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Microbes in the oceanic environment
OLR(1984)31 (12)
E. BiologicalOceanography
In a less explored region of the Antarctic Ocean (11°-41°E) mean densities of 3 macrofauna and 12 meiofauna taxa were 221/m 2 and 6780/m 2, respectively; polychaetes and nematodes dominated. Meiofauna were more numerous in sandy than clayey sediments and their abundance increased with depth. Benthic biomass (99% macrofaunal) was 566.4 g/m 2 at shallow depths and decreased exponentially with depth. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (msg) 84:6220 Potts, D.C. and P.K. Swart, 1984. Water temperature as an indicator of environmental variability on a coral reef. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):504-516.
Variation in water temperatures commonly experienced by corals were examined on several temporal scales to evaluate the association between environmental stability and habitat favorability. Shallow reef-top sites were exposed to surface waters modified by prevailing weather conditions; the deeper outer slopes lay permanently within a well buffered, relatively oceanic water mass. Thermal stability and relative water movement were poor predictors of coral growth and survival. The most stable and the most unstable thermal environments both were poor habitats for corals. Biol. Dept. and Center for Coastal Mar. Stud., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz 95064, USA. 84:6221
Wildish, D.J. (ed.), 1984. Biology of the sedimentwater interface. Report of the St. Andrews Biological Station's 75th Anniversary Benthic Workshop. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1263:38pp; 12 papers. Ten papers are presented dealing with trophic pathways (pelagic-benthic coupling; organic matter fluxes), field and laboratory experiments with suspension feeders, and new methods (remote imaging; time-series and stereographic photography). (mjj)
El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities 84:6222
Zhang, Raoting, 1984. The species composition and geographical distribution of mangrove plants in the Talwan Strait. Taiwan Strait, 3(1):112-118. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Fifteen species (11 families, 15 genera) are distributed in a pattern that 'decreases from south to north'; more species occur on the east coast than on
889
the west coast of the strait. Plant distribution appears related to currents, temperature and soil; distributions of thermophilic and eurytopic species are discussed. Dept. of Biol., Xiamen Univ., People's Republic of China. (ahm)
El50. Microbiology (communities,
processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses,
etc.) 84:6223
Cowen, J.P. and M.W. Silver, 1984. The association of iron and manganese with bacteria on marine macroparticulate material. Science, 224(4655): 1340-1342. Bacteria associated with macroparticles collected at depths >100 m in the North Pacific possessed extracellular capsules containing Fe and Mn; the number of capsules increased with depth. Scavenging and removal of Fe from the water column may be mediated significantly by Fe-depositing bacteria. TEM micrographs are included. Center for Coastal Marine Studies, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA. (m.ij) 84:6224
Fuhrman, J.A. and G.B. McManus, 1984. Do bacteria-sized marine eukaryotes consume significant bacterial production? Science, 224(4654): 1257-1260. Indirect evidence provided by size fractionation of grazing activity combined with eukaryotic inhibitors, and comparison of results of different methods of measuring grazing rates, indicate that eukaryotes small enough to pass a 0.6-pro filter may exist. These eukaryotes could 'be responsible for...more than 50 percent of the total grazing [on bacteria] in coastal waters.' No such eukaryotes have yet been seen microscopically. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. (mjj) 84:6225
Jannasch, H.W., 1984. Microbes in the oceanic environment. Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):97-118. A brief review of the recent development of the field of environmental microbiology is followed by discussion of two main topics: the 'sampling and culturing of micro-organisms in the absence of decompression,' and chemosynthetic primary production by bacteria using geothermally reduced inorganic compounds released by deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Continued expansion of interdisci-
890
E. Biological Oceanography
plinary research in these and other basic and novel areas of microbiology is foreseen. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj) 84:6226 Kelly, D.P. and N.G. Carr (eds.), 1984. The microbe 1984. II. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thirtysixth Symposium, Society for General Microbiology, Univ. of Warwick, April 1984. Syrup. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):ca. 340pp; 12 papers. A variety of topics are covered in this volume, including microbial behavior, metabolism, genetics (transposable elements, gene expression, genetic engineering), impacts on medicine and global processes, and their importance for the future of man. Other topics are 'microbes in the oceanic environment' and 'new microbes from old habitats.' (mjj) 84:6227 Kuczek, Thomas, 1984. Introductory review. Stochastic modelling for the bacterial life cycle. Mathl Biosci., 69(2): 159-169. Stochastic models for the bacterial cell cycle are reviewed as are 'their biological motivations.' A simplified description is provided for the division of a bacterium. The questions raised by some recent models are considered: e.g., the 'weak dependence of generation times in family trees,' and whether growth models (e.g. Zaritsky et al.) could predict observed cell size distributions. Dept. of Stat., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. (mjj) 84:6228 Pfennig, Norbert, 1984. Microbial behaviour in natural environments. Syrup. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):23-50. The history of the study of microbes and their culture, metabolism, behavior a n d ecology is reviewed in order to elucidate the 'guiding principles and methods' inherited by microbiologists. Critical application of these principles is necessary in the study of microbial behavior. Fakultat fur Biol., Univ. Konstanz, D-7750 Konstanz, FRG. (mjj) 84:6229 Schlegel, H.G., 1984. Global impacts of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2): 1-22. The hypothesis that life originated in the form of fermentative bacteria which relied on abiotically formed organic matter is summarized, followed by a discussion of the time scale and directions of polyphyletic evolution of metabolic types. Effects of
OLR l 1984) 31 (12)
prokaryotes and eukaryotes on the global environment, and interactions between these groups, are emphasized. Inst. for Mikrobiol. der Georg August Univ. Gottingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-3400 Gottingen, FRG. (mjj) 84:6230 Trevors, J.T., 1984. Electron transport system activity in soil, sediment, and pure cultures. CRC critical Rev. Microbiol., 11(2):83-100. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Univ. of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 84:6231 Winn, C.D. and D.M. Karl, 1984. Microbial productivity and community growth rate estimates in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. Biol. Oceanogr., 3(2): 123-146. Total microbial production equivalent to 400 mg C m 2day-~ and a growth rate of 0.4 to 0.5 doublings/day were estimated from rates of nucleic acid synthesis in 0-150 m depths. Total microbial production in 150-900 m depths was 790 mg C m 2day 1; growth rates were 1.1-2.4 doublings/day. ATP measurements indicated that 10-30% of the POC in the photic zone is composed of living carbon, living biomass is in approximate steady-state, and there are no diurnal biomass fluctuations. Systematic fluctuations in ATP concentrations do occur during in-situ incubations. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
El80. Biochemistry 84:6232 Rinkevich, B. and Y. Loya, 1984. Coral illumination through an optic glass-fiber: incorporation of 14C photosynthates. Mar. Biol., 80(1):7-15. Optic glass fibers were used to illuminate different parts of branches of Stylophora pistillata colonies; illumination enhanced the incorporation of ~4Clabelled products in tissue, organic matrix and skeletal carbonate compartments. No evidence was found for 'upward translocation' of photosynthate from branch bases to tips. Possible mechanisms of dark CO 2 fixation are discussed. Mar. Biol. Res. Div., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)
E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crustacea, E240-Protozoa) 84:6233 Carey, A.G. Jr., P.H. Scott and K.R. Waiters, 1984. Distributional ecology of shallow southwestern
E. BiologicalOceanography
In a less explored region of the Antarctic Ocean (11°-41°E) mean densities of 3 macrofauna and 12 meiofauna taxa were 221/m 2 and 6780/m 2, respectively; polychaetes and nematodes dominated. Meiofauna were more numerous in sandy than clayey sediments and their abundance increased with depth. Benthic biomass (99% macrofaunal) was 566.4 g/m 2 at shallow depths and decreased exponentially with depth. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (msg) 84:6220 Potts, D.C. and P.K. Swart, 1984. Water temperature as an indicator of environmental variability on a coral reef. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):504-516.
Variation in water temperatures commonly experienced by corals were examined on several temporal scales to evaluate the association between environmental stability and habitat favorability. Shallow reef-top sites were exposed to surface waters modified by prevailing weather conditions; the deeper outer slopes lay permanently within a well buffered, relatively oceanic water mass. Thermal stability and relative water movement were poor predictors of coral growth and survival. The most stable and the most unstable thermal environments both were poor habitats for corals. Biol. Dept. and Center for Coastal Mar. Stud., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz 95064, USA. 84:6221
Wildish, D.J. (ed.), 1984. Biology of the sedimentwater interface. Report of the St. Andrews Biological Station's 75th Anniversary Benthic Workshop. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1263:38pp; 12 papers. Ten papers are presented dealing with trophic pathways (pelagic-benthic coupling; organic matter fluxes), field and laboratory experiments with suspension feeders, and new methods (remote imaging; time-series and stereographic photography). (mjj)
El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities 84:6222
Zhang, Raoting, 1984. The species composition and geographical distribution of mangrove plants in the Talwan Strait. Taiwan Strait, 3(1):112-118. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Fifteen species (11 families, 15 genera) are distributed in a pattern that 'decreases from south to north'; more species occur on the east coast than on
889
the west coast of the strait. Plant distribution appears related to currents, temperature and soil; distributions of thermophilic and eurytopic species are discussed. Dept. of Biol., Xiamen Univ., People's Republic of China. (ahm)
El50. Microbiology (communities,
processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses,
etc.) 84:6223
Cowen, J.P. and M.W. Silver, 1984. The association of iron and manganese with bacteria on marine macroparticulate material. Science, 224(4655): 1340-1342. Bacteria associated with macroparticles collected at depths >100 m in the North Pacific possessed extracellular capsules containing Fe and Mn; the number of capsules increased with depth. Scavenging and removal of Fe from the water column may be mediated significantly by Fe-depositing bacteria. TEM micrographs are included. Center for Coastal Marine Studies, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA. (m.ij) 84:6224
Fuhrman, J.A. and G.B. McManus, 1984. Do bacteria-sized marine eukaryotes consume significant bacterial production? Science, 224(4654): 1257-1260. Indirect evidence provided by size fractionation of grazing activity combined with eukaryotic inhibitors, and comparison of results of different methods of measuring grazing rates, indicate that eukaryotes small enough to pass a 0.6-pro filter may exist. These eukaryotes could 'be responsible for...more than 50 percent of the total grazing [on bacteria] in coastal waters.' No such eukaryotes have yet been seen microscopically. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. (mjj) 84:6225
Jannasch, H.W., 1984. Microbes in the oceanic environment. Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):97-118. A brief review of the recent development of the field of environmental microbiology is followed by discussion of two main topics: the 'sampling and culturing of micro-organisms in the absence of decompression,' and chemosynthetic primary production by bacteria using geothermally reduced inorganic compounds released by deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Continued expansion of interdisci-
890
E. Biological Oceanography
plinary research in these and other basic and novel areas of microbiology is foreseen. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj) 84:6226 Kelly, D.P. and N.G. Carr (eds.), 1984. The microbe 1984. II. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thirtysixth Symposium, Society for General Microbiology, Univ. of Warwick, April 1984. Syrup. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):ca. 340pp; 12 papers. A variety of topics are covered in this volume, including microbial behavior, metabolism, genetics (transposable elements, gene expression, genetic engineering), impacts on medicine and global processes, and their importance for the future of man. Other topics are 'microbes in the oceanic environment' and 'new microbes from old habitats.' (mjj) 84:6227 Kuczek, Thomas, 1984. Introductory review. Stochastic modelling for the bacterial life cycle. Mathl Biosci., 69(2): 159-169. Stochastic models for the bacterial cell cycle are reviewed as are 'their biological motivations.' A simplified description is provided for the division of a bacterium. The questions raised by some recent models are considered: e.g., the 'weak dependence of generation times in family trees,' and whether growth models (e.g. Zaritsky et al.) could predict observed cell size distributions. Dept. of Stat., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. (mjj) 84:6228 Pfennig, Norbert, 1984. Microbial behaviour in natural environments. Syrup. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2):23-50. The history of the study of microbes and their culture, metabolism, behavior a n d ecology is reviewed in order to elucidate the 'guiding principles and methods' inherited by microbiologists. Critical application of these principles is necessary in the study of microbial behavior. Fakultat fur Biol., Univ. Konstanz, D-7750 Konstanz, FRG. (mjj) 84:6229 Schlegel, H.G., 1984. Global impacts of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 36(1/2): 1-22. The hypothesis that life originated in the form of fermentative bacteria which relied on abiotically formed organic matter is summarized, followed by a discussion of the time scale and directions of polyphyletic evolution of metabolic types. Effects of
OLR l 1984) 31 (12)
prokaryotes and eukaryotes on the global environment, and interactions between these groups, are emphasized. Inst. for Mikrobiol. der Georg August Univ. Gottingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-3400 Gottingen, FRG. (mjj) 84:6230 Trevors, J.T., 1984. Electron transport system activity in soil, sediment, and pure cultures. CRC critical Rev. Microbiol., 11(2):83-100. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Univ. of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 84:6231 Winn, C.D. and D.M. Karl, 1984. Microbial productivity and community growth rate estimates in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. Biol. Oceanogr., 3(2): 123-146. Total microbial production equivalent to 400 mg C m 2day-~ and a growth rate of 0.4 to 0.5 doublings/day were estimated from rates of nucleic acid synthesis in 0-150 m depths. Total microbial production in 150-900 m depths was 790 mg C m 2day 1; growth rates were 1.1-2.4 doublings/day. ATP measurements indicated that 10-30% of the POC in the photic zone is composed of living carbon, living biomass is in approximate steady-state, and there are no diurnal biomass fluctuations. Systematic fluctuations in ATP concentrations do occur during in-situ incubations. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
El80. Biochemistry 84:6232 Rinkevich, B. and Y. Loya, 1984. Coral illumination through an optic glass-fiber: incorporation of 14C photosynthates. Mar. Biol., 80(1):7-15. Optic glass fibers were used to illuminate different parts of branches of Stylophora pistillata colonies; illumination enhanced the incorporation of ~4Clabelled products in tissue, organic matrix and skeletal carbonate compartments. No evidence was found for 'upward translocation' of photosynthate from branch bases to tips. Possible mechanisms of dark CO 2 fixation are discussed. Mar. Biol. Res. Div., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)
E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crustacea, E240-Protozoa) 84:6233 Carey, A.G. Jr., P.H. Scott and K.R. Waiters, 1984. Distributional ecology of shallow southwestern