent, though consideration of the difference can lead to a deeper understanding of the concept of option value. 00100626 Korea pursues LLW vitrification Nucl. Eng. Znf., 2000, 45, (552), 14-15. Korea is following a policy of concentrating and containing its radioactive waste and as a result plans to vitrify low level waste, which involves treating organic materials and some liquid waste, but disregarding scrap metals and concrete. A pilot plant is being constructed and completion is expected this year.
Method for carbonization of pulverized waste raw materials to produce carbonaceous material with improved carbonization efficiency W/O0629
Yoshida, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 269,467 [99 269,467) (Cl. ClOB53/02), 5 Ott 1999, Appl. 1998/94,061, 23 Mar 1998. 4. (In Japanese) The method involves the addition of water to a powdered raw material such as waste sawdust from mushrooms. The water-added material is then granulated to solidify it. The process continues with the granular material being fed into a continual carbonization furnace for the production of carbonaceous material, with rapid carbonization rates for decreasing the amount of fuel utilized.
Organizing emissions trading: the barrier of domestic permit allocation
W/W630
Woerdman, E. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (9), 613-623. This paper uses a barrier model of politics to analyse the issue of permit allocation as a major political obstacle to organizing (inter)national greenhouse gas emissions trading. It is argued that permit allocation constitutes a barrier, because - among other things -various types of emitters have conflicting interests in trying to lobby for as much allocated permits as possible and because international differences in domestic permit allocation procedures are perceived to potentially distort inter-firm competitiveness relations. Permit allocation is circumvented by applying intergovernmental or project-based emissions trading. The project-approach is preferable, in particular because it avoids the trading of ‘hot air’. W/W631 Particulate matter from different fuels Quaranta, N. E. Adv. Air Poilut., 1998, 5, 109-120. This work evaluated urban air quality in relation to one characteristic air pollutant from power generating facilities, particulate matter (PM), correlating study results to the type of fuel used. Fuel oil, natural gas fuels and African coal were used by the power company during the study period. Particulate matter analysis involved samples being taken daily and evaluated using high volume gravimety. The PM was characterized by optical and electronic microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays and X-ray diffraction. From the results it was apparent that PM concentrations were under established air quality levels, even in unfavourable areas, taking into account meteorological 66
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
data and power generation emissions. Particulate matter characteristics such as chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology are determined by the type of fuel that is originally burnt.
Prediction of gas emissions In an Internally circulating fluidized bed combustor for treatment of industrial solid wastes
00100632
Mukadi, L. er al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9), 1125-1136. Simulations of an ICFB waste combustor are reported with a mathematical model that includes reaction kinetics related to carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur content of industrial waste. The model assumes formation of volatile and char during the thermal treatment of wastes, followed by a series of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions catalysed by bed material such as char and ash + sand. The trends of model predictions are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations from thermal treatment of spent foundry sand in a 20 kW ICFB pilot unit. According to the kinetics and experimental data, bed materials are strongly responsible for low level emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. The validated model allows a comprehensive simulation analysis to be performed by varying some operating parameters such as waste feedrate, aeration rate, solid circulation and reacting zones. The study reveals that for a proper combustor operation, a balance has to be made between combustion efficiency, lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emission, as well as sulphur dioxide capture.
Proxy mapping of fly-ash pollution of soils around a coel-burning power plant: a case study in the Czech Republic 00100633
Kapicka, A. ef al. J. Geochem. Explor., 1999, 66, (l-2), 291-297. The northern part of the Czech Republic ranks among the most industrially polluted areas of Europe due mainly to combustion of brown coal with high contents of pyrite and heavy metals. Hightemperature combustion of fossil fuels produces fly ash rich in ferromagnetic minerals. These are also included in emissions, penetrate the soil and can be identified using rock-magnetic methods. Magnetic susceptibility is directly linked to a concentration of ferromagnetic minerals and is dominated by high values of magnetite. This study reports on a method of monitoring the spatial distribution of pollution due to airborne solid particles based on measurements of magnetic susceptibility of the soil surface near a brown-coal-burning power plant. Areas with high emission levels and their maximum range are detected. It has been shown that magnetic mapping can be beneficially used as a rapid and inexpensive method to detect contamination due to industrial activity. 00100634
Radiation exposures to miners in polish coal
mines Skowronek, J. Radiat. Pro?. Dosim., 1999, 82, (4), 293-300. This report presents an assessment of radiation exposure caused by natural radioactive substances in Polish coal mines, made on a base of national and international regulations and recommendations. The influence of various natural radiation sources has been taken into consideration. In addition, calculations of the collective dose equivalent in the coal mining industry have been made, as well as a percentage of the mining crews that are subjected to working conditions of enhanced radiation.
Scenario analysis of bioenergy resources and CO2 emissions with a globe1 land use and energy model
00100636
Yamamoto, H. et al. Applied Energy, 2000, 66, (4), 325-337. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate bioenergy supply potentials, land use changes, and COz emissions in the world, using a global land use and energy model (GLUE) including land use competitions and overall biomass flows. Through a set of simulations, the following results were obtained: (1) Supply potentials of energy crops produced from surplus arable lands will be strongly affected by food supply and demand parameters in the future, such as animal food demand per capita. (2) The policy option, i.e. the world, large-scale introduction of modem fuelwood by felling and planting in existing forest, will cause drastic reduction of the mature forest area but will cause little reduction of the accumulated COz emissions coming from both energy and forest sectors. One reason for this is that the additional COz emissions owing to the land use conversion from the mature forest to the growing forest will partly cancel out the COz reduction owing to the fuel substitution from fossil fuels to fuelwood. (3) When energy recovery of paper scrap is given priority to material recycling, bioenergy will substitute partly for fossil fuels; however the decrease in recycled paper scrap will cause an increase in roundwood felling demand. Hence, the results will be similar to those of (2).
Study finds no difference in impacts of disposal and reprocessing
00100636
Nucl. Eng. Inf., 2000, 45, (552), 23.
00100626 Integrated planning for mitigating CO2 emissions in Taiwan: a multi-objective programming approach Hsu, G. J. Y. and Chou, F-Y. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (8), 519-523. In this paper, a multi-objective programming approach integrated with a Leontief inter-industry model is used to evaluate the impact of energy conservation policy on the cost of reducing CO* emissions and undertaking industrial adjustment in Taiwan. An inter-temporal COz reduction model, consisting of two objective equations and 1340 constraint equations, is constructed to simulate alternative scenarios consisting of Case I (no constraint on COz emissions), Case II (per capita COz emissions at Taiwan year 2000 levels, i.e. 9.97 t), Case III (Case II emission levels with energy conservation), and Case IV (Case II emission levels with energy conservation plus improved electricity efficiency). The empirical results show that the cost of reducing COz emissions in Cases II, III, and IV is USS404, US%376 and USS345 per t, respectively. Some policy implications are also elaborated upon in order to assist decision makers with relevant planning. 00100627 Investment under uncertainty and option value in environmental economics Fisher, A. C. Resource and Energy Economics, 2000, 22, (3), 197-204. A question has arisen concerning the relationship between the financial theory of options and the concept of option value developed in the literature on environmental preservation. This article presents simple models in each approach and then demonstrates their equivalence. The conventional, differing interpretations of results in the two approaches are also shown to be consistent, though consideration of the difference can lead to a deeper understanding of the concept of option value. 00100626 Korea pursues LLW vitrification Nucl. Eng. Znf., 2000, 45, (552), 14-15. Korea is following a policy of concentrating and containing its radioactive waste and as a result plans to vitrify low level waste, which involves treating organic materials and some liquid waste, but disregarding scrap metals and concrete. A pilot plant is being constructed and completion is expected this year.
Method for carbonization of pulverized waste raw materials to produce carbonaceous material with improved carbonization efficiency W/O0629
Yoshida, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 269,467 [99 269,467) (Cl. ClOB53/02), 5 Ott 1999, Appl. 1998/94,061, 23 Mar 1998. 4. (In Japanese) The method involves the addition of water to a powdered raw material such as waste sawdust from mushrooms. The water-added material is then granulated to solidify it. The process continues with the granular material being fed into a continual carbonization furnace for the production of carbonaceous material, with rapid carbonization rates for decreasing the amount of fuel utilized.
Organizing emissions trading: the barrier of domestic permit allocation
W/W630
Woerdman, E. Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (9), 613-623. This paper uses a barrier model of politics to analyse the issue of permit allocation as a major political obstacle to organizing (inter)national greenhouse gas emissions trading. It is argued that permit allocation constitutes a barrier, because - among other things -various types of emitters have conflicting interests in trying to lobby for as much allocated permits as possible and because international differences in domestic permit allocation procedures are perceived to potentially distort inter-firm competitiveness relations. Permit allocation is circumvented by applying intergovernmental or project-based emissions trading. The project-approach is preferable, in particular because it avoids the trading of ‘hot air’. W/W631 Particulate matter from different fuels Quaranta, N. E. Adv. Air Poilut., 1998, 5, 109-120. This work evaluated urban air quality in relation to one characteristic air pollutant from power generating facilities, particulate matter (PM), correlating study results to the type of fuel used. Fuel oil, natural gas fuels and African coal were used by the power company during the study period. Particulate matter analysis involved samples being taken daily and evaluated using high volume gravimety. The PM was characterized by optical and electronic microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays and X-ray diffraction. From the results it was apparent that PM concentrations were under established air quality levels, even in unfavourable areas, taking into account meteorological 66
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2001
data and power generation emissions. Particulate matter characteristics such as chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology are determined by the type of fuel that is originally burnt.
Prediction of gas emissions In an Internally circulating fluidized bed combustor for treatment of industrial solid wastes
00100632
Mukadi, L. er al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9), 1125-1136. Simulations of an ICFB waste combustor are reported with a mathematical model that includes reaction kinetics related to carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur content of industrial waste. The model assumes formation of volatile and char during the thermal treatment of wastes, followed by a series of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions catalysed by bed material such as char and ash + sand. The trends of model predictions are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations from thermal treatment of spent foundry sand in a 20 kW ICFB pilot unit. According to the kinetics and experimental data, bed materials are strongly responsible for low level emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. The validated model allows a comprehensive simulation analysis to be performed by varying some operating parameters such as waste feedrate, aeration rate, solid circulation and reacting zones. The study reveals that for a proper combustor operation, a balance has to be made between combustion efficiency, lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emission, as well as sulphur dioxide capture.
Proxy mapping of fly-ash pollution of soils around a coel-burning power plant: a case study in the Czech Republic 00100633
Kapicka, A. ef al. J. Geochem. Explor., 1999, 66, (l-2), 291-297. The northern part of the Czech Republic ranks among the most industrially polluted areas of Europe due mainly to combustion of brown coal with high contents of pyrite and heavy metals. Hightemperature combustion of fossil fuels produces fly ash rich in ferromagnetic minerals. These are also included in emissions, penetrate the soil and can be identified using rock-magnetic methods. Magnetic susceptibility is directly linked to a concentration of ferromagnetic minerals and is dominated by high values of magnetite. This study reports on a method of monitoring the spatial distribution of pollution due to airborne solid particles based on measurements of magnetic susceptibility of the soil surface near a brown-coal-burning power plant. Areas with high emission levels and their maximum range are detected. It has been shown that magnetic mapping can be beneficially used as a rapid and inexpensive method to detect contamination due to industrial activity. 00100634
Radiation exposures to miners in polish coal
mines Skowronek, J. Radiat. Pro?. Dosim., 1999, 82, (4), 293-300. This report presents an assessment of radiation exposure caused by natural radioactive substances in Polish coal mines, made on a base of national and international regulations and recommendations. The influence of various natural radiation sources has been taken into consideration. In addition, calculations of the collective dose equivalent in the coal mining industry have been made, as well as a percentage of the mining crews that are subjected to working conditions of enhanced radiation.
Scenario analysis of bioenergy resources and CO2 emissions with a globe1 land use and energy model
00100636
Yamamoto, H. et al. Applied Energy, 2000, 66, (4), 325-337. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate bioenergy supply potentials, land use changes, and COz emissions in the world, using a global land use and energy model (GLUE) including land use competitions and overall biomass flows. Through a set of simulations, the following results were obtained: (1) Supply potentials of energy crops produced from surplus arable lands will be strongly affected by food supply and demand parameters in the future, such as animal food demand per capita. (2) The policy option, i.e. the world, large-scale introduction of modem fuelwood by felling and planting in existing forest, will cause drastic reduction of the mature forest area but will cause little reduction of the accumulated COz emissions coming from both energy and forest sectors. One reason for this is that the additional COz emissions owing to the land use conversion from the mature forest to the growing forest will partly cancel out the COz reduction owing to the fuel substitution from fossil fuels to fuelwood. (3) When energy recovery of paper scrap is given priority to material recycling, bioenergy will substitute partly for fossil fuels; however the decrease in recycled paper scrap will cause an increase in roundwood felling demand. Hence, the results will be similar to those of (2).
Study finds no difference in impacts of disposal and reprocessing
00100636
Nucl. Eng. Inf., 2000, 45, (552), 23.