Microcomputer applications

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Ryoichi MORI*

Iwao MORISHITA**

* Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japanese Government

Yuzo KITA***

OKADA*

*** Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Limited

** Department of Engineering, University of Tokyo Tokyo,

Yoshikuni

Japan

i. INTRODUCTION This paper summarizes the parts of the 1977 Microcomputer Survey Report written by the three groups of the Microcomputer Committee of JEIDA, the Fundamental Survey Committee, the Applications Survey Committee, and the Working Group 1 for multi-microprocessor systems survey. There are publications by the other four groups of the Microcomputer Committee but they are not included in this paper.

, IocPoc,lo :

I and o MemI Interface chip,

I h

LSl-chip Manufacturers

20

40

22

26

J

I0

40

8

Import Agencies

~three chips

Microcomputer Manufacturers

Relevant information for the report follows. a. Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA), was established by a Japanese law. It is non-profit and supported by Japanese electronics industries. b. The survey results in this paper cover Japan only. Otherwise they are general. c. In the following, the statistics are counted not on a value nor on a quantity basis, but on an item basis, unless otherwise noted. This means that the products of high and low quantity are counted with equal weight. d. The data is based on the status at the end of 1976 and obtained by the cooperation of 430 organizations in Japan.

27 f other s

44

Application-system Monufactu~M 26

19

3?

l l4l 333

End Users

28

20

37

|13

Total

26

20

38

J 12

FIg. 2.1

483

Expected Configurations of Microcomputers

LSZ- chip Manufacturers Import Agencies MlcrocoWuter Idonufocturers AINpllcotkm-syn.m Idoeutacturer End Users Tetel +IK In)

2. MICROCOMPUTERS

(Z,3]

RAM

dl~Axl

Fig. 2.1 shows the responses to the question: What type of configuration among the following will dominate the microcomputer market in the near future? Fig. 2.2 shows the responses to the question: How large a memory will be required in a typical application using a single chip computer?

7

LSI - chip Manufacturers Import

Agencies

17 I

I?1

Application-system Manufacturers End Users Totnl

Fig. 2.3 (a) and (b) show the requirements on the speed of two types of addition. The requirements on the cycle time are shown in Fig. 2.4 for two cases, direct and microprogram control.

1

6~

41ol

3o 30

Fig. 2.2

40

| tS 3to

42 I I

[e 25

44

I 40

~IK

Ib)

6

83

1t21

121 24

Microcomputer kkmufocturnrc

27 39

~4K

151 ii !

94

~1 t4 4t2 ~~K

ROM

Expected Memory Capacity of Single-chip Computers

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS

41

Fig. 2.5 shows the requirements on the response time to an interrupt. Most LSI chip manufacturers are going to develop processors capable to respond to an interrupt within 3 ~ .

Fig. 2.6 shows the requirements on the number of general purpose registers and Fig. 2.7 shows the requirements on the stack capacity. Table 2.1 shows the requests on special purpose LSI chips for peripheral interfaces.

L Sl-chlp Manufacturers

~l~S O0

~ l ~ n ~

Microcomputer Manufacturers [~2~0~ Appllcation-system Manufacturers~ . 4 (

61 0

End Users

~'~.~

51.8

Total

~

60.9

(a)

-~l,uS

Microcomputer

-~2.us "4.:3 •,.vS.u$

/~llcotlon - system Monufocturere

">5.uS

End Users

~i~i

Tota I

5o.,

(o) Direct Control

r~..7~.ll~ z 2

1~.6/ Appllcetlon- system Manufacturers End Users

5.9/

Total

L! 6.0- I~ 44.7

200as

~300ns

10 ~500ns 6 Import Agencies I 33.3 I 33.: f'i~:~~;~! >500as Microcomputer =6 5 ~1 7 l:i:t ~,::1 23 Manufacturers ~:::=. ~ Application-system I ,=,,I Monufacturers~

59J

I 3s.o

~_100ns

Import Agencies ~1001 Microcomputer Manufacturers ~1

/

"4.3 8,75 - 2.5 ,5.4 - 3,4

|-c,oMaou,octurerslo.oL..,60.0

~SuS E':.,:':I'.~O!Y:':"] I o

5o

100

~26 81

Register to Register

LS[-chlp Manufacturers

44.4

Manufacturers

6 >5,uS 24 ~2~5~S 298

70.3

~I~s

Import Agencies

I0

Import Agencies

500as LSI-chip Manufacturers

-, ^

End Users

J 35.0

Total

124~4 K 3 8 . 6

I ]! "-66 [:"~"~44:0":':'::~ 14 "5.3

J

I

~

:'~ ;" 4""~'/['TI~"" ~4' 190

35.t

/

\

li

[:.Y~~ ;i['[i',?B~ 3o8

(b) MJcroprogram Control Fig 2.4

Requirements on Cycle Time

(b) Memory 1o Register Fig. 2 . 3

Requlrementson the Speed of Addition

LST-chip Manufacturers Import Agencies

33.3

33.3

5~8

"'1

LS I-chip Manufacturers

:I~..7/;~..~:'Zi

9~16

,oo

>16(%)

,t.7

/ Z~4 i

/ /. >tins 36.0 F!:~,~:::iP.'.'~i OS ,f.6

End Users

\ Total

_,-.20q,us

. ..... N/~z/,~

Impor t Agencies

Microcomputer Manufaclurers Application- system Manufacturers

~

j

~. ~

|!:~;~.;:'.EEB.,~

\

3s.~

' I"t

86

\\ •.~ . . . . ,420 o,~ IEI ....%.'..:.'~

Fla. 2.5 Rlqulrementsm Interrupt Response Time

Microcomputer Manufacturers

52.6

Application-system Manufacturers

55,1

End Users

6~.#

Total Fig. 2.6

l

~ 36.3 I 1 ~ 1~42"8 ~ L 2 J I 30,~ r4-3.8

,5,.7(39.9

~3`4

Requlrements on the Number of Reglsters

42

R. MORI et al.

~16 LST-chip Manufacturers 22.2 Import Agencies

>256

57.

Microcomputer Menulecturers • , 4.5 Application - system Manufacturers End Users

,.....

(%)

To ta I . ~ 10 s

I ....

463700 360500

57400// /10000 ,sb,,

////

I,:31 10 4

//Io oo

o7oo

C 0

6.6

I/7

o 10 3

Total

~16

~64

~256 >256

soo

d 3OO

Fig. 2.7 Requirements on Stock Capacity

Table 2.1. Target

Requests on Special-purpose

Peripheral

LSI-chips

I

10 z

Fig.

74

3. I

i

75 Year

Quantities

I

'76

of Microcomputers in Japan

Number of Requests

Line Printer, TTY, Magnetic Card Reader

29

CRT Display Floppy Disk

30 31

Cassette Magnetic Tape

23 22

Magnetic Drum and Disk DMA Controller

13

IEC Standard Interface

12

Analog Input Interface

40

Analog Output Interface

26

Consumer

~ s " """.,...~L4blt

THE STATUS OF APPLICATIONS

3.1 The status of microcomputer utilizahion Fig. 3.1 shows the trend of the microcomputer market in quantity in Japan and we find that 463,700 microcomputers have been applied to various systems by 1976. The majority of the market was occupied by 4 bits length microcomputers but 8 bits and 16 bits markets are growing steadily. Seeing the bit lengths of microcomputers with application fields, Fig. 3.2 shows that 8 bits microcomputers are used in every application field equally, 4 bits are mainly used in the field of Consumer electronics products, and 16 bits are expected to grow in the application fields of Industrial, Communications and Computers.

|~"S"'12 bit

Industrial l"ransportaflon Communlcmlom and Computers

3.

i

'73

8

Frg. 3.2

I 10

I 20

I 3o

I II 4o Systems

l 7o

s~

I t50

Word Length in Each Application Field

Fig. 3.3 shows the number of developed systems with applications fields. Industrial, Instrumentation and Computers fields were ranked high in 1976 as they were in 1975. A remarkable event in 1976 was the microcomputer application growth in the Consumer field. This trend will be more conspicuous in the near future. From Fig. 3.1, Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3, we find that the Consumer application field

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS

43

Cost Effectiveness Consumer

I 31 System ; 7.2%

Office

I 32 System ; 7,5% 161 System ; 37.5 %

} 32.9%

Flexibility

•

Design Effectivenes~

25.3%

J 14.0 %

Industrial

Transportation

~14

Standardization

J 10.0%

Smaller Size

J9.5%

System ; 3.3% J 78 System ; 18.2 %

Instrumentation

Reliability Communications ~ 1

37 System; 8.6% I 65 System } 15.2%

Computers MisceI luneous

'---]5.8%

Mointoinobillt y

0.6 %

Miscellaneous

1.9 %

~ ] 11 System ; 2.6% 0

I

I

I

tO

20

30

1

Applications

L

2O

I 30

j 40 (%)

40 (%)

Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3 . 3

I

10

Purpose of Microcomputer Adoptions

Fields

has large quantity market with a few kinds of systems of 4 and 8 bits microcomputers and, on the other hand, other application fields have many kinds of application products in a small quantity per system market with mainly 8 and 16 bits microcomputers. 3.2 The purpose of microcomputer adoption The following four forms have been considered in microcomputer applicaions. (i) random logic replacement (2) minicomputer replacement (3) mechanical sequencer replacement (4) miscellaneous and new applications. Random logic replacement occupies 40 percent and miscellaneous applicaion occupies 30 percent of the total applicaion cases. Especially, in the Communications and Terminals applications field, "random logic replacement" covers 50 percent, and in the Consumer applications field, "Miscellaneous" occupies more than 60 percent. The purpose of microcomputer adoption is similar in almost every application field. Fig. 3.4 shows the total results on the purpose of the microcomputer adoption, and we can find the major purposes are (a) Cost effectiveness, (b) Flexibility and (c) Design effectiveness. To realize these three major purposes, the kinds of problems to be solved were pointed out by microcomputer users.

Fig. 3.5 shows the user's requirements for today's microcomputers. The first requirement is "the reduction of chip cost". This requirement is directly concerned with the system's cost effectiveness which is the first purpose of microcomputer adoption in Fig. 3.4. The second requirement is "the filling up of interface LSI families". This requirement is based on the system cost increase by the decline of the design effectiveness caused by the poorness of interface LSI families.

Chip Cost

J40.0°/. L

Inferfoce LS! +SV Single Power Supply MPU Porformonce Software Support

[

116.0%

J

115.4%

1,3e _~'~"1

Miscelloneous

~

0 Fig. 3.5

10.4 %

4.4 % ! tO

I 20

I 3O

40 (%)

Requirements for Microcomputers

3.3 The structure of microcomputer application systems It is remarkable that the multi-microprocessor systems occupy 20 percent of the total application

R. MORe et al.

44

Fig. 3.8 to Fig. 3.10 are based on 1737 examples of I/O interfaces included in 427 microcomputer application systems. Fig. 3.8 shows that the cases of adopting the interface LSI (containing I/O device dedicated LSI and general purpose LSI) is less than 40 percent. Typewriters and printers, to which general purpose interface LSI is easily used, and floppy disc, cassette MT and MODEM, to which dedicated interface LSI has already been deliverd are ranked high in LSI adoption. But on the whole, more than 60 percent of I/O interfaces are assembled with only discrete IC.

systems. This fact means that this application technique is progressing rapidly in Japan. Fig. 3.6 shows the cost ratio of hardware and software in microcomputer application systems. The cost ratio varies with applications field. In the Consumer field, hardware cost ratio is more than 90 percent, which means that the Consumer field is the hardware oriented field in spite of the adoption of microcomputers. In the other applications fields, hardware and software cost are about 50:50.

too ~;k,

Not Using LS]- - \ / - - Using LSI No Answer --~/--. --~ Typewriter (46.o%) l I (26.3) Modem (46.6%) (26.1) Floppy Disc !~1.5%) J (33.0) Serial Printer Comette M/T (36.7%) i (37.8) CRT Display (343.,u J (33.1) I [ 1~5.L~'#~'] (47.4) PTR/PTP Digital IlO (24.e,,u| i41.9 ) I Anolog IIO !39.,5), O 50

Industr

Fig. 3.8

0

I0

I 20

I ~-~ 30

i 40

I 50

Hord~woreand Software Cost Ratio in each Application Field

Fig. 3.7 shows the cost ratio among the hardware components. Comparing with the result of 1975, remarkable differences are (a) decrease of memory cost ratio and (b) increase of I/O interface cost ratio. This means that the development of peripheral interface LSI is behind that of low cost memory LSI.

/

lOO% Memory

Jlnterfoce[

\ Device

y Others

L.../h_.

__Jh._ _./\

Fig. :5.7

Cost Ratio Among Hardware Components

9.1%

22.7%

16.5%

27.5%

J

I

I (29.S)

I

(25.5)

(~Z.6)

I I I

[ (27.4)

-(-S3.3)

I 100 (%)

L S I Usage I. Peripheral Interface Controllers

I 55

Systems

Fig. 3.6

I

J (27.3)

_./k_ _/k._ _/ 11.1% 13.1%

Fig. 3.9 shows which types of LSI (I/O device dedicated LSI like FDC, CMTC or general purpose interface LSI like PIA/ACIA) have been used in the LSI adopted interfaces in Fig. 3.8. On an average, device dedicated LSI occupies only 25%. This means that the device dedicated LSI is used in only 10 % of all interfaces. This small ratio indicates that the development of the

Device Controller Dedicated LS[

General Purpose Interface LSI No Answer -,,f

Floppy Disc (45..2%) (41.6%) Cassetto M/T (34 0%) Modem Digital I / O (23.4%) J CRT Display (22.6,0 J Typewriter (21.9%) I PTR / PTP (21;7%) l Sedol Printer (192.%)1 i [ i 0

Fig. 3.9

,,f--

I (33.3)

] J

(47. 2) (56.5) (65.6)

--

1(2,.5)

I(112]

J(,o) I(,.3)

(69 9) 1(11.6)

(66.7) i

(73.1) ~:)

5

1

i

1

, [ - -(6.7) 100 (%)

Dedicated LSI/General Purpose LSI for Device Interfaces

45

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS device oriented interface LSI, except for floppy disc, cassette MT and MODEM, is behind. How much reduction of IC components can be expected by the adoption of LSI into the I/O interfaces? Fig 3.10 shows that a reduction of 70 to 80 percent has been obtained in the case of device oriented interface LSI, but the reduction has been only 50% by the use of general purpose interface LSI. As shown in Fig. 3.5 we can understand how the microcomputer user's requirements enrich the interface LSI.

Not Using LSI

bytes area and in other application fields, 2 to 4K bytes programs are average. 3.4 The development of the microcomputer application systems How many Man.Months are required to develop microcomputer application systems? Fig. 3.12 shows the Man.Months necessary to develop microcomputer application systems (hardware and software) with application program sizes. Application program size is not necessarily directly proportional to the system size, but will be one reference to indicate the system size. Fig. 3.12 indicates that in application program size areas smaller than 16K bytes, the Man. Months for hardware development exceed that of software development, and in the program size area larger than 16K bytes, the Man. Months for software development increases sharply. This means that it is rather difficult to develop the application programs of more than 16K bytes with today's microcomputer support techniques.

Digital I I 0 m Floppy Disc Cassette MIT Analog I I 0 !~!li;ll' ;,I Typewriter Serial Printer 7,: ~liZl., :i PTR / PTP Modem CRT Display t--_~+,Jlilui-~.~N*4

i1~1

r

o Fig. 3.10

5o

1oo (%)

Reductionof IC Componentsby UslnO L$I in Interface

Sof twore Mon-Mont h

30

20

I

10

I

~oplicatio Progron Size

I

HardwareMan-Month 10 20 30 I

I

i

~IKB ~2KB

Fig. 3.11 indicates the application program size in bytes with each application field. In the Consumer field, average bytes are in 0.5K to 1.0K

~.4KB ~8KB ,~,12KB

20.0I-

"\

29.29

~ 12.0~1~'% t'-'[ndustrio' ' ~ IT

%\

Fig. 3.12

E 8.°rl \\',_~-k-l"s"ume°' " ~ . ~ 40W /

~

2'0F k / / / C ° m

ffjce

Fig. 3.11

t'~r 14

I

;~6.94

I

Required Hardware and Software ManMonths to Develop Microcomputer Application Systems

Puters i , , , /

,.o

0

•,.16 KB Lorger Than 16KB

50 Systems

tOO

Application Program size by Application Fields

Fig. 3.13 and Fig. 3.14 compare the languages and the types of software support for application program development with application program size. It was noticed that the direct use of machine languages occupies 50 percent in 500 bytes, or less, program size area, on the other hand, the

46

R. MORI et al. Machine Language --\/

-,. 0.5 ,,,1 ~2.0 •,,4.0

50%

KB KB

I

4t %

Z 1% KB 13%J

•,,12.0 KB ~

60%

~160KB ~ i

o

i

I

r

Fig. 3 . 1 3

I

3% -4%

)1%1

Software Language vs Application Program Size

6.,% ~4%

~64 % _40%

I

.I

~%

.4Z%....]

Fig. 3.14

-3%

35%

I

I

50

Cross Software

Resident Software --A/-•,. 0.5 KB •, - I KB •-.2.0 KB '-.40 KB I ,,-8.0 KB J l •,-'12.0KB,I ~ t6.0 KB t

II

56 °'0 76% 83% 85% 85%

~8.0 KB ~

Con~piler

50%

I

I

KS

Assembler

,

TSS \/ Service

I 33% I 33% 113%1 . I-1"4'/.

62%

55%

I I

5?%

.%

57%

I-J'3%

!

~-1%

Software Support Type v$ Application Program Size

What kinds of debugging aids have been used to develop the microcomputer hardware system? Fig. 3.15 shows the result. The majority is to use test programs on the developed microcomputer system itself and it occupies 60 percent.

i\ Test

Programs 61.8%

Fig.

3.1,5

Debug with Mini Computer

£ 2j 21.6%

4.

MULTIMICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

The JEIDA microcomputer survey has been made annually for three years, and it has always included the multimicroprocessor applications survey. The remarkable fact is that many products based on the multimicroprocessor architecture have been planned or developed from the infancy of microprocessors. In fiscal 1976, WGI (Multimicroprocessor Working Group) posted the questionnaire twice to the major microprocessor applications manufactures.

The survey has shown that 30 to 50 percent of the manufacturers are planning or have developed multimicroprocessor systems. In the following, approximately 200 answers from the manufactures planning or producing multimicroprocessor systems, are analyzed. The status of the development of multimicroprocessor systems is as follows. i. Production 22 % 2. Using in house 8 % 3. Development 28 % 4. Planning 37 % The above percentages of the two groups of answers coincide almost completely. Fig. 4.1 shows the ratio in each applications field. We can see that, in the Office field, multimicroprocessor systems have been developed at the highest ratio (55 %). 4.2 Applications fields

°-

10.4% 6.2%

System Debugging Aids

The sufficient field data on the total microcomputer applications system's reliability has not been gathered yet in the JEIDA'S 77 survey, but the following has been pointed out by microcomputer users. (i) Potential sources of hardware troubles are (a) PROM, (b) floppy disc, (c) printer, (d) typewriter, (e) cassette MT, (f) RAM, (g) PTR/PTP, (h) CRT display. (2)Troubles of MPU itself are very rare. (3) On the whole, the reliability of systems is improved by using microcomputers.

4.1 The s t a t u s of the development

compiler is used in 35 percent of application program development in 12K to 16K bytes program size area. A monotonic relation between the types of software support and application program size is not found in Fig. 3.14. But on the whole, resident-software type and cross-software type are in equal weight.

Debugwith Dedicated Hardware Frnulator -N

3.5 The reliability of microcomputer application systems

The number of answers and the ratio of the answers in each applications field to the total are as follows. Consumer 8 3 % Office 20 8 % Industrial 76 30 %

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS

47

Consumer Industrial Transportat ion Instrumentation Communications Computers Miscellaneous

Fig. 4 . 1

Status of

Development 10

Transportation 13 5 % Instrumentation 51 20 % communications 30 12 % Computers 50 20 % Miscellaneous 3 1% Industrial, Instrumentation and Computers fields are the three major fields, and the result is similar to the microcomputer applications fields described in the previous section (Fig. 3.3), which is not restricted to the multiprocessor configurations. 4.3 Why multiprocessor configuration was chosen? Fig 4.2 shows the reason why multiprocessor configuration was preferred. Reasons #3. & #6. are the most popular in every field except the Office. And we can see that the most typical multimicroprocessor is the distributed or dedicated multiprocessor system to realize high throughput. In the Office application, flexibility by modularity and the total cost reduction were the principal reasons. It is also noted that the resource sharing, which is important in large or mini-computer multiprocessor systems, has a low score. The score of the high reliability has increased to 13 % compared to 7.6 % in fiscal 1975. This shows that the fail-soft operation by multiprocessor systems has become more popular. It is also noted that the

Fig. 4 . 2

20

30

40

50

Reasons Why Multiprocessor Configuration was Adopted

: Flexibility b : Reliability

a

c : Distribution of Load d : Total Cosl e : Increased I / O Facility f : High Performance by Dedicated g : Easy Software h : Economical

Processor

Development

i : High Performance by Parallel Operation

manufactures of tightly coupled multiprocessor systems evaluate the high reliability of the multimicroprocessor systems. 4.4 Problems of multimicro~rocessor systems The problems recognized by the users are as follows.

48

R. MORE et al.

a.

Hardware Development Interface Control m e t h o d Reliability b. Cost [ 24% ] 4. D e v e l o p m e n t cost & 1. 2. 3.

[ 35% ] ( 17% ) ( 16% ) ( 2% )

See Fig.

4.4.

C O M M U N I C A T I O N or CONTROL. See Fig.

4.5.

period

( ll% H i g h unit price of p r o d u c t s ( 13% c. Software d e v e l o p m e n t [ 25% ] 6. S o f t w a r e d e v e l o p m e n t ( 17% 7. L a r g e r p r o g r a m size ( 4% 8. No a v a i l a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t software ( 4% d. Performance [ 14% ] 9. O v e r h e a d ( 6% 10. D i f f i c u l t y in d i s t r i b u t i o n of loads ( 8% e. Miscellaneous [ 2% ] ii. Little me r i t against mini-computer ( 1% 12. Miscellaneous ( 1% The e s t a b l i s h m e n t of systems a r c h i t e c t u r e suitable for m u l t i m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s , the support to the interface h a r d w a r e and the h a r d w a r e / s o f t w a r e s t a n d a r i Z a t i o n of p r o c e s s o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s are very important.

COMMON RESOURCE

5.

See Fig.

4.6, 4.7 and 4.8

l

No. of Processors

Standard Moximurn

,,e, ,[

I, sl,

'~ I, '~

L/2J_~l__,6~32(.o.e)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 t00% Fig. 4.3

Number of Processors

Data Transfer Speed [No. of answers

4.5 S~stems a r c h i t e c t u r e

I

Typical

The answers c o n c e r n i n g bus structure, bit length of m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s , the n u m b e r of p r o c e s s o r s , data t r a n s f e r speed and c o m m u n i c a t i o n / c o n t r o l m e t h o d are shown below.

32 64(none)

•4Kbyte/S__~]

2,

~1OK

,5

II

-lOOK

,9

v>IM

\ I ~IM

I

I~1

t3,-,

Maximum I 10

I 20

I I 30 40

I I I 50 60 70

I I l 80 90 100%

BUS S T R U C T U R E Fig. 4.4

a.

Tightly coupled [ 52% ] I. Single c o m m o n bus (21%) 2. M u l t i p l e common bus 9% ) 3. M a t r i x switch 4% ) 4. D e d i c a t e d bus connection 3% 5. Only by common (15%) memory 6. M i s c e l l a n e o u s o% [ 46% ] b. Loosely coupled 7. B u s - c o u p l e r ( 11% ) 8. I/O channel ( 33% ) 9. Ring c o n n e c t i o n ( 1% ) i0. M i s c e l l a n e o u s ( 1% )

Data

Transfer Speed Among Processors

)

(

)

~- ~ x°'e

TM

~j~23---

8 bit 12 or 16 bit Bit slice 4 bit

Bus Arbiter

EW////_,:~h~ 22--- TAS |2 ..............

PV Operation

i~//////////Jlk\\'~l~46----Ma

i l Box ,: ~ / / / / / / 2 , K \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ' ~ I I Interrupt ----External Register 19----Name or Address on Communication Bus ..... Dedicated Processor . . . . Miscellaneous

BIT L E N G T H OF THE M I C R O P R O C E S S O R i. 2. 3. 4.

ce~-

( 64% ) ( 22% ) ( 8% ) ( 6%

N U M B E R OF P R O C E S S O R S See Fig.

4.3.

D A T A T R A N S F E R SPEED

Fig

4.5

Method of Processor Communlcatlon and Control

MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Disk ~ Systwnex,solel L , I ~ Miscellaneous

49

No. of Answers(%)

Byte ~0.1 K ",-1K ~4 K ~16K

.....

10(13%) ll (14%)

I

121 (28%) J 23(30%)

~32K 432 K r

i

10% Fig. 4.6

Shored

Resources

(a]

Typicol

,~IK

131

19115".1

~.16K .,,32 K

Fig, 4.7 a b c d

: : = ;

Aims of

30

40

Resource

bU

t%1

Sharing

Processor Communication Data Exchange Economical Resource Usage Miscellaneous

Survey

10% Maximum

Fig. 4.8

REFERENCES 1977 J E I D A M i c r o c o m p u t e r

[ 16(27%) I

(b)

Report

116(27%)

8 (13%)

,,,32 K 20

I

40%

7(11%)

-..4K

10

i

30%

Memory Size

Byte ,-0.1 K

/

20%

I

I

2O*/,

30%

Memory

Shared

Size

Memory

Size