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Methods in climatology
46o
Book
REVIEWS
[J. F. I.
The photographic process and the evaluation of photometric data are then discussed, followed by a brief discussion of direct reading spectrometers such as those using the GeigerMuller counter and the electron multiplier phototube. Chapter eight deals with the origin of spectra and contains an explanation of the nomenclature and symbols used in atomic spectra. The second part of the book treats the practical aspects of the subject, introduced by a discussion of the methods for the excitation of spectra. Some commercially available excitation sources are also described. The chapter on the quantitative analysis of metals sets forth the general procedure involved. Methods for the analysis of certain specific materials are included. There are then three chapters on qualitative analysis, the analysis of refractory materials and the analysis of solutions and soluble salts, respectively. In the last chapter the importance of chemical separations in spectrochemical analysis is brought out. Chemical separations are frequently necessary, preparatory to spectrochemical determinations since the spectra of some of the trace elements may be altered or masked by the presence of other elements or compounds. Another example cited by the author where preliminary separation is necessary is the analysis of material in which the matrix elements are radioactive. In this case it is important to remove the radioactive elements so that they will not be scattered into the atmosphere during the excitation process. Several methods of separation are discussed. This book differs from some others preceding it, in that much of the material is presented from the standpoint of the analytical chemist and metallurgist. The description of the instruments involved and the discussion of theory and procedures are adequate but are not emphasized to the point of excluding reference to specific chemical and metallurgical problems. In the body of the book the chapter on the excitation of spectra is included in the first part, but in the table of contents it is included in the second part on the practice of spectrochemical analysis, where it rightfully belongs. This discrepancy was probably caused by an error on the part of the printer. This book should prove to be of nmch value to the practicing spectroscopist. M. D. EARLE COLLOID SCIENCE, by James W. McBain. 450 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1950. Distributed by Reinhold Publishing Corp. Price, $8.00. The field of colloids is presented lucidly and comprehensively in this book. The many practical applications of the physical laws of colloid science suggested in the book point up the increasing significance of the field in industry. Theories, properties, measurements and materials of the science are discussed quite fully. The chapter on emulsions, although connoting nothing new, presents theory and application very capably. The references are voluminous. The chapters on sorption and thin film properties are well organized and authenticated. There are sections on the optical properties of colloids, brownian movement, ultrafiltration, and lyotropic numbers which go into some theoretical detail. The chapters on rheology are rather scanty for so extensive a subject. The second half of the book is devoted, to some extent, to a study of the colloidal nature of such common materials as soaps, cellulosic materials, starch, gums, rubber, clays, proteins like silk and wool, and aerosols. The scope of this book is as broad as the entire field, and with its ready references, is to be highly recommended for anyone interested in the study of colloids. S. N. MucHN.XCK METHODS IN" CLIMATOLOGY,by V. Conrad and L. W. Pollak. 459 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950. Price, $7.50. Methods in Climatology is essentially a text covering the methods to be used in handling problems in which the data available are of a statistical nature. As such, the book is useful to anyone faced with problems of this type, although the text, of course, refers and directs all of the methods discussed to the specific field of climatology. Part I of the book covers statistical methods, tests, and criteria in some detail. It also covers curve fitting problems and harmonic analysis. In addition there are chapters in Part I
Nov., 195o.]
BOOK REVIEWS
461
devoted to the characteristics of climatic elements, spatial comparison of climatic elements, and essential elements of climatography. Part II is devoted entirely to computing devices and to the methods of periodography including some information on autocorrelation methods. The text is well written, well illustrated, and presents a number of practical examples of the type of problems which the climatologist can expect to encounter. R. S. GRUBMEYER THE ROLLING OF METALS, THEORY AND EXI'ERIMENT, by L. R. Underwood. Volume 1,344 pages, diagrams, 15 )< 23 cm. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. Price $6.50. Written by the chief engineer of the Rolling Mill Department of W. H. A. Robertson & Co., England, The Rolling of Metals is a thorough account of the theory, experiment and much of the history of metal rolling practice. In preparing the book, which is the result of a series of papers on the rolling of metals, Dr. Underwood has reviewed all existing material on the subject so that the final product is exceptionally complete. For years the technique of rolling metals was acquired by slow trial and error methods and existed primarily in the minds of the mill foremen. It is only in the past generation that much scientific study has been instigated; all such scientific studies are fully referenced and discussed by Dr. Underwood. The subjects investigated in The Rolling of Metals include the forces acting in the region of contact between the material and the rolls, forward slip, the flow of material in rolling, yield stress and the criteria of yielding, external friction between the rolls and the material, factors influencing rolling load and specific roll pressure, theories of rolling applicable to thin sheet and strip, calculation of specific roll pressure for strip and sheet with strip tension and workhardening by means of the preceding theories, and roll flattening and the calculation of specific roll pressure with flattening. The bibliography, classified according to the various subjects just listed, plus several others, should be a valuable reference for those concerned with the problems of rolling mills. Throughout the volume the sundry theories on the many aspects of the rolling of flat metals are presented, usually developed and compared. Where necessary, additional research to fill the gaps in the present theory is suggested and frequently outlined. Frequent examples are given, illustrating the use of the formulas, a not unimportant contribution, so that the book has a very practical, as well as theoretical, value to the rolling mill profession. E. W. HAMMER, JR. THE PROPERTIES OF METALLIC MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURE,by P. Litherland Teed. 222 pages, 14 >( 23 cm. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. Price, $3.50. As indicated in the title, this book is a compilation of data on the properties of metals and alloys at low temperatures. Near the beginning of the book the author mentions the design of aircraft intended to operate at high altitudes as one of the chief fields in which a knowledge of the low temperature properties of metals is important. He also mentions several commercial processes in which temperatures as low as - 200 ° C. are reached, where the physical properties of metals at these low temperautres must be taken into consideration. In the second chapter the author discusses the relation between physical properties and temperature in terms of physical laws. He states, however, that in spite of the great advances which have been made, it is impossible to calculate with any degree of reliability the properties of a material at one temperature if these same properties at another temperature are known. The next seven chapters deal with the mechanical properties of a wide variety of alloys at low temperatures. Among the materials considered are: aluminum, aluminum alloys, ferrous alloys, magnesium alloys, copper, copper alloys, nickel, zinc, tin and lead. Some of the properties whose temperature dependence is discussed are: yield stress, ultimate stress, reduction of area, fatigue stress, electrical resistance, and impact strength. The changes in the various moduli of elasticity with temperature are also discussed. The last chapter is written as a conclusion. The book contains a large number of tables and the author is quite thorough in listing the sources from which he obtained his data. This book should be useful to the mechanical engineer interested in the design of structures and equipment which must withstand low temperatures. M. D. EARLE
Book
REVIEWS
[J. F. I.
The photographic process and the evaluation of photometric data are then discussed, followed by a brief discussion of direct reading spectrometers such as those using the GeigerMuller counter and the electron multiplier phototube. Chapter eight deals with the origin of spectra and contains an explanation of the nomenclature and symbols used in atomic spectra. The second part of the book treats the practical aspects of the subject, introduced by a discussion of the methods for the excitation of spectra. Some commercially available excitation sources are also described. The chapter on the quantitative analysis of metals sets forth the general procedure involved. Methods for the analysis of certain specific materials are included. There are then three chapters on qualitative analysis, the analysis of refractory materials and the analysis of solutions and soluble salts, respectively. In the last chapter the importance of chemical separations in spectrochemical analysis is brought out. Chemical separations are frequently necessary, preparatory to spectrochemical determinations since the spectra of some of the trace elements may be altered or masked by the presence of other elements or compounds. Another example cited by the author where preliminary separation is necessary is the analysis of material in which the matrix elements are radioactive. In this case it is important to remove the radioactive elements so that they will not be scattered into the atmosphere during the excitation process. Several methods of separation are discussed. This book differs from some others preceding it, in that much of the material is presented from the standpoint of the analytical chemist and metallurgist. The description of the instruments involved and the discussion of theory and procedures are adequate but are not emphasized to the point of excluding reference to specific chemical and metallurgical problems. In the body of the book the chapter on the excitation of spectra is included in the first part, but in the table of contents it is included in the second part on the practice of spectrochemical analysis, where it rightfully belongs. This discrepancy was probably caused by an error on the part of the printer. This book should prove to be of nmch value to the practicing spectroscopist. M. D. EARLE COLLOID SCIENCE, by James W. McBain. 450 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1950. Distributed by Reinhold Publishing Corp. Price, $8.00. The field of colloids is presented lucidly and comprehensively in this book. The many practical applications of the physical laws of colloid science suggested in the book point up the increasing significance of the field in industry. Theories, properties, measurements and materials of the science are discussed quite fully. The chapter on emulsions, although connoting nothing new, presents theory and application very capably. The references are voluminous. The chapters on sorption and thin film properties are well organized and authenticated. There are sections on the optical properties of colloids, brownian movement, ultrafiltration, and lyotropic numbers which go into some theoretical detail. The chapters on rheology are rather scanty for so extensive a subject. The second half of the book is devoted, to some extent, to a study of the colloidal nature of such common materials as soaps, cellulosic materials, starch, gums, rubber, clays, proteins like silk and wool, and aerosols. The scope of this book is as broad as the entire field, and with its ready references, is to be highly recommended for anyone interested in the study of colloids. S. N. MucHN.XCK METHODS IN" CLIMATOLOGY,by V. Conrad and L. W. Pollak. 459 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950. Price, $7.50. Methods in Climatology is essentially a text covering the methods to be used in handling problems in which the data available are of a statistical nature. As such, the book is useful to anyone faced with problems of this type, although the text, of course, refers and directs all of the methods discussed to the specific field of climatology. Part I of the book covers statistical methods, tests, and criteria in some detail. It also covers curve fitting problems and harmonic analysis. In addition there are chapters in Part I
Nov., 195o.]
BOOK REVIEWS
461
devoted to the characteristics of climatic elements, spatial comparison of climatic elements, and essential elements of climatography. Part II is devoted entirely to computing devices and to the methods of periodography including some information on autocorrelation methods. The text is well written, well illustrated, and presents a number of practical examples of the type of problems which the climatologist can expect to encounter. R. S. GRUBMEYER THE ROLLING OF METALS, THEORY AND EXI'ERIMENT, by L. R. Underwood. Volume 1,344 pages, diagrams, 15 )< 23 cm. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. Price $6.50. Written by the chief engineer of the Rolling Mill Department of W. H. A. Robertson & Co., England, The Rolling of Metals is a thorough account of the theory, experiment and much of the history of metal rolling practice. In preparing the book, which is the result of a series of papers on the rolling of metals, Dr. Underwood has reviewed all existing material on the subject so that the final product is exceptionally complete. For years the technique of rolling metals was acquired by slow trial and error methods and existed primarily in the minds of the mill foremen. It is only in the past generation that much scientific study has been instigated; all such scientific studies are fully referenced and discussed by Dr. Underwood. The subjects investigated in The Rolling of Metals include the forces acting in the region of contact between the material and the rolls, forward slip, the flow of material in rolling, yield stress and the criteria of yielding, external friction between the rolls and the material, factors influencing rolling load and specific roll pressure, theories of rolling applicable to thin sheet and strip, calculation of specific roll pressure for strip and sheet with strip tension and workhardening by means of the preceding theories, and roll flattening and the calculation of specific roll pressure with flattening. The bibliography, classified according to the various subjects just listed, plus several others, should be a valuable reference for those concerned with the problems of rolling mills. Throughout the volume the sundry theories on the many aspects of the rolling of flat metals are presented, usually developed and compared. Where necessary, additional research to fill the gaps in the present theory is suggested and frequently outlined. Frequent examples are given, illustrating the use of the formulas, a not unimportant contribution, so that the book has a very practical, as well as theoretical, value to the rolling mill profession. E. W. HAMMER, JR. THE PROPERTIES OF METALLIC MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURE,by P. Litherland Teed. 222 pages, 14 >( 23 cm. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. Price, $3.50. As indicated in the title, this book is a compilation of data on the properties of metals and alloys at low temperatures. Near the beginning of the book the author mentions the design of aircraft intended to operate at high altitudes as one of the chief fields in which a knowledge of the low temperature properties of metals is important. He also mentions several commercial processes in which temperatures as low as - 200 ° C. are reached, where the physical properties of metals at these low temperautres must be taken into consideration. In the second chapter the author discusses the relation between physical properties and temperature in terms of physical laws. He states, however, that in spite of the great advances which have been made, it is impossible to calculate with any degree of reliability the properties of a material at one temperature if these same properties at another temperature are known. The next seven chapters deal with the mechanical properties of a wide variety of alloys at low temperatures. Among the materials considered are: aluminum, aluminum alloys, ferrous alloys, magnesium alloys, copper, copper alloys, nickel, zinc, tin and lead. Some of the properties whose temperature dependence is discussed are: yield stress, ultimate stress, reduction of area, fatigue stress, electrical resistance, and impact strength. The changes in the various moduli of elasticity with temperature are also discussed. The last chapter is written as a conclusion. The book contains a large number of tables and the author is quite thorough in listing the sources from which he obtained his data. This book should be useful to the mechanical engineer interested in the design of structures and equipment which must withstand low temperatures. M. D. EARLE