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Migration and tobacco smoking by race-ethnicity subgroups in the US
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e169–e251
Social network drinking frequency moderates the effects of naltrexone on heavy drinking days in the combine study M. Worley 1,3 , K. Witkiewitz 2 , S.A. Brown 3 , D. Kivlahan 1 , R. Longabaugh 4 1 Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, United States 2 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States 3 University of California, San Diego, CA, United States 4 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Aims: Previous studies largely support the efficacy of naltrexone for treatment of alcohol dependence, but small effect sizes and variability in response have decreased enthusiasm for its clinical utility. Identification of characteristics that influence response to naltrexone will clarify individual differences in medication response. Via mechanisms of reducing craving and blunting reward, the relative value of naltrexone may be influenced by social exposure to alcohol. We examined whether the effects of naltrexone on withintreatment drinking outcomes were moderated by frequency of social network drinking. Methods: Participants were adults enrolled in the COMBINE study, a multisite study of pharmacological and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence, who completed the intake Important People Inventory (N = 1362, M age = 44.43, 69% male). A dichotomous variable coded whether at least one social network member was a “weekly drinker.” Hierarchical linear models examined monthly percent heavy drinking days (PHDD) from intake to end-of-treatment. Predictors were treatment condition (naltrexone vs. other), network weekly drinking, and their interaction, controlling for covariates. Results: Most participants (81%) reported at least one weekly drinker in their network. Active naltrexone predicted lower PHDD (−3.79, p < .001) compared to other treatment conditions. Network weekly drinking did not predict greater PHDD (2.05, p = .12), but there was a significant interaction of network weekly drinking with naltrexone (−5.59, p < .05), such that active naltrexone led to relatively greater reductions in PHDD for participants with weekly drinkers in their social network. Conclusions: Naltrexone may have greater clinical value in the context of greater exposure to alcohol. Social network drinking is potential marker for clinical use of this medication, in addition to those identified (e.g., OPRM1) in prior research. Financial support: NIDA, NIAAA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.677 Interactions between oprk1variants and cumulative stress are associated with basal ACTH in healthy community subjects Ke Xu 1 , D. Liu 3 , H. Zhang 3 , R. Sinha 1,2 1 Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States 2 The Yale Stress Center, New Haven, CT, United States 3 Yale School of Public Health University, New Haven, CT, United States
Aims: Kappa opioid receptor (OPRK1) regulates stress response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. OPRK1 and stress responses are associated with addiction vulnerability. Cumulative adverse events increase risk of addiction and alter HPA
e245
activity. Thus, we investigated the interaction of OPRK1and cumulative adversity index (CAI) on HPA measures of basal morning levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in healthy subjects. Methods: Six hundred eighty-six healthy subjects from New Haven, CT were recruited for the study. Each subject was interviewed by using CAI and blood was drawn for genotyping. CAI is a comprehensive measure with a total of 140 items covering chronic stress, major and recent life event, and life trauma. A total of 31 SNPs were genotyped. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated by using D’. Cortisol and ACTH levels were measured by using standard RIA methods. Generalized liner model (GLM) was used to analyze interaction between SNP and CAI covariates for age, race, gender and years of education. p Value was adjusted by using false discovery rate (FDR). Results: All SNPs met HWE. No association of single SNP with ACTH and cortisol was found. Two haplotype blocks were defined. Six out of 13 SNPs in one block showed significant interaction with CAI on ACTH level (FDR p = 0.02 for rs12056411; p = 0.02 for rs6985052; p = 0.02 for rs16918934; p = 0.02 for rs2303433; p = 0.03 for rs997917; p = 0.02 for rs782201). More interestingly, minor alleles of 6 SNPs interacting with lower CAI score were significantly associated with higher ACTH levels. NO effects were seen for cortisol levels. Conclusions: Our results suggest that OPRK1 variants interact with adverse life events to affect variation in morning HPA axis activity in healthy subjects. The impact of these results on drug use and abuse will be the focus of future work. Financial support: The National Institutes of Health grants R01AA013892 (RS), R01-AG022982 (RLH), R01-MH074697 (RLH), T32MH019961, R25-MH071584, 2K12DA000167, R01-DA016750-09 (HZ and DL). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.678 Migration and tobacco smoking by race-ethnicity subgroups in the US Wei Xue, C. Lopez-Quintero, J.C. Anthony Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: For some subpopulations, migration into the United States (US) may be followed by increases in tobacco smoking behaviors, toward higher US estimates. Contrariwise, some countries have higher smoking prevalence than the US; there might be attenuation of smoking prevalence among in-migrants relative to the US-born. Given a history of generally higher tobacco smoking estimates in some Asian countries (e.g., Japan), we cross-classified young Japanese-American (JA) community residents by whether they had been born in US or in Japan, with an expectation that the tobacco smoking estimates might be larger for the Japan-born immigrants relative to the US-born JA. The evidence reported here includes smoking prevalence estimates for previously unexamined race-ethnicity (RE) subgroups within US population, as well as migration hypothesis-testing. Methods: Data are from R-DAS datasets for 2002–2009, all based on nationally representative community sample surveys within the US, including computerized assessment of RE, age, and current smoking (past 30 days), all via standardized items. Estimates are from R-DAS weighted analyses with variance estimation for complex survey data. Results: Exploratory analyses marked the youngest JA subgroup (12–30 yr olds) as having one of the largest estimates for current smoking prevalence (27%; 95% CI: 23%, 32%) versus other subgroups
e246
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e169–e251
of this age: Chinese, 13%; Asian Indian, 12%; Filipino, 22%; Vietnamese, 18%. With respect to the targeted migrant hypothesis, for 12–30 yr old Japan-born JA, estimated prevalence is 32%, for US-born JA counterparts, the corresponding estimate is 25% – i.e., noteworthy but not statistically significant. Note that 47% of Japanborn 12-30 yr old JA males were current smokers, as compared to 28% of the US-born JA. Conclusions: Against a background of remarkably large smoking prevalence estimates for some youthful subgroups in US, this study provides a range of novel estimates that are pertinent to 21st century tobacco control policies, and sets a stage for new research on migration and smoking. Financial support: T32DA021129 (WX); MSU(CLQ); K05DA15799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.679 Sex/gender differences and the impact of risk factors and psychosocial functioning on the time to re-arrest among offenders treated for substance use Yang Yang, K. Knight, G.W. Joe, Grace A. Rowan-Szal, Wayne E. Lehman, P.M. Flynn Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States Aims: The primary aim of the current study is to explore sex/gender differences on the relationships of pre-treatment risk factors (i.e., substance use severity and criminal history) and psychosocial functioning (i.e., decision making, self-esteem, and peer support) with time to re-arrest following termination from prison. Methods: Survival analysis was used to model time to re-arrest in terms of pre-treatment risk factors and psychosocial functioning and to study their interaction with sex/gender. The sample consisted of 694 participants (384 males and 310 females) who were admitted to four prison-based substance abuse treatment programs. Substance use severity, criminal history, decision making, and self-esteem were measured at treatment intake. Peer support from treatment cohorts was measured at the end of orientation (approximately 1 month after intake). Results: Decision making and peer support were positively associated with male participants’ time to re-arrest, indicating that male inmates who self-report having good decision making skills and more peer support had a longer time until re-arrest. However, self-esteem and substance use severity were negatively associated with the time to re-arrest, suggesting that male inmates with relatively high self-reported self-esteem and more severe substance-related problems were re-arrested sooner than their counterparts. For female participants, criminal history was the only predictor that impacted the time to re-arrest; female inmates with more self-reported criminal involvements were re-arrested sooner than those with less criminal involvements. Conclusions: Decision making, peer support, self-esteem, and substance use severity predicted the time to re-arrest for male participants, whereas criminal history predicted the time to re-arrest for female participants. Clinical implications include the importance of enhancing decision-making ability and peer support, and addressing addiction-related problems. Financial support: NIDA/NIH R01DA025885, 5U01DA016190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.680
Concurrent choice between cues for social interaction and amphetamine in adolescent male and female rats Justin R. Yates 1 , F.C. Jennings 1 , J.S. Beckmann 1 , Andrew C. Meyer 2 , M.T. Bardo 1 1 Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Aims: The current study examined choice between social interaction and amphetamine (AMPH) using conditioned place preference (CPP) in individually and pair-housed adolescent male and female rats. Group-housing has been shown to attenuate the rewarding effects of social interaction and to enhance drug CPP. Also, social interaction has been shown to be more rewarding in males relative to females. Thus, the hypothesis was that pairhoused rats would spend more time in an environment previously paired with AMPH, whereas individually housed males, but not females, would prefer an environment paired with social interaction. Methods: Twenty-four male and 12 female Sprague Dawley rats were allowed to explore a three-compartment CPP apparatus during a 15-min session at postnatal day 28. Individually- or pair-housed rats received four conditioning sessions in which social interaction with a sex-matched conspecific was paired with one side of the CPP chamber and four sessions in which injections of AMPH (1 mg/kg) were paired with the other side of the CPP chamber. Following conditioning, rats were allowed to explore both ends of the CPP chamber. A preference ratio was calculated. A ratio of 0.5 indicated no preference for either compartment. One-sample t tests were performed to determine if each preference ratio was significantly different from 0.5. Results: Individually housed male rats spent more time in the compartment previously paired with social interaction, whereas pair-housed male and females spent more time in the compartment paired with AMPH. Individually housed females did not develop a preference for either compartment. Conclusions: These results indicate that the therapeutic effects of social interaction in a preclinical model are enhanced in males, but not females, when housed individually during adolescence. Thus, while both males and females are sensitive to AMPH reward during adolescence, males are more sensitive to the effects of social isolation. Financial support: NIH grants P50 DA05312 and T32 DA016176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.681 Is oxycontin a special trigger for newly incident heroin use? Hsueh-Han H. Yeh, J.C. Anthony Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: Newly reformulated Oxycontin (OXY) products might cause newly incident heroin use (NIHU). We aim to estimate the degree to which NIHU might depend upon prior extra-medical OXY use in 2002–2009, among young adults, before reformulation in 2010, using comparator drug compounds intended to shed light on the association’s specificity. (Here, ‘extra-medical’ means use beyond boundaries of prescribers’ intent, EM). Methods: Data are from R-DAS online analyses consolidated from 2002 to 2009 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH,
Social network drinking frequency moderates the effects of naltrexone on heavy drinking days in the combine study M. Worley 1,3 , K. Witkiewitz 2 , S.A. Brown 3 , D. Kivlahan 1 , R. Longabaugh 4 1 Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, United States 2 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States 3 University of California, San Diego, CA, United States 4 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Aims: Previous studies largely support the efficacy of naltrexone for treatment of alcohol dependence, but small effect sizes and variability in response have decreased enthusiasm for its clinical utility. Identification of characteristics that influence response to naltrexone will clarify individual differences in medication response. Via mechanisms of reducing craving and blunting reward, the relative value of naltrexone may be influenced by social exposure to alcohol. We examined whether the effects of naltrexone on withintreatment drinking outcomes were moderated by frequency of social network drinking. Methods: Participants were adults enrolled in the COMBINE study, a multisite study of pharmacological and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence, who completed the intake Important People Inventory (N = 1362, M age = 44.43, 69% male). A dichotomous variable coded whether at least one social network member was a “weekly drinker.” Hierarchical linear models examined monthly percent heavy drinking days (PHDD) from intake to end-of-treatment. Predictors were treatment condition (naltrexone vs. other), network weekly drinking, and their interaction, controlling for covariates. Results: Most participants (81%) reported at least one weekly drinker in their network. Active naltrexone predicted lower PHDD (−3.79, p < .001) compared to other treatment conditions. Network weekly drinking did not predict greater PHDD (2.05, p = .12), but there was a significant interaction of network weekly drinking with naltrexone (−5.59, p < .05), such that active naltrexone led to relatively greater reductions in PHDD for participants with weekly drinkers in their social network. Conclusions: Naltrexone may have greater clinical value in the context of greater exposure to alcohol. Social network drinking is potential marker for clinical use of this medication, in addition to those identified (e.g., OPRM1) in prior research. Financial support: NIDA, NIAAA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.677 Interactions between oprk1variants and cumulative stress are associated with basal ACTH in healthy community subjects Ke Xu 1 , D. Liu 3 , H. Zhang 3 , R. Sinha 1,2 1 Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States 2 The Yale Stress Center, New Haven, CT, United States 3 Yale School of Public Health University, New Haven, CT, United States
Aims: Kappa opioid receptor (OPRK1) regulates stress response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. OPRK1 and stress responses are associated with addiction vulnerability. Cumulative adverse events increase risk of addiction and alter HPA
e245
activity. Thus, we investigated the interaction of OPRK1and cumulative adversity index (CAI) on HPA measures of basal morning levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in healthy subjects. Methods: Six hundred eighty-six healthy subjects from New Haven, CT were recruited for the study. Each subject was interviewed by using CAI and blood was drawn for genotyping. CAI is a comprehensive measure with a total of 140 items covering chronic stress, major and recent life event, and life trauma. A total of 31 SNPs were genotyped. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated by using D’. Cortisol and ACTH levels were measured by using standard RIA methods. Generalized liner model (GLM) was used to analyze interaction between SNP and CAI covariates for age, race, gender and years of education. p Value was adjusted by using false discovery rate (FDR). Results: All SNPs met HWE. No association of single SNP with ACTH and cortisol was found. Two haplotype blocks were defined. Six out of 13 SNPs in one block showed significant interaction with CAI on ACTH level (FDR p = 0.02 for rs12056411; p = 0.02 for rs6985052; p = 0.02 for rs16918934; p = 0.02 for rs2303433; p = 0.03 for rs997917; p = 0.02 for rs782201). More interestingly, minor alleles of 6 SNPs interacting with lower CAI score were significantly associated with higher ACTH levels. NO effects were seen for cortisol levels. Conclusions: Our results suggest that OPRK1 variants interact with adverse life events to affect variation in morning HPA axis activity in healthy subjects. The impact of these results on drug use and abuse will be the focus of future work. Financial support: The National Institutes of Health grants R01AA013892 (RS), R01-AG022982 (RLH), R01-MH074697 (RLH), T32MH019961, R25-MH071584, 2K12DA000167, R01-DA016750-09 (HZ and DL). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.678 Migration and tobacco smoking by race-ethnicity subgroups in the US Wei Xue, C. Lopez-Quintero, J.C. Anthony Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: For some subpopulations, migration into the United States (US) may be followed by increases in tobacco smoking behaviors, toward higher US estimates. Contrariwise, some countries have higher smoking prevalence than the US; there might be attenuation of smoking prevalence among in-migrants relative to the US-born. Given a history of generally higher tobacco smoking estimates in some Asian countries (e.g., Japan), we cross-classified young Japanese-American (JA) community residents by whether they had been born in US or in Japan, with an expectation that the tobacco smoking estimates might be larger for the Japan-born immigrants relative to the US-born JA. The evidence reported here includes smoking prevalence estimates for previously unexamined race-ethnicity (RE) subgroups within US population, as well as migration hypothesis-testing. Methods: Data are from R-DAS datasets for 2002–2009, all based on nationally representative community sample surveys within the US, including computerized assessment of RE, age, and current smoking (past 30 days), all via standardized items. Estimates are from R-DAS weighted analyses with variance estimation for complex survey data. Results: Exploratory analyses marked the youngest JA subgroup (12–30 yr olds) as having one of the largest estimates for current smoking prevalence (27%; 95% CI: 23%, 32%) versus other subgroups
e246
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e169–e251
of this age: Chinese, 13%; Asian Indian, 12%; Filipino, 22%; Vietnamese, 18%. With respect to the targeted migrant hypothesis, for 12–30 yr old Japan-born JA, estimated prevalence is 32%, for US-born JA counterparts, the corresponding estimate is 25% – i.e., noteworthy but not statistically significant. Note that 47% of Japanborn 12-30 yr old JA males were current smokers, as compared to 28% of the US-born JA. Conclusions: Against a background of remarkably large smoking prevalence estimates for some youthful subgroups in US, this study provides a range of novel estimates that are pertinent to 21st century tobacco control policies, and sets a stage for new research on migration and smoking. Financial support: T32DA021129 (WX); MSU(CLQ); K05DA15799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.679 Sex/gender differences and the impact of risk factors and psychosocial functioning on the time to re-arrest among offenders treated for substance use Yang Yang, K. Knight, G.W. Joe, Grace A. Rowan-Szal, Wayne E. Lehman, P.M. Flynn Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States Aims: The primary aim of the current study is to explore sex/gender differences on the relationships of pre-treatment risk factors (i.e., substance use severity and criminal history) and psychosocial functioning (i.e., decision making, self-esteem, and peer support) with time to re-arrest following termination from prison. Methods: Survival analysis was used to model time to re-arrest in terms of pre-treatment risk factors and psychosocial functioning and to study their interaction with sex/gender. The sample consisted of 694 participants (384 males and 310 females) who were admitted to four prison-based substance abuse treatment programs. Substance use severity, criminal history, decision making, and self-esteem were measured at treatment intake. Peer support from treatment cohorts was measured at the end of orientation (approximately 1 month after intake). Results: Decision making and peer support were positively associated with male participants’ time to re-arrest, indicating that male inmates who self-report having good decision making skills and more peer support had a longer time until re-arrest. However, self-esteem and substance use severity were negatively associated with the time to re-arrest, suggesting that male inmates with relatively high self-reported self-esteem and more severe substance-related problems were re-arrested sooner than their counterparts. For female participants, criminal history was the only predictor that impacted the time to re-arrest; female inmates with more self-reported criminal involvements were re-arrested sooner than those with less criminal involvements. Conclusions: Decision making, peer support, self-esteem, and substance use severity predicted the time to re-arrest for male participants, whereas criminal history predicted the time to re-arrest for female participants. Clinical implications include the importance of enhancing decision-making ability and peer support, and addressing addiction-related problems. Financial support: NIDA/NIH R01DA025885, 5U01DA016190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.680
Concurrent choice between cues for social interaction and amphetamine in adolescent male and female rats Justin R. Yates 1 , F.C. Jennings 1 , J.S. Beckmann 1 , Andrew C. Meyer 2 , M.T. Bardo 1 1 Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Aims: The current study examined choice between social interaction and amphetamine (AMPH) using conditioned place preference (CPP) in individually and pair-housed adolescent male and female rats. Group-housing has been shown to attenuate the rewarding effects of social interaction and to enhance drug CPP. Also, social interaction has been shown to be more rewarding in males relative to females. Thus, the hypothesis was that pairhoused rats would spend more time in an environment previously paired with AMPH, whereas individually housed males, but not females, would prefer an environment paired with social interaction. Methods: Twenty-four male and 12 female Sprague Dawley rats were allowed to explore a three-compartment CPP apparatus during a 15-min session at postnatal day 28. Individually- or pair-housed rats received four conditioning sessions in which social interaction with a sex-matched conspecific was paired with one side of the CPP chamber and four sessions in which injections of AMPH (1 mg/kg) were paired with the other side of the CPP chamber. Following conditioning, rats were allowed to explore both ends of the CPP chamber. A preference ratio was calculated. A ratio of 0.5 indicated no preference for either compartment. One-sample t tests were performed to determine if each preference ratio was significantly different from 0.5. Results: Individually housed male rats spent more time in the compartment previously paired with social interaction, whereas pair-housed male and females spent more time in the compartment paired with AMPH. Individually housed females did not develop a preference for either compartment. Conclusions: These results indicate that the therapeutic effects of social interaction in a preclinical model are enhanced in males, but not females, when housed individually during adolescence. Thus, while both males and females are sensitive to AMPH reward during adolescence, males are more sensitive to the effects of social isolation. Financial support: NIH grants P50 DA05312 and T32 DA016176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.681 Is oxycontin a special trigger for newly incident heroin use? Hsueh-Han H. Yeh, J.C. Anthony Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: Newly reformulated Oxycontin (OXY) products might cause newly incident heroin use (NIHU). We aim to estimate the degree to which NIHU might depend upon prior extra-medical OXY use in 2002–2009, among young adults, before reformulation in 2010, using comparator drug compounds intended to shed light on the association’s specificity. (Here, ‘extra-medical’ means use beyond boundaries of prescribers’ intent, EM). Methods: Data are from R-DAS online analyses consolidated from 2002 to 2009 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH,