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Microtopographic analysis of cobalt-rick manganese deposits on a mid-Pacific seamount
SITE INVESTIGATIONS:REMOTE SENSING 953071 The RPR method for the doorstopper technique: four or six stress components from one or two boreholes R. Corthesy, M. H. Leite, G. He & D. E. Gill, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 31(5), 1994, pp 507-516. The importance of continuously recording strain (or displacement) recovery during stress relief when conducting in situ stress measurements has been recognized by many authors as a means of assessing the quality of a measurement. This paper describes an important new use for these strain recovery curves, as four components of the stress tensor can now be obtained from one modified doorstopper stress measurement using a parameter called the recovered to peak strain invariant ratio (RPR). Validation of the model is achieved by laboratory stress measurement ~rnulations. Finally, comments on preliminary results of this method applied to the borehole deformation gauge stress measurement technique are made. (from Authors)
SITE INVESTIGATION AND FIELD OBSERVATION Remote sensing and photographic techniques 953072 Total work control system for tunnels using satellite GPS and automatic laser control T. Kanzaki, K. Nakano & S. Nishizawa, in: Tunnelling and ground conditions. Proc. congress, Cairo, 1994, ed M.E.A. Salam, (Balkema), 1994, pp 371-376. The proposed system applies electronics technology to conventional geographical surveying for tunneling inside mountains, called the Total Tunneling Work Control System. The system is composed of two sub-systems. One is the GPS satellite precision trL~ed-point surveying system which is used to check reference points at both ends of a tunnel prior to commencement of construction work. The other system is the three-dimensional marking system. In this system, a scanning device automatically controls a laser beam to continuously illuminate points on the excavation face and conducts face-marking more quickly and precisely. (from Authors) 953073 Remote sensing for solid waste landfdls and hazardous waste sites R. K. Vincent, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 979-982. Geological remote sensing can be used to characterize solid waste landfills and hazardous waste sites in two ways: the use of digitized stereo photos to compute digital elevation models (DEM) of the landfill and the use of multispectral image data to map chemical compositional differences that are environmentally significant. The former can result in more accurate predictions of surface water run-off, measurement of the volume of water that can be stored in depressions in the landfill surface, and performance of volumetric measurements. The latter can likely be used to map clays, iron oxides associated with contaminated groundwater geochemical 'cells,' stressed vegetation, and even gaseous methane plumes escaping from the landfill. (Author) 953074 Classification of depressions in landfill covers using uncalibrated thermal-infrared Imagery C. Stohr & & 6 others, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 1019-1028.
II3A
A two-step analysis was used to classify depressions developed in covers of two landfills: 1) manual delineation of depressions by stereoscopic, aerial photographic interpretation, followed by 2) classification of depressions according to infiltration characteristics using uncalibrated, nighttime, airborne, thermal IR imagery. Depressions were delineated as landforms according to their topographic expression using color infrared aerial photography. Classification of depressions into Type I or Type II was made by comparison of mean values of the digital numbers (exitance) inside and outside of a depression (interdepressional area). Comparison of sample means of digital numbers was made using the t-test. The use of the two-step method will permit early detection of apparent infiltration characteristics of depressions formed in landfill covers. (Authors) 953075 Investigations of hazardous waste sites using thermal IR and ground penetrating radar G. J. Well, R. J. Graf & L. M. Forister, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 999-1005. The remote sensing techniques of infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar can be used to detect buried waste sites, buried tanks/pits, and both potentially hazardous and non hazardous fluid leak plumes. These technologies can be used to investigate tens of acres per day when used in a combined format which includes rapid survey techniques and manual data analysis. This new fusion of technologies is demonstrated with the use of empirical data in the form of case studies. (Authors) 953076 Evaluating a low-cost, non-metric aerial mapping system for waste site investigators W. S. Warner, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 983-988. This paper examines a complete low-cost aerial mapping system for waste site investigation. Photos taken with a handheld, standard 35-mm camera are enlarged using a commercial color copier. Stereoscopic and monoscopic measurements are captured with a digiti~ng tablet using conventional photogrammetric solutions. System development and operating procedures are outlined, followed by three waste site applications. Particular attention is devoted to errors associated with interior orientation. (Author) 953077 Identification of fluviaHy redistributed mill tallings using high spectral resolution aircraft data L. K. Fenstermaker & J. R. Miller, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 989-995. High spectral resolution data have been successfully used to separate hydrothermally altered rocks from other rock assemblages on the basis of unique clay mineral absorption features at infrared wavelengths. Geoscan Mk II data were acquired to delineate mercury-contaminated mill railings located within a site in north central Nevada. These mill tailing sediments are composed of hydrothermally altered material and should be distinguishable in the C-eoscan data. This paper discusses the identification of redistributed mill railings on the alluvial fan. (from Authors) 953078 Microtopographic analysis of cobalt-rich manganese deposits on a mid-Pacific seamount T. Yamazaki, R. Sharma & K. Tsurusaki, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 12(1), 1994, pp 33-52. Evaluation of stereo photographs and video data shows a variety of surface features associated with the crusts and nodules across a mid-Pacific seamount. The differences in the coverage, distribution, and relief are used to classify the
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SITE INVESTIGATIONS:BOREHOLES
surface features. The crust outcrops have large coverage (up to 100%), and their surface features vary from steplike to lineated and from cobble-type to nodular, giving rise to variable relief. The occurrence of different types of surface features on the Co-rich manganese deposits and the resulting microtopography can have significant implications not only in the design of the mining system but also in planning the mining operation. (from Authors)
Structural and geotechnical mapping 953079 Carter Mining isolates unwanted overburden using a new tracking system ANON, Coal, 99(10), 1994, pp 104-105. The Carter Mining Company is using an Overburden Tracking System (OTS) at its surface coal mines in Wyoming to identify and isolate unsuitable overburden prior to mining. The system was developed to meet the company objectives of streamlining and simplifying compliance with the environmental reclamation requirements (S.E.Long)
Geophysical techniques 953O80 La sismique tridimeneionneile, un outil geologique pour l'annlyse tectoniqne, geomorphologique et sedimentologiqne (Three-dimensional seismic reflection: a geological tool for tectonic, palcogeomorphic and sedimentary analysis) B. Reymond & G. Stampfii, Bulletin - Socicte Vaudoise des Sciences NatureUes, 83(1), 1994, pp 17-36. The geological interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data provides new tools for the underground investigation, both of onshore and offshore regions. The high vertical resolution and the possibility of horizontal display of geological features allows the enhancement of geological objects smaller than 10 m. The morphology of ancient discontinuities can be reconstructed in three dimensions. Lateral variations in seismic facies (acoustic impedance) along a discontinuity provide direct information on lithology. In a clastic shelf environment (Gulf of Mexico), it is possible, through amplitude maps, to characterize and recotqnize each systems tract constituting a third order stratigraphic sequence. (from English summary) 953081 Looking ahead with vertical seismic profiles M. A. Payne, Geophysics, 59(8), 1994, pp 1182-1191. Several operations enhance our ability to predict the subsurface below the bottom total depth (TD) of the well when applied to zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. Other key issues regarding the use of VSP data in this fashion are resolution and look-ahead distance. An impedance log is the most useful form for presenting VSP data to look ahead of the drill bit. An exponential gain function applied to the VSP data below TD adequately compensates for the loss of amplitude caused by attenuation. A calibration of the seismically derived velocities with VSP velocities yields the necessary low-frequency information. These concepts are illustrated using a field data set and its subset truncated above TD. (from Author) 953082 Georudar for hydrogcology R. A. Van Overmeeren, First Break, 12(8), 1994, pp 401-408.
Water supply companies in the east of the Netherlands are finding it difficult to model groundwater flow in areas of push moraines, where groundwater levels change abruptly, presumably because of thin, steeply dipping, poorly permeable clay layers. Attempts to map these layers using DC resistivity, seismic refraction, FEM and TEM, and high-resolution seismic reflection have failed. Eight water companies, therefore, decided to pool their efforts and set up a foundation that aims to optimize GPR techniques. This paper presents characteristic examples of measured sections to illustrate the potential of the georadar technique for hydrogeological applications. (from Author) 953083 Utilization of waterway tunnel survey system using ground penetrating radar T. Nakamura, H. Kubota & M. Inagaki, in: Tunnelling and ground conditions. Proc. congress, Cairo, 1994, ed M.E.A. Salem, (Balkema), 1994, pp 407-412. Ground penetrating radar (GRP) is a non-destructive survey device using electromagnetic waves. GPR can produce structural information on waterway tunnels continuously and quickly. Information needed for maintenance of such tunnels has mainly been obtained by boring from inside the tunnels. But boring requires a long time, and does not produce sufficient information. The authors have proved GPR to be suitable for tunnel maintenance work through laboratory and field tests. Consequently, it is proved that the improved GPR can be well applied to actual maintenance work of waterway tunnels instead of boring. (Authors) 953084 Radar experiments in isotropic and nnisotrupic geological formations (granite and schists) S. Tillard, Geophysical Prospecting, 42(6), 1994, pp 615-636. In order to understand various aspects of radar wave propagation, a survey of electromagnetic wave behaviour relative to the geological characteristics of the formations prospected was undertaken. The sites chosen for the tests were a granite quarry and an underground schist working. By investigating an electrically resistive isotropic site and a conductive anisotropic site, it was demonstrated that nonconventional use of a radar system could improve data quality, and could allow information other than reflector depth to be collected. (from Author) 953085 Constant Q attenuation of subsurface radar pulses G. Turner & A. F. Siggins, Geophysics, 59(8), 1994, pp 11921200. Laboratory measurements show that the attentuation of radio waves in some geological materials can be approximated by a linear function of frequency over the bandwidths of typical subsurface radar pulses. A new parameter, Q* is defined to describe the slope of this linear region. The impulse response of the transfer function for a given value of Q* differs from that of the same value of Q only in total amplitude. Thus the change of shape of a radar pulse as it travels through these materials can also be described by a single parameter. (from Authors)
Borehole and core logging 953086 Structural data from drill core F. Lopez-Diaz & F. Bastida, Geological Magazine, 131(5), 1994, pp 619-623. A graphical method for the analysis of the orientation of planar and linear structural elements in drill core is presented. Simple computation and projection operations applied to
SITE INVESTIGATION AND FIELD OBSERVATION Remote sensing and photographic techniques 953072 Total work control system for tunnels using satellite GPS and automatic laser control T. Kanzaki, K. Nakano & S. Nishizawa, in: Tunnelling and ground conditions. Proc. congress, Cairo, 1994, ed M.E.A. Salam, (Balkema), 1994, pp 371-376. The proposed system applies electronics technology to conventional geographical surveying for tunneling inside mountains, called the Total Tunneling Work Control System. The system is composed of two sub-systems. One is the GPS satellite precision trL~ed-point surveying system which is used to check reference points at both ends of a tunnel prior to commencement of construction work. The other system is the three-dimensional marking system. In this system, a scanning device automatically controls a laser beam to continuously illuminate points on the excavation face and conducts face-marking more quickly and precisely. (from Authors) 953073 Remote sensing for solid waste landfdls and hazardous waste sites R. K. Vincent, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 979-982. Geological remote sensing can be used to characterize solid waste landfills and hazardous waste sites in two ways: the use of digitized stereo photos to compute digital elevation models (DEM) of the landfill and the use of multispectral image data to map chemical compositional differences that are environmentally significant. The former can result in more accurate predictions of surface water run-off, measurement of the volume of water that can be stored in depressions in the landfill surface, and performance of volumetric measurements. The latter can likely be used to map clays, iron oxides associated with contaminated groundwater geochemical 'cells,' stressed vegetation, and even gaseous methane plumes escaping from the landfill. (Author) 953074 Classification of depressions in landfill covers using uncalibrated thermal-infrared Imagery C. Stohr & & 6 others, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 1019-1028.
II3A
A two-step analysis was used to classify depressions developed in covers of two landfills: 1) manual delineation of depressions by stereoscopic, aerial photographic interpretation, followed by 2) classification of depressions according to infiltration characteristics using uncalibrated, nighttime, airborne, thermal IR imagery. Depressions were delineated as landforms according to their topographic expression using color infrared aerial photography. Classification of depressions into Type I or Type II was made by comparison of mean values of the digital numbers (exitance) inside and outside of a depression (interdepressional area). Comparison of sample means of digital numbers was made using the t-test. The use of the two-step method will permit early detection of apparent infiltration characteristics of depressions formed in landfill covers. (Authors) 953075 Investigations of hazardous waste sites using thermal IR and ground penetrating radar G. J. Well, R. J. Graf & L. M. Forister, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 999-1005. The remote sensing techniques of infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar can be used to detect buried waste sites, buried tanks/pits, and both potentially hazardous and non hazardous fluid leak plumes. These technologies can be used to investigate tens of acres per day when used in a combined format which includes rapid survey techniques and manual data analysis. This new fusion of technologies is demonstrated with the use of empirical data in the form of case studies. (Authors) 953076 Evaluating a low-cost, non-metric aerial mapping system for waste site investigators W. S. Warner, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 983-988. This paper examines a complete low-cost aerial mapping system for waste site investigation. Photos taken with a handheld, standard 35-mm camera are enlarged using a commercial color copier. Stereoscopic and monoscopic measurements are captured with a digiti~ng tablet using conventional photogrammetric solutions. System development and operating procedures are outlined, followed by three waste site applications. Particular attention is devoted to errors associated with interior orientation. (Author) 953077 Identification of fluviaHy redistributed mill tallings using high spectral resolution aircraft data L. K. Fenstermaker & J. R. Miller, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60(8), 1994, pp 989-995. High spectral resolution data have been successfully used to separate hydrothermally altered rocks from other rock assemblages on the basis of unique clay mineral absorption features at infrared wavelengths. Geoscan Mk II data were acquired to delineate mercury-contaminated mill railings located within a site in north central Nevada. These mill tailing sediments are composed of hydrothermally altered material and should be distinguishable in the C-eoscan data. This paper discusses the identification of redistributed mill railings on the alluvial fan. (from Authors) 953078 Microtopographic analysis of cobalt-rich manganese deposits on a mid-Pacific seamount T. Yamazaki, R. Sharma & K. Tsurusaki, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 12(1), 1994, pp 33-52. Evaluation of stereo photographs and video data shows a variety of surface features associated with the crusts and nodules across a mid-Pacific seamount. The differences in the coverage, distribution, and relief are used to classify the
l14A
SITE INVESTIGATIONS:BOREHOLES
surface features. The crust outcrops have large coverage (up to 100%), and their surface features vary from steplike to lineated and from cobble-type to nodular, giving rise to variable relief. The occurrence of different types of surface features on the Co-rich manganese deposits and the resulting microtopography can have significant implications not only in the design of the mining system but also in planning the mining operation. (from Authors)
Structural and geotechnical mapping 953079 Carter Mining isolates unwanted overburden using a new tracking system ANON, Coal, 99(10), 1994, pp 104-105. The Carter Mining Company is using an Overburden Tracking System (OTS) at its surface coal mines in Wyoming to identify and isolate unsuitable overburden prior to mining. The system was developed to meet the company objectives of streamlining and simplifying compliance with the environmental reclamation requirements (S.E.Long)
Geophysical techniques 953O80 La sismique tridimeneionneile, un outil geologique pour l'annlyse tectoniqne, geomorphologique et sedimentologiqne (Three-dimensional seismic reflection: a geological tool for tectonic, palcogeomorphic and sedimentary analysis) B. Reymond & G. Stampfii, Bulletin - Socicte Vaudoise des Sciences NatureUes, 83(1), 1994, pp 17-36. The geological interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data provides new tools for the underground investigation, both of onshore and offshore regions. The high vertical resolution and the possibility of horizontal display of geological features allows the enhancement of geological objects smaller than 10 m. The morphology of ancient discontinuities can be reconstructed in three dimensions. Lateral variations in seismic facies (acoustic impedance) along a discontinuity provide direct information on lithology. In a clastic shelf environment (Gulf of Mexico), it is possible, through amplitude maps, to characterize and recotqnize each systems tract constituting a third order stratigraphic sequence. (from English summary) 953081 Looking ahead with vertical seismic profiles M. A. Payne, Geophysics, 59(8), 1994, pp 1182-1191. Several operations enhance our ability to predict the subsurface below the bottom total depth (TD) of the well when applied to zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. Other key issues regarding the use of VSP data in this fashion are resolution and look-ahead distance. An impedance log is the most useful form for presenting VSP data to look ahead of the drill bit. An exponential gain function applied to the VSP data below TD adequately compensates for the loss of amplitude caused by attenuation. A calibration of the seismically derived velocities with VSP velocities yields the necessary low-frequency information. These concepts are illustrated using a field data set and its subset truncated above TD. (from Author) 953082 Georudar for hydrogcology R. A. Van Overmeeren, First Break, 12(8), 1994, pp 401-408.
Water supply companies in the east of the Netherlands are finding it difficult to model groundwater flow in areas of push moraines, where groundwater levels change abruptly, presumably because of thin, steeply dipping, poorly permeable clay layers. Attempts to map these layers using DC resistivity, seismic refraction, FEM and TEM, and high-resolution seismic reflection have failed. Eight water companies, therefore, decided to pool their efforts and set up a foundation that aims to optimize GPR techniques. This paper presents characteristic examples of measured sections to illustrate the potential of the georadar technique for hydrogeological applications. (from Author) 953083 Utilization of waterway tunnel survey system using ground penetrating radar T. Nakamura, H. Kubota & M. Inagaki, in: Tunnelling and ground conditions. Proc. congress, Cairo, 1994, ed M.E.A. Salem, (Balkema), 1994, pp 407-412. Ground penetrating radar (GRP) is a non-destructive survey device using electromagnetic waves. GPR can produce structural information on waterway tunnels continuously and quickly. Information needed for maintenance of such tunnels has mainly been obtained by boring from inside the tunnels. But boring requires a long time, and does not produce sufficient information. The authors have proved GPR to be suitable for tunnel maintenance work through laboratory and field tests. Consequently, it is proved that the improved GPR can be well applied to actual maintenance work of waterway tunnels instead of boring. (Authors) 953084 Radar experiments in isotropic and nnisotrupic geological formations (granite and schists) S. Tillard, Geophysical Prospecting, 42(6), 1994, pp 615-636. In order to understand various aspects of radar wave propagation, a survey of electromagnetic wave behaviour relative to the geological characteristics of the formations prospected was undertaken. The sites chosen for the tests were a granite quarry and an underground schist working. By investigating an electrically resistive isotropic site and a conductive anisotropic site, it was demonstrated that nonconventional use of a radar system could improve data quality, and could allow information other than reflector depth to be collected. (from Author) 953085 Constant Q attenuation of subsurface radar pulses G. Turner & A. F. Siggins, Geophysics, 59(8), 1994, pp 11921200. Laboratory measurements show that the attentuation of radio waves in some geological materials can be approximated by a linear function of frequency over the bandwidths of typical subsurface radar pulses. A new parameter, Q* is defined to describe the slope of this linear region. The impulse response of the transfer function for a given value of Q* differs from that of the same value of Q only in total amplitude. Thus the change of shape of a radar pulse as it travels through these materials can also be described by a single parameter. (from Authors)
Borehole and core logging 953086 Structural data from drill core F. Lopez-Diaz & F. Bastida, Geological Magazine, 131(5), 1994, pp 619-623. A graphical method for the analysis of the orientation of planar and linear structural elements in drill core is presented. Simple computation and projection operations applied to