midwifery Editor-in-Chief Ann M. Thomson, Visiting, University
(M anchester) School of Nursing, MTD III Building, Oxford Road, Manchester
BA, MSc, RGN, RM, of Manchester, Coupland
Midwifery & Health Ml3 9PT, UK
Book Review Editor Margaret
Lynch,
International Joan
9 Wingate
Didsbury,
Manchester
M21
8RT,
UK
News Editor
Walker,
1 Birdhall
Editorial
Drive,
Avenue,
Reading,
Berkshire
RG2
7JT, UK
Assistant
Pat Dooley, School of Nursing, Midwifery Building, Oxford Road, Manchester Ml3
& Health Visiting, University of Manchester, 9PT, UK. E-mail:
[email protected]
Editorial
International
Committee
Debra
Bick
(Birmingham,
Chloe
Fisher
(Oxford,
Josephine Margaret Tricia
Green Lynch
(Leeds, UK) (Manchester,
UK)
Murphy-Black
(Edinburgh, Mary Renfrew Valerie Joan
UK) UK)
UK) (Leeds,
Tickner Walker
UK)
(Woking, (Reading,
UK)
This journal
has the support
Production
Editor:
Managing Journals Advertising
Editor: Manager: Sales
UK)
Advisory
Confederation
S. M. Macintyre (UK) H. McHaffle (UK) G. D. Maclean (UK) Y. Matsumoto (Japan) S. Murray (UK) C. Nikodem (South Afi-ica) C. Ratisai (Zimbabwe) J. Roberts (USA) S. Robinson (UK) L. L. de Silva (Chile) J. Thompson (USA) S. M. Tuck (UK) A. Williams (UK) A. F. Williams (UK)
of Midwives
and includes
Barbara McAviney Inta 0201s Susan Young Executive:
David Dunnachie
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE
EDINBURGH
LONDON
NEW
YORK
PHILADELPHIA
SAN
FRANCISCO
III
Board
C. Achurobwe (Uganda) J. Alexander (UK) L. Barclay (Australia) R. Campbell (UK) G. Declerq (USA) W. Dunlop (UK) P. A. Field (Canada) D. Fraser (UK) J. Green (UK) C. Hicks (UK) J. Hobrough (UK) K. Kaufman (Canada) M. Kirkham (UK) J. Kondo (Japan)
of the International
Coupland
SYDNEY
TORONTO
a regular ICM
section
Aims
and Scope
The aims of n/lidw$ry are: to enhance the quality of care for childbearing women and their families; to encourage midwives to explore and develop their knowledge, skills and attitudes; to provide an international, interdisciplinary forum for the publication, dissemination and discussion of advances,
Production
Editor
Advertising
Barbara McAviney Churchill Livingstone Robert Stevenson House l-3 Baxter’s Place, Leith Walk Edinburgh EHl 3AF, UK Tel: +44(0)131 556 2424 Fax: +44(0)131 459 1177 E-mail:
[email protected]
A&Iw$fery is published by Churchill Livingstone of Edinburgh, London, New York, Philadelphia, Sydney and Toronto.
Copyright
1999 subscription (4 issues commencing
4
0 institutional
ISSN
prices March)
rate rate
A48 Ll44
($79
Sales Executive
David Dunnachie, Churchill Livingstone, Robert Stevenson l-3 Baxter’s Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh EHl 3AF, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 131 535 1716/1751 Fax: +44 (0) 131 558 1278 E-mail:
[email protected] Further information is available website http://www.churchillmed.com/ journals.html
Subscriptions
0 individual
controversies and current research; to promote continuing education through publication of reviews and updates on all aspects of midwifery; and to cover the clinical, epidemiological, educational, managerial and technological areas of practice.
USA)
($238
USA)
Prices include postage. Please ensure you add the correct VAT at the local rate if applicable. Cheques should be made payable to: Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd. Subscription orders and requests for sample copies should be sent to Journals Subscription Department, Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd, Foots Cray, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, UK. Send notices of changes of address to the publisher at least 6-8 weeks in advance, including both old and new address. Tel: +44(O) 181 308 5700. Fax: +44(O) 181 309 0807 Claims for issues not received should made within 3 months of publication the issue.
be of
0266
per page) Copyright
are paid directly to the Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, USA. For more information ccc.
House,
0266 6138/98/$X2 per page.
from
our
per
copy
MA 01923, contact the plus
$1.75
For territories outside North America permission should be sought direct from the copyright holder. This consent does not extend to other forms of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
6138
IS a registered Brace & Co.
trade Ltd
mark
of Harcourt
Disclaimer
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form and by any means, with the prior permission in writing of: Churchill Livingstone, Robert Stevenson House, l-3 Baxter’s Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh EHI 3AF, UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE.
Statements and opinions expressed in the articles and communications herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Editor(s) or publisher. The Editor(s) and publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such material and do not guarantee, warrant or endorse any product or service advertised in this publication nor do they guarantee any claim made by the manufacturer of such product or service.
Notes
Churchill Livingstone, Robert Stevenson House, l-3 Baxter’s Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh EHl 3AF, UK Tel: +44 (0) 131 556 2424 Fax: +44 (0) 131 558 1278
to the users in the USA
Authorisation to photocopy items internal or personal use is granted Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd. provided appropriate fees ($2 per copy plus
for by the $1.75
Publisher
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests
PRINTED ON ACID FREE PAPER Typeset by RD Composition Ltd, Glasgow Printed by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow