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Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound
Radiology Case Reports Volume 7, Issue 3, 2012
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound Emory Mctyre, MS; Lee McGill, MD; and Nessa Miller, MD Missile pulmonary emboli are rare sequelae of traumatic entry of projectile missiles—generally bullets or bullet fragments—in which access to the systemic venous circulation is established by the missile, making it possible for the missile to migrate to the pulmonary arteries. In the case introduced here, a 24-yearold male presented to the ER with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. In the early course of his care, it was determined that he had suffered a missile pulmonary embolus secondary to a large fragment of a bullet penetrating the IVC. Despite the large perfusion defect created by this missile embolus, the patient recovered uneventfully without embolectomy. rax (Fig. 2). No thoracic entry wound was present on physical examination, and no diaphragmatic injury was identified during laparotomy.
Case report A 24-year-old African American male presented to the Emergency Department with a gunshot wound to the right mid-abdomen. The patient was in marked distress, and was showing signs of hemodynamic instability with marked hypotension and tachycardia; he was therefore taken to the operating room for immediate laparotomy. He was found to have a large right retroperitoneal hematoma with injury to the inferior vena cava (IVC); this was repaired during the operation. Several lumbar accessory veins originating from the IVC were clipped during the primary IVC repair. Following surgery, he was transferred to the intensive care unit in stable condition. CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with contrast was performed immediately following laparotomy. CT of the abdomen revealed several metallic densities adjacent to the infrarenal IVC consistent with both surgical clips and bullet fragments (Fig. 1). His initial chest X-ray before surgery demonstrated a metallic density overlying the left hemitho-
Figure 1. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Abdominal transverse CT on admission. The black arrow in the figure illustrates the position of the metallic densities found adjacent to the infrarenal IVC.
Citation: McTyre E, McGill L, Miller N. Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound. Radiology Case Reports. (Online) 2012;7:709. Copyright: © 2012 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License, which permits reproduction and distribution, provided the original work is properly cited. Commercial use and derivative works are not permitted.
A contrast chest CT demonstrated a 1.6-cm metallic density consistent with a large bullet fragment located in the posterior lower-lobe branch of the left pulmonary artery. There appeared to be flow distal to the bullet, suggesting a nonocclusive embolus.
Mr. McTyre is at the Mercer University School of Medicine. Dr. McGill is in the Department of Radiology, and Dr. Miller in the Department of Surgery, both at Memorial Health University Center; all are in Savannah GA. Contact Mr. McTyre at [email protected]. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. DOI: 10.2484/rcr.v7i3.709
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
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2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound Missile pulmonary emboli may present clinically with many of the same vital findings that one would suspect following a thromboembolic pulmonary embolism, including tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Approximately
Figure 2. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Chest X-ray at admission. A metallic density (white arrow) overlies the area of the film corresponding to the left hemithorax.
Figure 3. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Thoracic transverse CT. This image better illustrates the localization of the metallic fragment that was apparent on initial chest X-ray. From this slice of the thoracic CT, it appears that the bullet fragment is indeed lodged in a branch of the left pulmonary artery (white arrow).
Since the patient maintained adequate oxygenation while being treated in the hospital for his abdominal wound, no attempt at embolectomy was pursued. The patient recovered uneventfully, and on followup CT weeks later the bullet was again visualized in the same lower-lobe branch of the left pulmonary artery (Figs. 3 and 4); it had demonstrated no evidence of migration. Discussion Missile emboli are the result of penetrating projectile wounds that enter the vasculature and are subsequently carried to smaller vessels, where they occlude blood flow and cause infarction of tissue. Due to the traumatic and often random nature of projectile entry into the human body, missile emboli have been described in the literature in most major arterial systems as well as in the venous system (1, 2). Although rare, missile emboli should be considered when a patient presents with penetrating projectile trauma accompanied by certain radiographic characteristics (1). The IVC and the iliac veins are common sites from which projectiles enter the vasculature and threaten to produce missile emboli. Although the most likely outcome in this situation is a missile pulmonary embolus, this is not the result of every such event—there are numerous reports in the literature of these projectiles lodging in the right ventricle before reaching the pulmonary circulation (3), and also of retrograde flow of the missile from its vascular entry point to smaller-caliber systemic veins (4). Additionally, paradoxical bullet emboli have been reported in the literature which, analogous to other paradoxical emboli, bypass the pulmonary circuit and directly enter the systemic arterial circulation via a defect such as a patent foramen ovale (5, 6).
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
Figure 4. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Thoracic coronal CT. The location of the missile pulmonary embolus (white arrow) can be further localized in this film, and is thus noted to be lodged in a proximal lower branch of the left pulmonary artery.
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2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound two-thirds of patients are asymptomatic (7); those that do display symptoms usually complain of dyspnea and chest pain, with hemoptysis sometimes noted as well (1, 8, 9). Treatment decisions are often predicated on whether or not the patient is symptomatic: in a symptomatic patient, embolectomy is often pursued, whereas in an asymptomatic patient, some still advocate embolectomy (1, 10), while others promote more conservative measures such as supportive care (6, 11, 12). In general, an abdominal gunshot wound can be challenging for a radiologist to assess in the emergent environment. Due to its relative rarity, the possibility of a missile pulmonary embolism is not given much consideration when evaluating trauma CTs for complications such as viscus perforating injuries or free bleeding into the peritoneal/ retroperitoneal spaces. Nevertheless, this possibility should not be ignored; although the embolus can sometimes be benign, it can often contribute significant morbidity to the primary insult. In addition to infarction of pulmonary tissue, other potential sequelae of missile pulmonary emboli include infection (gangrene and sepsis have both been reported) as well as erosion through the arterial wall and subsequent hemorrhage (2, 8). Prompt diagnosis is therefore paramount in correctly assessing the situation and allowing for consideration of treatment options such as emergent surgical embolectomy. Due to the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, a radiologist must therefore have a high degree of suspicion for missile pulmonary embolism in any gunshot trauma if there is no exit wound and also no bullet found in the projectile tract, but evidence of metallic fragments exists on initial chest x-ray (1, 2)—particularly when there are signs of injury to the IVC or other large abdominal/pelvic veins. As was the situation with our patient presented here, small bullet fragments near and around the IVC or another large vein can also aid in this diagnosis, and in cases in which the situation is dire, such considerations could potentially make a significant impact on patient recovery.
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
References 1. Symbas PN, Harlaftis N. Bullet emboli in the pulmonary and systemic arteries. Ann Surg. 1977;185:318-320. [PubMed] 2. Unkle D, Shaikh KA. Iliac vein to pulmonary artery missile embolus: case report and review of the literature. Heart Lung. 1988;17:363-365. [PubMed] 3. Morton JR, Reul GJ, Arbegast NR, et al. Bullet embolus to the right ventricle. Report of three cases. Am J Surg. 1971;122:584-590. [PubMed] 4. Schmelzer V, Mendez-Picon G, Gervin AS. Case report: transthoracic retrograde venous bullet embolization. J Trauma. 1989;29:525–7. [PubMed] 5. Corbett H, Paulsen EK, Smith RS, Carman CG. Paradoxical bullet embolus from the vena cava: a case report. J Trauma. 2003;55:979–81. [PubMed] 6. Mattox KL, Beall AC, Ennix CL, DeBakey ME. Intravascular migratory bullets. Am J Surg. 1979;137:192-195. [PubMed] 7. Michelassi F. Bullet emboli to the systemic and venous circulation. Surgery. 1990 Mar;107(3):239-45. [PubMed] 8. John LCH, Edmondson SJ. Bullet pulmonary embolus and the role of surgery. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1991;39:386-388. [PubMed] 9. Symbas, PN, Hatcher, CR, Jr., and Mansour, KA. Projectile embolus of the lung, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1968;56:97, 1968. [PubMed] 10. Singer RL, Dangleben DA, Salim A, Kurek SJ, Shah KT, Goodreau JJ, Shaff DI, Szydlowski GW. Missile embolism to the pulmonary artery: case report and pitfalls of management. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Nov;76(5):1722-5. [PubMed] 11. Kortbeek JB, Clark JA, Carraway RC. Conservative management of a pulmonary artery bullet embolism: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 1992;33:906-908. [PubMed] 12. Patten ED, Morales HE. Bullet emboli to the pulmonary artery: a rare occurrence. J Trauma. 1982;22:801-802. [PubMed]
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2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound Emory Mctyre, MS; Lee McGill, MD; and Nessa Miller, MD Missile pulmonary emboli are rare sequelae of traumatic entry of projectile missiles—generally bullets or bullet fragments—in which access to the systemic venous circulation is established by the missile, making it possible for the missile to migrate to the pulmonary arteries. In the case introduced here, a 24-yearold male presented to the ER with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. In the early course of his care, it was determined that he had suffered a missile pulmonary embolus secondary to a large fragment of a bullet penetrating the IVC. Despite the large perfusion defect created by this missile embolus, the patient recovered uneventfully without embolectomy. rax (Fig. 2). No thoracic entry wound was present on physical examination, and no diaphragmatic injury was identified during laparotomy.
Case report A 24-year-old African American male presented to the Emergency Department with a gunshot wound to the right mid-abdomen. The patient was in marked distress, and was showing signs of hemodynamic instability with marked hypotension and tachycardia; he was therefore taken to the operating room for immediate laparotomy. He was found to have a large right retroperitoneal hematoma with injury to the inferior vena cava (IVC); this was repaired during the operation. Several lumbar accessory veins originating from the IVC were clipped during the primary IVC repair. Following surgery, he was transferred to the intensive care unit in stable condition. CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with contrast was performed immediately following laparotomy. CT of the abdomen revealed several metallic densities adjacent to the infrarenal IVC consistent with both surgical clips and bullet fragments (Fig. 1). His initial chest X-ray before surgery demonstrated a metallic density overlying the left hemitho-
Figure 1. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Abdominal transverse CT on admission. The black arrow in the figure illustrates the position of the metallic densities found adjacent to the infrarenal IVC.
Citation: McTyre E, McGill L, Miller N. Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound. Radiology Case Reports. (Online) 2012;7:709. Copyright: © 2012 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License, which permits reproduction and distribution, provided the original work is properly cited. Commercial use and derivative works are not permitted.
A contrast chest CT demonstrated a 1.6-cm metallic density consistent with a large bullet fragment located in the posterior lower-lobe branch of the left pulmonary artery. There appeared to be flow distal to the bullet, suggesting a nonocclusive embolus.
Mr. McTyre is at the Mercer University School of Medicine. Dr. McGill is in the Department of Radiology, and Dr. Miller in the Department of Surgery, both at Memorial Health University Center; all are in Savannah GA. Contact Mr. McTyre at [email protected]. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. DOI: 10.2484/rcr.v7i3.709
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
1
2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound Missile pulmonary emboli may present clinically with many of the same vital findings that one would suspect following a thromboembolic pulmonary embolism, including tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Approximately
Figure 2. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Chest X-ray at admission. A metallic density (white arrow) overlies the area of the film corresponding to the left hemithorax.
Figure 3. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Thoracic transverse CT. This image better illustrates the localization of the metallic fragment that was apparent on initial chest X-ray. From this slice of the thoracic CT, it appears that the bullet fragment is indeed lodged in a branch of the left pulmonary artery (white arrow).
Since the patient maintained adequate oxygenation while being treated in the hospital for his abdominal wound, no attempt at embolectomy was pursued. The patient recovered uneventfully, and on followup CT weeks later the bullet was again visualized in the same lower-lobe branch of the left pulmonary artery (Figs. 3 and 4); it had demonstrated no evidence of migration. Discussion Missile emboli are the result of penetrating projectile wounds that enter the vasculature and are subsequently carried to smaller vessels, where they occlude blood flow and cause infarction of tissue. Due to the traumatic and often random nature of projectile entry into the human body, missile emboli have been described in the literature in most major arterial systems as well as in the venous system (1, 2). Although rare, missile emboli should be considered when a patient presents with penetrating projectile trauma accompanied by certain radiographic characteristics (1). The IVC and the iliac veins are common sites from which projectiles enter the vasculature and threaten to produce missile emboli. Although the most likely outcome in this situation is a missile pulmonary embolus, this is not the result of every such event—there are numerous reports in the literature of these projectiles lodging in the right ventricle before reaching the pulmonary circulation (3), and also of retrograde flow of the missile from its vascular entry point to smaller-caliber systemic veins (4). Additionally, paradoxical bullet emboli have been reported in the literature which, analogous to other paradoxical emboli, bypass the pulmonary circuit and directly enter the systemic arterial circulation via a defect such as a patent foramen ovale (5, 6).
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
Figure 4. 24-year-old African American male with missile pulmonary embolus. Thoracic coronal CT. The location of the missile pulmonary embolus (white arrow) can be further localized in this film, and is thus noted to be lodged in a proximal lower branch of the left pulmonary artery.
2
2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3
Missile pulmonary embolus secondary to abdominal gunshot wound two-thirds of patients are asymptomatic (7); those that do display symptoms usually complain of dyspnea and chest pain, with hemoptysis sometimes noted as well (1, 8, 9). Treatment decisions are often predicated on whether or not the patient is symptomatic: in a symptomatic patient, embolectomy is often pursued, whereas in an asymptomatic patient, some still advocate embolectomy (1, 10), while others promote more conservative measures such as supportive care (6, 11, 12). In general, an abdominal gunshot wound can be challenging for a radiologist to assess in the emergent environment. Due to its relative rarity, the possibility of a missile pulmonary embolism is not given much consideration when evaluating trauma CTs for complications such as viscus perforating injuries or free bleeding into the peritoneal/ retroperitoneal spaces. Nevertheless, this possibility should not be ignored; although the embolus can sometimes be benign, it can often contribute significant morbidity to the primary insult. In addition to infarction of pulmonary tissue, other potential sequelae of missile pulmonary emboli include infection (gangrene and sepsis have both been reported) as well as erosion through the arterial wall and subsequent hemorrhage (2, 8). Prompt diagnosis is therefore paramount in correctly assessing the situation and allowing for consideration of treatment options such as emergent surgical embolectomy. Due to the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, a radiologist must therefore have a high degree of suspicion for missile pulmonary embolism in any gunshot trauma if there is no exit wound and also no bullet found in the projectile tract, but evidence of metallic fragments exists on initial chest x-ray (1, 2)—particularly when there are signs of injury to the IVC or other large abdominal/pelvic veins. As was the situation with our patient presented here, small bullet fragments near and around the IVC or another large vein can also aid in this diagnosis, and in cases in which the situation is dire, such considerations could potentially make a significant impact on patient recovery.
RCR Radiology Case Reports | radiology.casereports.net
References 1. Symbas PN, Harlaftis N. Bullet emboli in the pulmonary and systemic arteries. Ann Surg. 1977;185:318-320. [PubMed] 2. Unkle D, Shaikh KA. Iliac vein to pulmonary artery missile embolus: case report and review of the literature. Heart Lung. 1988;17:363-365. [PubMed] 3. Morton JR, Reul GJ, Arbegast NR, et al. Bullet embolus to the right ventricle. Report of three cases. Am J Surg. 1971;122:584-590. [PubMed] 4. Schmelzer V, Mendez-Picon G, Gervin AS. Case report: transthoracic retrograde venous bullet embolization. J Trauma. 1989;29:525–7. [PubMed] 5. Corbett H, Paulsen EK, Smith RS, Carman CG. Paradoxical bullet embolus from the vena cava: a case report. J Trauma. 2003;55:979–81. [PubMed] 6. Mattox KL, Beall AC, Ennix CL, DeBakey ME. Intravascular migratory bullets. Am J Surg. 1979;137:192-195. [PubMed] 7. Michelassi F. Bullet emboli to the systemic and venous circulation. Surgery. 1990 Mar;107(3):239-45. [PubMed] 8. John LCH, Edmondson SJ. Bullet pulmonary embolus and the role of surgery. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1991;39:386-388. [PubMed] 9. Symbas, PN, Hatcher, CR, Jr., and Mansour, KA. Projectile embolus of the lung, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1968;56:97, 1968. [PubMed] 10. Singer RL, Dangleben DA, Salim A, Kurek SJ, Shah KT, Goodreau JJ, Shaff DI, Szydlowski GW. Missile embolism to the pulmonary artery: case report and pitfalls of management. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Nov;76(5):1722-5. [PubMed] 11. Kortbeek JB, Clark JA, Carraway RC. Conservative management of a pulmonary artery bullet embolism: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 1992;33:906-908. [PubMed] 12. Patten ED, Morales HE. Bullet emboli to the pulmonary artery: a rare occurrence. J Trauma. 1982;22:801-802. [PubMed]
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2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 3