- Email: [email protected]
Modeling & Simulation of Interface Stability in Metal Matrix Composites Subjected to off-axis loading using Cohesive Zone Model under Elevated Temperature: A Review
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC_2018
Modeling & Simulation of Interface Stability in Metal Matrix Composites Subjected to off-axis loading using Cohesive Zone Model under Elevated Temperature: A Review Netrananda Beheraa, Krishna Murari Pandeyb,Ashish B. Deogharec, Abhijit Deyd a,b,c,d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Silchar,Assam,788010,India
Abstract A three-dimensional, finite element, the micro-mechanical model is used to study the damage initiation and the inelastic behavior of SiC/Ti composites subjected to a generally complicated off-axis loading using a three-dimensional representative volume element (RVE). The imperfect interface between the fiber and matrix is to be defined by using cohesive zone model. Due to low bonding strength between fiber and matrix interface, the effects of manufacturing process thermal residual stresses together with interface damage and fiber coating. In this review paper, different researchers have been cited the effect of debonding of the fiber and matrix, friction between fiber and matrix due to the presence of residual stress. The e ects of stress relaxation, interface damage together with fiber coating are considered. The recrystallization of the matrix materials played a great role in refining the matrix grain size, improving the diffusion bonding of the matrix and matrix interface as well as the fiber and matrix interface. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization. Keywords:Finite element analysis, Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), Cohesive Zone model, Micro-mechanics model, O -axis loading, elevated temperature
1. Introduction MMCs (metal matrix composites) have been an area of interest for the past few decades due to its applications in the aerospace industry as structural materials for Aerojet components and compressor blades. Metal matrix Composites (MMCs) are widely used in various mechanical components subjected to complicated loading conditions at elevated service temperatures such as turbine blades. Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have been
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.
20086
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
under development for many years primarily due to the high specific strength offered by Ti alloys and the persistent drive from industry for improved high-temperature materials. The benefit of Metal matrix composites (MMCs) from elevated temperature is stability and high specific strength and Young’s modulus. M.M Aghdam et al. [1] the main drawbacks of these types of composites is that they tend to exhibit relatively low bonding strength at the fiber and matrix interface, especially at elevated temperatures. The weak interface forms during the fabrication process in which a chemical reaction takes place in such way that bonds to surfaces of the fiber and matrix at high temperatures. Moreover, due to the great difference in the manufacturing and service temperature of MMCs and also the difference between a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the titanium matrix and SiC fiber, thermal residual stresses are produced within the composite to a great extent which is not ignorable. Considering o -axis loading as a more complicated case, micro/ macro-mechanical analytical models have been presented by Sun et al. [2] at both room temperature and higher temperatures . Many simplification assumptions were used in their analytical models. For instance, the shape of the fibers was assumed to be rectangular and the e ects of stress relaxation and fiber coating were been ignored in these study.Many research works have been done so far, to elaborate e ects of the interface in the mechanical behavior of the metal matrix composites reinforced with particles and/or short fibers. 2. Review on Experimental and Computational Analysis C.T. Sun et al. [3] an investigation of the mechanical behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. Their result shows that titanium-based fiber reinforced composites are typically fabricated at 900 °C and then cooled down to room temperature 20 °C with the cooling rate of 0.64 °C/s. The temperature ofcomposite then increases to the service temperature. M. Eggleston et al. [4] did the experimental study transverse creep and tensile behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites at 482°C.he have concluded that composite tensile behavior can be approximated by the model with no interface strength at elevated temperature. Lou et al. [5] used spring elements to simulate interfacial debonding. But no experiment validation was provided to verify their predictions. Bin Huang et al. [6] Effect of the interfacial reaction layer thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The results show the stresses at the f/I interface middle of interfacial reaction layer and i/m interface decrease withincreasingtheinterfacialreactionlayerthicknessexcept for the radial stress at the f/i interface. Most of the stress near-interfacial reaction layer has notable change when the interfacial reaction layer increasing from 3µm to 5µm. J .H. Lou et al. [7] the analysis on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method. This paper gives the collapse stress of the titanium matrix composites (TMCs) decreases as service temperature increases, despite the residual stresses exist or not. It also gives the collapsestressesoftheTMCswithresidualstressis thesame as those without residual stress at the fixed temperature. M.R. Wisnomet al. [8] introduced pairs of nodes on opposite sides of theinterface which are coupled with stiff springs. Studies, this model the damage of the interface under transverse combined and axial shear loadings with the effect of thermal residual stresses and fibercoating. A micromechanical study by Aghdam et al. [9] a user define subroutine was employed to consider the interface failure of SiC/Ti metal matrix composite (MMCs) in transverse loading at high temperatures. It was shown that the strength of interface at elevated temperatures was considerably smaller than room temperature. They also stated that the collapse stress of the composite decrease critically at elevated temperatures. According to room temperature response, Aghdam et al. [10]developed a finite element model to investigate the mechanical behavior ofSiC/Ti MMC under o -axis loading. The model was able to consider thermal and mechanicalloadings simultaneously. Interface debonding was define according to Coulomb's law of friction. Y.W. Xunet al.[11] an experimental study of Processing and interface stability of SiCfiber reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr matrix composites. It was found that the SiC/ Ti-15V- 3Cr system has a good interface stability compared with conventional SiC/Ti-6Al-4V system. Ren et al [12] an experimental investigation the interfacial reaction can be controlled by (a) reducing the bonding temperature at the expense of a high bonding pressure and/or along bonding time. (b) using protective coatings such as C/TiB2 and C/Ti-C/Ti to improve the performance of the reinforcement. (c) Adding alloying elements such as Nb, Al, Cr, V, Sn, Zr, Mo to titanium matrix to produce less reactive matrices. S.Q Guoet al.[13] an investigation on the Microstructural characterization of an interface in SiCfiber reinforce Ti-
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20087
15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn matrix composite. It was found that the reaction front adjacent to the outermost layer is relatively smooth, although the boundary between the matrix and the reaction layer has a saw-tooth shape. Also found Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis across the reaction layer shows that only C, Si and Ti are in this layer.Yang Yanqing et al. [14] Effect of thermal exposure on the thermal expansion behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V Composite and result show the longitudinal and transverse tensile residual stresses in the matrix of exposed composites decrease with increasing of the exposure time. No matter in longitudinal or transverse direction, the CTEs of the exposed composites are higher than that of the as-processed composite. W. Zhang et al. [15] an experimental investigation of interfacial in SiCfiber reinforces Ti-43Al-9V composites and the result indicates that there exists a small amount of Ti-C particles between SiC and the carbon coating. The formation mechanism of the interfacial reactionproducts was explained from the points of view of thermodynamics and kinetics. Y.Q. Yang et al. [16] Theoretical investigation on the interfacial properties of carbon deposited on β-SiC and it was observed the MMC is relatively low bonding strength at the fiber/matrix interface, especially at elevated temperatures. Aghdam et al. [17] conducta cohesive zone model to describe the o -axis behavior of SiC/Ti composite at room temperature. The result has shown that appropriate cohesive zone model which includes a unique interface damage criterion can provide more accurate predictions in comparison with experimental data.M.M. Aghdam et al. [18] Simulation ofinterface damages in MMC under off-axis loading using cohesive zone.In this study, the resultsshowthatthermal residual stresses have a great influence on a damage initiation and propagation both positively and negativity depending upon the angle of off-axis loading condition.Results alsorevealed that increasing FVF leads to decreasing the ultimatestrength of the material.The effects of the compressiveradial residual stress and stress concentration are the same, therefore,the initiation of nonlinearity for 90º and 45º loading whichmainly depends on interfacial radial stress remains constant bychanging the FVF. S.R Morsali et al. [19] studies the Mechanical behavior of unidirectional SiC/Ti composites subjected to o -axis loading at elevated temperatures. It was shown that results revealed that thermal residual stresses have a positive influence on the mechanical response for the loading angles more than 20º and negative e ects for angles less than that. Furthermore, by increasing the service temperature, the strength of the composite reduces especially at loading angles of 20º and 30º. S. Naboulsi et al. [20] Modeling transversely loaded metal–matrix composites. The result shows fully debondedand perfectly bonded interfaces have been implemented to model the interface between the fiber and matrix. W. Zhang et al. [21] an experimental study of Interfacial reaction studies of B4C-coated and Ccoated SiCfiber reinforced Ti-43Al-9V composites it was found that the interfacial reaction kinetics were calculated, whichshowsthattheactivationenergyoftheinterfacialreaction in B4C coatedSiCf/TiAlcomposites308.1kJ/mol,andinC-coatedSiCf/ Ti-Alcomposites230.7kJ/mol. Djanarthany S et al. [22] an investigation of the development of SiC/Ti-Al composites: processing and interfacial phenomena and result the activation energy of the interfacial reaction in SCS-6 SiCf/Ti-Al composite is 292 kJ/mol, and in non-coating SiCf/Ti-Al composite is 190 kJ/mol. By comparing those kinetics results, B4C-coated SiCf/Ti-Al composite has the largest activation energy of interfacial reaction, indicating that B4C-coated SiCf/Ti-Al composite has the slowest interfacial growth rate. Yue YLet al.[23] in their paper on the experimental investigation onfabrication and mechanical properties of Ti-C/Ti-Al composites and result show coefficients of expansion with Ti alloys, which can decrease both interfacial reaction and crack initiation between Ti-C and Ti matrix. Yue YL et al. [24] Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-C particle reinforced Ti-Al composites by spark plasma sintering and result show the reinforcing effect increases with more Ti-C if its content in TiAl-TiC composites is lower than 7 wt.%, but decreases if the Ti-C content is higher than 7 wt.%. This limited reinforcing effect is due to crack initiation and propagation among agglomerated Ti-C particles. Chiu HP et al [25] to study Interface control and design for SiCfiberreinforced titanium aluminize composites and it is known that interfacial reaction is closely related to the type of the SiCfiber and the matrix alloys. Leucht R et al. [26] an experimental investigation on additional ductile coatings for processing SiCfiber reinforced γ-Ti-Al alloys and the result found that titanium aluminizedcompositesbasedon Ti-Al, cracks often appear easily in the brittle Ti-Al matrix of TMCs during processing. In order to reduce cracks, a more plastic matrix is needed, besides of an extra ductile coating. Vanderschueren D et al. [27] Superplasticity in a vanadium alloyed gamma plus beta phased Ti-Al intermetallic. It has been reported that a Ti-Al intermetallic with a high content V is more in ductility, which is beneficial for processing TMCs. Holmquist M et al. [28]in their paper on experimental
20088
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
investigationisostatic diffusion bonding of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to gamma titanium aluminized IHI alloy. γ-TiAl intermetallic is winning more attention because of their low density, high elastic modulus, better oxidation resistance and good creep properties at elevated temperature. G.Cametal et al. [29] studied the Microstructural and mechanical characterization of diffusion bonded hybrid Ti-Al/Ti-6Al-4V joints. He thought that the formed interfacial product Ti3Al is detrimental to the bond strength of the joints, which can be concluded by the results of the shear strength test of the produced joints. Kong FT et al. [30] Interfacial the microstructure and shear strength of Ti-6Al-4V laminate composite sheet fabricated by hot packed rolling. For this value is that the strength of the formed α2 is better than that of the γ-Ti-Al intermetallic compound. Rangaswamy P et al. [31] an experimental the influence of thermal-mechanical processing on residual stresses in titanium matrix composites andhe found that the thermal residual stresses, which is caused by the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the Ti alloy matrix and the SiCfiber reinforcement during the coolingfrom the consolidation temperature influencethe overall mechanical properties of the composites. Shaw LL et al. [32] study of Effect of the interfacial region on the transverse behavior the metal–matrix composites using a finite element analysis. Their results shown the thermal residual stresses in the interfacial region strongly depend onthe properties of the interfacial region, while the residual stresses in the matrix and fiber are not significantly affected by these properties. Meinhard Kuntz et al. [33] Residual stresses in fiberreinforced ceramics due to thermal expansion mismatch. In the composites, an interfacial region (i.e. an interface coating or an interfacial reaction layer) between the fiber and matrix with a finite thickness is known to exit.He also obtained the interfacial region has an outstanding effect on the thermal residual stresses in composites by introducing a four-phase model consisting of concentric cylinders which represent fiber, an interfacial layer, matrix, and composite. Robertson et al. [34] have examined the effect of the thickness of the interfacial region on transverse properties of Ti-based metal-matrix composites. However, the matrix is assumed to be elastic in the model. Haqueet al.[35]have in vestigated the effect of the coating on thermal residual stresses generated at the fiber and matrix interface due to differences in the CTE mismatch between the various materials within the coating system.Broutman et al. [36] the theoretical study of the effect interfacial on the properties of the composite. Their analyses are limited by the assumption of linear elastic be haviors of all constituents (i.e. fiber, matrix and interfacial region) and only longitudinal properties are evaluate. TarcilaSugahara et al. [37] Creep behavior evaluation and characterization of SiCfilm with Cr interlayer deposit by HiPIMS in Ti6Al-4V alloy. This study showed that thedeposition of SiC film with Cr interlayer was effective in increasing creep life and resistance to oxidation of Ti-6Al-4Valloys.M.M. Aghdam et al. [38] Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures and results show that collapse stress of the composite decreases substantially at elevated temperatures due to lower strengths of the coating interface and matrix at elevated temperatures. Results also revealed that ignoring residual stress effects results in a very fast failure of the fiber and coating interfaceat the samestress levelat all service temperatures. D.S. Li et al. [39] studied the effects of fiber coating and damaged interface of SiC/Ti MMC’s and three distinct phases; e.g., fiber, coating, and matrix, together with fiber and coating interface were employed to predict the response of SiC/Ti composite system in longitudinal and transverse tension. M.M Aghdam et al. [40] presented new model including two different interfaces, one between fiber and coating and the other between coating and matrix for SiC/Ti system consideringtheeffectofcoatingandresidualstresses.Predictedresults show good agreement with experimental results for the whole range of the strain up to failure. Later, Aghdam et al. [41] modified their models to study the axial shear behavior of SiC/Ti MMC system at room temperature which also shows good agreement with experimental data. However, titanium based MMCs are mostly used in high service temperature applications such as turbine blades. Nimmer et al. [42] studied the transverse stress-strain behavior of SiC/Ti system at different temperatures using both experiment and finite element micromechanical model. Fully debonded interface with Coulomb friction was considered to include effects of the weak interface. Later, Nimmer et al. [43] employed the same model to investigate the effect of fiber array geometry on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti MMCs at different elevated temperatures. Naboulsi et al. [44] used analytical and numerical finite element method approach to determine the transverse behavior of SiC/Ti MMC at 23 and 427 °C. Again, a fully debonded interface was considered to include effects of the weak interface. V.K. Srivastava [45] studies characterization of adhesively bonded lap joints of C/C–SiC composite and Ti-6Al-4V alloy under varying conditions and results show that adhesive bond strength between Ti-6Al-4V and C/C-SiC adherent’s decreases about 40–50% with an increase of temperature and exposure time simultaneously.
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20089
Ho et al. [46] have studied the interface of PMDA-ODA with Cu, Al, Ni and Cr and they found that found the morphology and strength of the interface depended upon the specific metal/polyimide chemistry. LU Xiang-hong et al. [47] an experimental study kinetics and mechanism of interfacial reaction in SCS-6 Sic continuous fiberreinforced Ti-A1 intermetallic matrix composites and results show the growth of the interfacial reaction layers is controlled by diffusion and obeys a parabolic law.Xiaoguang Chen et al. [48] studies Interaction behaviors at the interface between liquid Al-Si and solid Ti-6Al-4V in ultrasonic-assisted brazing in the air. They have obtained abnormal interfacial chemical reactions between the liquid Al-Si and the solid Ti-6Al-4V occurred at the last stage of pitformation. Fu et al. [49] EffectofC-coatingontheinterfacialmicrostructure and properties of SiCfiber-reinforced Ti matrix compositeand shows that a narrow layer of fineTi-C particles is adjacent to the fiber, and abroad mixture layer of Ti-C and Ti3-Si3 particles is adjacent to the matrix at the inter face of SiC continuous fiber reinforced Ti6Al-4V matrix composites. K.L. Choy [50] study functionally graded coatings on sic fibers for protection in Tibased metal matrix composites and their results show coating was uniform and exhibited good adherence to the Sic fiber in the cross-section of the coated fiber and also no cracking and spalling of the coating was observed.Maan Aziz-Kerrzoet al.[51] an experimental investigation on electrochemical studies on the stability and corrosion resistance of titanium-based implant materials. Ti-6Al-4V and Ti exhibited high resistance to the onset of localized corrosion, but pits were found to initiate at potentials as low as 250mV (SCE) on Ti-45Ni.Zhao Er-Tuan et al. [52] study of interfacial reactions between Ti-1100 alloy and ceramic mold during investment casting and the result shows the Y2O3primary coating presents better stability for the Tií1100 melting. Higher mold temperature results in a more serious interfacial reaction. Different types of primary coating materials produce a different distribution of elements in α case layer.Hahn Choo et al. [53] introduced a thermal expansion anisotropy in a Ti-6Al-4V/SiC composite and their results show that in the axial direction, the matrix and fiber share the thermal load and coexpand up to about 800–900 K, above which the thermal load transfer becomes ineffective. In the transverse direction, the matrix and fibers expand independently over the whole temperature range. G.Sunil et al. [54] Effects of the interface on the fatigue crack growth response of titanium matrix composites, modeling, and impact on interface design. It was found that systems from the crack bridging model were consistently lower than the fiber strengths from extracted FCG specimens. A. F. Kalton et al. [55] a measurement of interfacial fracture energy by single fiber push-out testing and its application to the titanium and silicon carbide system. They found that high thermal residual stresses, in which the crack is likely to have propagated from bottom to top, in order to obtain a lower bound on the value of the fracture energy.Vaught et al. [56] an experimental study of thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of a cross-ply SCS-6/Ti-15V-3Cr metal-matrix composite and they obtained fatigue damage originated at the fiber and matrix interface of 90ºfiber and progressed as the transverse cracking in the matrix. W.O. Soboyejo et al. [57] An investigation of the effects of microstructure on fatigue damage in a symmetric [0/90]2s silicon carbide (SCS6) fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite. The best predictions of fatigue life are obtained when the fatigue degradation of interfacial shear strength is neglected in the crack bridging analysis. Xian LUO et al.[58] Microstructure and interface thermal stability of C/Mo double-coated SiCfiber reinforced γ-Ti-Al matrix composites and it was found that the interfacial reaction layer thickness of the former is thinner than that of the latter, which indicates C/Mo duplex coating is more efficient in hindering the interfacial reaction than C single coating. 3. Conclusions The above study on MMCs by considering various parameters leads to increase the interface stability between the fiber and matrix. Furthermore, in more complicated loading conditions such as off-axis loading, the residual stresses, and weak interface phenomena may have specific effects on the failure mechanism depending on the angle of loading axis. Therefore, any accurate modeling of the MMCs response should include these two effective phenomena. Due to the benefits of the MMCs further researches are going on the field which is not being covered. References [1] [2]
Aghdam, M. M., and S. R. Morsali. “Understanding residual stresses in metal matrix composites.Residual Stresses in Composite Materials”. 2014. 233-255. Sun, Q., Luo, X., Yang, Y. Q., Feng, G. H., Zhao, G. M., & Huang, B. (2015). “A review on the research progress of push-out method in testing interfacial properties of SiCfiber-reinforced titanium matrix composites”. Composite Interfaces, 22(5), 367-386.
20090
[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
Sun, C. T., Chen, J. L., Sha, G. T., & Koop, W. E. (1993). An investigation of the mechanical behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6-4 metal-matrix composite at elevated temperatures. Composites science and technology, 49(2), 183-190. Eggleston, M. R., &Krempl, E. (1994). The transverse creep and tensile behaviour of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites at 482 C. Mechanics of composite materials and structures An International Journal, 1(1), 53-73. J. Lou, Eggleston,M.R, “The analysis on transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method”, Mater. Des. 31 (8) (2010) 3949–3953. Huang, B., Yang, Y., Luo, H., Yuan, M., & Chen, Y. (2008). “Effect of the interfacial reaction layer thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiCf/Ti–6Al–4V composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 489(1), 178-186. Lou, J. H., Yang, Y. Q., Luo, X., Yuan, M. N., & Feng, G. H. (2010). “The analysis on transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method”. Materials & Design, 31(8), 3949-3953. D.S. Li, M.R. Wisnom, Micromechanical modelling of SCS-6 fibre reinforced Ti6A1-4 V under transverse tension-e ect of fibre coating, J. Compos. Mater. 30 (5) (1996) 561-588. M. Aghdam, S. Morsali, “Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures, Compute”. Mater. Sci. 79 (2013) 402-407. Aghdam, M. M., Pavier, M. J., & Smith, D. J. (2001). “Micro-mechanics of off-axis loading of metal matrix composites using finite element analysis”. International journal of solids and structures, 38(22), 3905-3925. Xun, Y. W., Tan, M. J., & Zhou, J. T. (2000). Processing and interface stability of SiCfiber reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr matrix composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 102(1), 215-220. Ren, S., He, X., Qu, X., & Li, Y. (2008). “Effect of controlled interfacial reaction on the microstructure and properties of the SiC/Al composites prepared by pressureless infiltration”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 455(1), 424-431. Guo, S. Q., Kagawa, Y., Saito, H., & Masuda, C. (1998). “Microstructural characterization of interface in SiCfiber-reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr– 3Al–3Sn matrix composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 246(1), 25-35. Li, J. K., Yang, Y. Q., Yuan, M. N., Xian, L. U. O., & Li, L. L. (2008). “Effect of properties of SiCfibers on longitudinal tensile behavior of SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18(3), 523-530. Zhang, W., Yang, Y. Q., Zhao, G. M., Huang, B., Feng, Z. Q., Luo, X., ... & Lou, J. H. (2013). “Investigation of interfacial reaction in SiCfiber reinforced Ti–43Al–9V composites”. Intermetallics, 33, 54-59. Feng, G. H., Yang, Y. Q., Luo, X., Li, J., Huang, B., & Chen, Y. (2015). “Fatigue properties and fracture analysis of a SiCfiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 68, 336-342. Mahmoodi, M. J., &Aghdam, M. M. (2011). “Damage analysis of fiber reinforced Ti-alloy subjected to multi-axial loading-A micromechanical approach”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(27), 7983-7990. Aghdam, M. M., Hosseini, S. M. A., &Morsali, S. R. (2015). “Simulation of interface damage in metal matrix composites under off-axis loading using cohesive zone model”. Computational Materials Science, 108, 42-47. Aghdam, M. M., Morsali, S. R., Hosseini, S. M. A., &Sadighi, M. (2017). “Mechanical behavior of unidirectional SiC/Ti composites subjected to off-axis loading at elevated temperatures”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 688, 244-249. Naboulsi, S. (2003). “Modeling Transversely Loaded Metal–Matrix Composites”. Journal of composite materials, 37(1), 55-72. Zhang, W., Yang, Y. Q., Zhao, G. M., Feng, Z. Q., Huang, B., Luo, X., ... & Chen, Y. X. (2014). “Interfacial reaction studies of B4C-coated and C-coated SiCfiber reinforced Ti-43Al-9V composites”. Intermetallics, 50, 14-19. Yun-long, Y., Yan-sheng, G., Hai-tao, W., Chuan-bin, W., &Lian-meng, Z. (2004). “Fabrication and mechanical properties of Ti-C/Ti-Al composites”. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 19(1), 1-4. Yue, Y., Wu, H., Wu, B., Wang, Z., Yin, H., & Su, T. (2007). “Microstructures and mechanical properties of TiC particle reinforced Ti-Al composites by spark plasma sintering_. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology. Materials Science Edition, 22(2), 291. Chiu, H. P., Jeng, S. M., & Yang, J. M. (1993). Interface control and design for SiCfiber-reinforced titanium aluminide composites. Journal of materials research, 8(8), 2040-2053. Leucht, R., Dudek, H. J., & Weber, K. (1996). “Additional ductile coatings for processing SiC-fibre reinforced γ-TiAl alloys”. Journal of materials science letters, 15(15), 1315-1318. Vanderschueren, D., Nobuki, M., & Nakamura, M. (1993). “Superplasticity in a vanadium alloyed gamma plus beta phased Ti-Al intermetallic”. Scriptametallurgica et materialia, 28(5), 605-610. Holmquist, M., Recina, V., Ockborn, J., Pettersson, B., &Zumalde, E. (1998). “Hot isostatic diffusion bonding of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to gamma titanium aluminide IHI alloy 01A”. Scriptamaterialia, 39(8), 1101-1106. Cam, G., Oezdemir, U., Ventzke, V., &Kocak, M. (2008). “Microstructural and mechanical characterization of diffusion bonded hybrid joints”. Journal of Materials Science, 43(10), 3491-3499. Kong, F., Chen, Y., & Zhang, D. (2011). “Interfacial microstructure and shear strength of Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-Al laminate composite sheet fabricated by hot packed rolling”. Materials & Design, 32(6), 3167-3172. Rangaswamy, P., Bourke, M. A. M., Wright, P. K., Jayaraman, N., Kartzmark, E., & Roberts, J. A. (1997). “The influence of thermalmechanical processing on residual stresses in titanium matrix composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 224(1-2), 200-209. Shaw, L. L., & Miracle, D. B. (1996). “Effects of an interfacial region on the transverse behavior of metal-matrix composites a finite element analysis”. Acta materialia, 44(5), 2043-2055. Kuntz, M., Meier, B., &Grathwohl, G. (1993). “Residual Stresses in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics due to thermal Expansion Mismatch”. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 76(10), 2607-2612. Robertson, D. D., & Mall, S. (1992). “Fiber-matrix interphase effects upon transverse behavior in metal-matrix composites”. Journal of Composites, Technology and Research, 14(1), 3-11. Huang, B., Yang, Y., Luo, H., & Yuan, M. (2009). “Effects of the coating system and interfacial region thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiC f/Ti-6Al-4V composites”. Materials & Design, 30(3), 718-722. Broutman, L. J., & Agarwal, B. D. (1974). “A theoretical study of the effect of an interfacial layer on the properties of composites”. Polymer Engineering & Science, 14(8), 581-588.
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20091
[36] Sugahara, T., Martins, G. V., Montoro, F. E., Neto, A. M., Massi, M., da Silva Sobrinho, A. S., & Reis, D. A. P. (2017). “Creep behavior evaluation and characterization of SiC film with Cr interlayer deposited by HiPIMS in Ti-6Al-4V alloy”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 309, 410-416. [37] Aghdam, M. M., &Morsali, S. R. (2013). “Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures”. Computational Materials Science, 79, 402-407. [38] Li, D. S., &Wisnom, M. R. (1996). “Micromechanical Modelling of SCS-6 Fibre Reinforced Ti-6A1-4V under Transverse Tension-Effect of Fibre Coating”. Journal of composite materials, 30(5), 561-588. [39] Aghdam, M. M., &Falahatgar, S. R. (2004). “Micromechanical modeling of interface damage of metal matrix composites subjected to transverse loading”. Composite structures, 66(1), 415-420. [40] Mahmoodi, M. J., Aghdam, M. M., &Shakeri, M. (2010). “The effects of interfacial debonding on the elastoplastic response of unidirectional silicon carbide-titanium composites”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 224(2), 259-269. [41] Nimmer, R. P., Bankert, R. J., Russell, E. S., Smith, G. A., & Wright, P. K. (1991). “Micromechanical modeling of fiber/matrix interface effects in transversely loaded SiC/Ti-6-4 metal matrix composites. Journal of Composites”, Technology and Research, 13(1), 3-13. [42] Nimmer, R. P., Bankert, R. J., Russell, E. S., Smith, G. A., & Wright, P. K. (1991). “Effect of fiber array geometry on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti MMCs at different elevated temperatures”.Journal of Composites, Technology and Research, 13(1), 3-13. [43] Naboulsi, S. (2003). “Modeling Transversely Loaded Metal-Matrix Composites”. Journal of composite materials, 37(1), 55-72. [44] Srivastava, V. K. (2003). “Characterization of adhesive bonded lap joints of C/C–SiC composite and Ti-6Al-4V alloy under varying conditions”. International journal of adhesion and adhesives, 23(1), 59-67. [45] Ho, P. S., Hahn, P. O., Bartha, J. W., Rubloff, G. W., LeGoues, F. K., & Silverman, A. B. (1985). “Chemical bonding and reaction at metal/polymer interfaces”. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 3(3), 739-745. [46] Lu, X. H., Yang, Y. Q., LIU, C. X., Yan, C. H. E. N., & AI, Y. L. (2006). “Kinetics and mechanism of interfacial reaction in SCS-6 SiC continuous fiber-reinforced Ti-Al intermetallic matrix composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 16(1), 77-83. [47] Chen, X., Yan, J., Gao, F., Wei, J., Xu, Z., & Fan, G. (2013). “Interaction behaviors at the interface between liquid Al–Si and solid Ti-6Al– 4V in ultrasonic-assisted brazing in air”. Ultrasonicssonochemistry, 20(1), 144-154. [48] Fu, Y. C., Shi, N. L., Zhang, D. Z., & Yang, R. (2006). “Effect of C coating on the interfacial microstructure and properties of SiCfiberreinforced Ti matrix composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 426(1), 278-282. [49] Choy, K. L. (1996). “Functionally graded coatings on SiC fibres for protection in Ti-based metal matrix composites”. Scriptamaterialia, 34(11), 1753-1758. [50] Aziz-Kerrzo, M., Conroy, K. G., Fenelon, A. M., Farrell, S. T., &Breslin, C. B. (2001). “Electrochemical studies on the stability and corrosion resistance of titanium-based implant materials”. Biomaterials, 22(12), 1531-1539. [51] ZHAO, E. T., KONG, F. T., CHEN, Y. Y., & LI, B. H. (2011). “Interfacial reactions between Ti-1100 alloy and ceramic mould during investment casting”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 21, s348-s352. [52] Choo, H., Rangaswamy, P., Bourke, M. A., & Larsen, J. M. (2002). “Thermal expansion anisotropy in a Ti–6Al–4V/SiC composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 325(1), 236-241. [53] Warrier, S. G.sunil, &Majumdar, B. S. (1997). “Effects of the interface on the fatigue crack growth response of titanium matrix composites”: modeling and impact on interface design. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 237(2), 256-267. [54] Kalton, A. F., Howard, S. J., Janczak-Rusch, J., & Clyne, T. W. (1998). “Measurement of interfacial fracture energy by single fibre pushout testing and its application to the titaniumsilicon carbide system”. Acta materialia, 46(9), 3175-3189. [55] Vaught, W. H. (1991). Thermo-mechanical Fatigue Characterization of an Angle Ply Metal Matrix Composite (No. AFIT/GAE/ENY/91D21). Air force inst of tech wright-pattersonafb oh school of engineering. [56] Soboyejo, W. O., &Rabeeh, B. M. (1995). “An investigation of the effects of microstructure on fatigue damage in a symmetric [090] 2s silicon carbide (SCS6) fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 200(1-2), 89-102. [57] Xian, L. U. O., Chao, L. I., Yang, Y. Q., Xu, H. M., Li, X. Y., Shuai, L. I. U., & Li, P. T. (2016). “Microstructure and interface thermal stability of C/Mo double-coated SiCfiber reinforced γ-TiAl matrix composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 26(5), 1317-1325.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC_2018
Modeling & Simulation of Interface Stability in Metal Matrix Composites Subjected to off-axis loading using Cohesive Zone Model under Elevated Temperature: A Review Netrananda Beheraa, Krishna Murari Pandeyb,Ashish B. Deogharec, Abhijit Deyd a,b,c,d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Silchar,Assam,788010,India
Abstract A three-dimensional, finite element, the micro-mechanical model is used to study the damage initiation and the inelastic behavior of SiC/Ti composites subjected to a generally complicated off-axis loading using a three-dimensional representative volume element (RVE). The imperfect interface between the fiber and matrix is to be defined by using cohesive zone model. Due to low bonding strength between fiber and matrix interface, the effects of manufacturing process thermal residual stresses together with interface damage and fiber coating. In this review paper, different researchers have been cited the effect of debonding of the fiber and matrix, friction between fiber and matrix due to the presence of residual stress. The e ects of stress relaxation, interface damage together with fiber coating are considered. The recrystallization of the matrix materials played a great role in refining the matrix grain size, improving the diffusion bonding of the matrix and matrix interface as well as the fiber and matrix interface. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization. Keywords:Finite element analysis, Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), Cohesive Zone model, Micro-mechanics model, O -axis loading, elevated temperature
1. Introduction MMCs (metal matrix composites) have been an area of interest for the past few decades due to its applications in the aerospace industry as structural materials for Aerojet components and compressor blades. Metal matrix Composites (MMCs) are widely used in various mechanical components subjected to complicated loading conditions at elevated service temperatures such as turbine blades. Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have been
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.
20086
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
under development for many years primarily due to the high specific strength offered by Ti alloys and the persistent drive from industry for improved high-temperature materials. The benefit of Metal matrix composites (MMCs) from elevated temperature is stability and high specific strength and Young’s modulus. M.M Aghdam et al. [1] the main drawbacks of these types of composites is that they tend to exhibit relatively low bonding strength at the fiber and matrix interface, especially at elevated temperatures. The weak interface forms during the fabrication process in which a chemical reaction takes place in such way that bonds to surfaces of the fiber and matrix at high temperatures. Moreover, due to the great difference in the manufacturing and service temperature of MMCs and also the difference between a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the titanium matrix and SiC fiber, thermal residual stresses are produced within the composite to a great extent which is not ignorable. Considering o -axis loading as a more complicated case, micro/ macro-mechanical analytical models have been presented by Sun et al. [2] at both room temperature and higher temperatures . Many simplification assumptions were used in their analytical models. For instance, the shape of the fibers was assumed to be rectangular and the e ects of stress relaxation and fiber coating were been ignored in these study.Many research works have been done so far, to elaborate e ects of the interface in the mechanical behavior of the metal matrix composites reinforced with particles and/or short fibers. 2. Review on Experimental and Computational Analysis C.T. Sun et al. [3] an investigation of the mechanical behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. Their result shows that titanium-based fiber reinforced composites are typically fabricated at 900 °C and then cooled down to room temperature 20 °C with the cooling rate of 0.64 °C/s. The temperature ofcomposite then increases to the service temperature. M. Eggleston et al. [4] did the experimental study transverse creep and tensile behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites at 482°C.he have concluded that composite tensile behavior can be approximated by the model with no interface strength at elevated temperature. Lou et al. [5] used spring elements to simulate interfacial debonding. But no experiment validation was provided to verify their predictions. Bin Huang et al. [6] Effect of the interfacial reaction layer thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The results show the stresses at the f/I interface middle of interfacial reaction layer and i/m interface decrease withincreasingtheinterfacialreactionlayerthicknessexcept for the radial stress at the f/i interface. Most of the stress near-interfacial reaction layer has notable change when the interfacial reaction layer increasing from 3µm to 5µm. J .H. Lou et al. [7] the analysis on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method. This paper gives the collapse stress of the titanium matrix composites (TMCs) decreases as service temperature increases, despite the residual stresses exist or not. It also gives the collapsestressesoftheTMCswithresidualstressis thesame as those without residual stress at the fixed temperature. M.R. Wisnomet al. [8] introduced pairs of nodes on opposite sides of theinterface which are coupled with stiff springs. Studies, this model the damage of the interface under transverse combined and axial shear loadings with the effect of thermal residual stresses and fibercoating. A micromechanical study by Aghdam et al. [9] a user define subroutine was employed to consider the interface failure of SiC/Ti metal matrix composite (MMCs) in transverse loading at high temperatures. It was shown that the strength of interface at elevated temperatures was considerably smaller than room temperature. They also stated that the collapse stress of the composite decrease critically at elevated temperatures. According to room temperature response, Aghdam et al. [10]developed a finite element model to investigate the mechanical behavior ofSiC/Ti MMC under o -axis loading. The model was able to consider thermal and mechanicalloadings simultaneously. Interface debonding was define according to Coulomb's law of friction. Y.W. Xunet al.[11] an experimental study of Processing and interface stability of SiCfiber reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr matrix composites. It was found that the SiC/ Ti-15V- 3Cr system has a good interface stability compared with conventional SiC/Ti-6Al-4V system. Ren et al [12] an experimental investigation the interfacial reaction can be controlled by (a) reducing the bonding temperature at the expense of a high bonding pressure and/or along bonding time. (b) using protective coatings such as C/TiB2 and C/Ti-C/Ti to improve the performance of the reinforcement. (c) Adding alloying elements such as Nb, Al, Cr, V, Sn, Zr, Mo to titanium matrix to produce less reactive matrices. S.Q Guoet al.[13] an investigation on the Microstructural characterization of an interface in SiCfiber reinforce Ti-
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20087
15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn matrix composite. It was found that the reaction front adjacent to the outermost layer is relatively smooth, although the boundary between the matrix and the reaction layer has a saw-tooth shape. Also found Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis across the reaction layer shows that only C, Si and Ti are in this layer.Yang Yanqing et al. [14] Effect of thermal exposure on the thermal expansion behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V Composite and result show the longitudinal and transverse tensile residual stresses in the matrix of exposed composites decrease with increasing of the exposure time. No matter in longitudinal or transverse direction, the CTEs of the exposed composites are higher than that of the as-processed composite. W. Zhang et al. [15] an experimental investigation of interfacial in SiCfiber reinforces Ti-43Al-9V composites and the result indicates that there exists a small amount of Ti-C particles between SiC and the carbon coating. The formation mechanism of the interfacial reactionproducts was explained from the points of view of thermodynamics and kinetics. Y.Q. Yang et al. [16] Theoretical investigation on the interfacial properties of carbon deposited on β-SiC and it was observed the MMC is relatively low bonding strength at the fiber/matrix interface, especially at elevated temperatures. Aghdam et al. [17] conducta cohesive zone model to describe the o -axis behavior of SiC/Ti composite at room temperature. The result has shown that appropriate cohesive zone model which includes a unique interface damage criterion can provide more accurate predictions in comparison with experimental data.M.M. Aghdam et al. [18] Simulation ofinterface damages in MMC under off-axis loading using cohesive zone.In this study, the resultsshowthatthermal residual stresses have a great influence on a damage initiation and propagation both positively and negativity depending upon the angle of off-axis loading condition.Results alsorevealed that increasing FVF leads to decreasing the ultimatestrength of the material.The effects of the compressiveradial residual stress and stress concentration are the same, therefore,the initiation of nonlinearity for 90º and 45º loading whichmainly depends on interfacial radial stress remains constant bychanging the FVF. S.R Morsali et al. [19] studies the Mechanical behavior of unidirectional SiC/Ti composites subjected to o -axis loading at elevated temperatures. It was shown that results revealed that thermal residual stresses have a positive influence on the mechanical response for the loading angles more than 20º and negative e ects for angles less than that. Furthermore, by increasing the service temperature, the strength of the composite reduces especially at loading angles of 20º and 30º. S. Naboulsi et al. [20] Modeling transversely loaded metal–matrix composites. The result shows fully debondedand perfectly bonded interfaces have been implemented to model the interface between the fiber and matrix. W. Zhang et al. [21] an experimental study of Interfacial reaction studies of B4C-coated and Ccoated SiCfiber reinforced Ti-43Al-9V composites it was found that the interfacial reaction kinetics were calculated, whichshowsthattheactivationenergyoftheinterfacialreaction in B4C coatedSiCf/TiAlcomposites308.1kJ/mol,andinC-coatedSiCf/ Ti-Alcomposites230.7kJ/mol. Djanarthany S et al. [22] an investigation of the development of SiC/Ti-Al composites: processing and interfacial phenomena and result the activation energy of the interfacial reaction in SCS-6 SiCf/Ti-Al composite is 292 kJ/mol, and in non-coating SiCf/Ti-Al composite is 190 kJ/mol. By comparing those kinetics results, B4C-coated SiCf/Ti-Al composite has the largest activation energy of interfacial reaction, indicating that B4C-coated SiCf/Ti-Al composite has the slowest interfacial growth rate. Yue YLet al.[23] in their paper on the experimental investigation onfabrication and mechanical properties of Ti-C/Ti-Al composites and result show coefficients of expansion with Ti alloys, which can decrease both interfacial reaction and crack initiation between Ti-C and Ti matrix. Yue YL et al. [24] Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-C particle reinforced Ti-Al composites by spark plasma sintering and result show the reinforcing effect increases with more Ti-C if its content in TiAl-TiC composites is lower than 7 wt.%, but decreases if the Ti-C content is higher than 7 wt.%. This limited reinforcing effect is due to crack initiation and propagation among agglomerated Ti-C particles. Chiu HP et al [25] to study Interface control and design for SiCfiberreinforced titanium aluminize composites and it is known that interfacial reaction is closely related to the type of the SiCfiber and the matrix alloys. Leucht R et al. [26] an experimental investigation on additional ductile coatings for processing SiCfiber reinforced γ-Ti-Al alloys and the result found that titanium aluminizedcompositesbasedon Ti-Al, cracks often appear easily in the brittle Ti-Al matrix of TMCs during processing. In order to reduce cracks, a more plastic matrix is needed, besides of an extra ductile coating. Vanderschueren D et al. [27] Superplasticity in a vanadium alloyed gamma plus beta phased Ti-Al intermetallic. It has been reported that a Ti-Al intermetallic with a high content V is more in ductility, which is beneficial for processing TMCs. Holmquist M et al. [28]in their paper on experimental
20088
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
investigationisostatic diffusion bonding of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to gamma titanium aluminized IHI alloy. γ-TiAl intermetallic is winning more attention because of their low density, high elastic modulus, better oxidation resistance and good creep properties at elevated temperature. G.Cametal et al. [29] studied the Microstructural and mechanical characterization of diffusion bonded hybrid Ti-Al/Ti-6Al-4V joints. He thought that the formed interfacial product Ti3Al is detrimental to the bond strength of the joints, which can be concluded by the results of the shear strength test of the produced joints. Kong FT et al. [30] Interfacial the microstructure and shear strength of Ti-6Al-4V laminate composite sheet fabricated by hot packed rolling. For this value is that the strength of the formed α2 is better than that of the γ-Ti-Al intermetallic compound. Rangaswamy P et al. [31] an experimental the influence of thermal-mechanical processing on residual stresses in titanium matrix composites andhe found that the thermal residual stresses, which is caused by the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the Ti alloy matrix and the SiCfiber reinforcement during the coolingfrom the consolidation temperature influencethe overall mechanical properties of the composites. Shaw LL et al. [32] study of Effect of the interfacial region on the transverse behavior the metal–matrix composites using a finite element analysis. Their results shown the thermal residual stresses in the interfacial region strongly depend onthe properties of the interfacial region, while the residual stresses in the matrix and fiber are not significantly affected by these properties. Meinhard Kuntz et al. [33] Residual stresses in fiberreinforced ceramics due to thermal expansion mismatch. In the composites, an interfacial region (i.e. an interface coating or an interfacial reaction layer) between the fiber and matrix with a finite thickness is known to exit.He also obtained the interfacial region has an outstanding effect on the thermal residual stresses in composites by introducing a four-phase model consisting of concentric cylinders which represent fiber, an interfacial layer, matrix, and composite. Robertson et al. [34] have examined the effect of the thickness of the interfacial region on transverse properties of Ti-based metal-matrix composites. However, the matrix is assumed to be elastic in the model. Haqueet al.[35]have in vestigated the effect of the coating on thermal residual stresses generated at the fiber and matrix interface due to differences in the CTE mismatch between the various materials within the coating system.Broutman et al. [36] the theoretical study of the effect interfacial on the properties of the composite. Their analyses are limited by the assumption of linear elastic be haviors of all constituents (i.e. fiber, matrix and interfacial region) and only longitudinal properties are evaluate. TarcilaSugahara et al. [37] Creep behavior evaluation and characterization of SiCfilm with Cr interlayer deposit by HiPIMS in Ti6Al-4V alloy. This study showed that thedeposition of SiC film with Cr interlayer was effective in increasing creep life and resistance to oxidation of Ti-6Al-4Valloys.M.M. Aghdam et al. [38] Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures and results show that collapse stress of the composite decreases substantially at elevated temperatures due to lower strengths of the coating interface and matrix at elevated temperatures. Results also revealed that ignoring residual stress effects results in a very fast failure of the fiber and coating interfaceat the samestress levelat all service temperatures. D.S. Li et al. [39] studied the effects of fiber coating and damaged interface of SiC/Ti MMC’s and three distinct phases; e.g., fiber, coating, and matrix, together with fiber and coating interface were employed to predict the response of SiC/Ti composite system in longitudinal and transverse tension. M.M Aghdam et al. [40] presented new model including two different interfaces, one between fiber and coating and the other between coating and matrix for SiC/Ti system consideringtheeffectofcoatingandresidualstresses.Predictedresults show good agreement with experimental results for the whole range of the strain up to failure. Later, Aghdam et al. [41] modified their models to study the axial shear behavior of SiC/Ti MMC system at room temperature which also shows good agreement with experimental data. However, titanium based MMCs are mostly used in high service temperature applications such as turbine blades. Nimmer et al. [42] studied the transverse stress-strain behavior of SiC/Ti system at different temperatures using both experiment and finite element micromechanical model. Fully debonded interface with Coulomb friction was considered to include effects of the weak interface. Later, Nimmer et al. [43] employed the same model to investigate the effect of fiber array geometry on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti MMCs at different elevated temperatures. Naboulsi et al. [44] used analytical and numerical finite element method approach to determine the transverse behavior of SiC/Ti MMC at 23 and 427 °C. Again, a fully debonded interface was considered to include effects of the weak interface. V.K. Srivastava [45] studies characterization of adhesively bonded lap joints of C/C–SiC composite and Ti-6Al-4V alloy under varying conditions and results show that adhesive bond strength between Ti-6Al-4V and C/C-SiC adherent’s decreases about 40–50% with an increase of temperature and exposure time simultaneously.
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20089
Ho et al. [46] have studied the interface of PMDA-ODA with Cu, Al, Ni and Cr and they found that found the morphology and strength of the interface depended upon the specific metal/polyimide chemistry. LU Xiang-hong et al. [47] an experimental study kinetics and mechanism of interfacial reaction in SCS-6 Sic continuous fiberreinforced Ti-A1 intermetallic matrix composites and results show the growth of the interfacial reaction layers is controlled by diffusion and obeys a parabolic law.Xiaoguang Chen et al. [48] studies Interaction behaviors at the interface between liquid Al-Si and solid Ti-6Al-4V in ultrasonic-assisted brazing in the air. They have obtained abnormal interfacial chemical reactions between the liquid Al-Si and the solid Ti-6Al-4V occurred at the last stage of pitformation. Fu et al. [49] EffectofC-coatingontheinterfacialmicrostructure and properties of SiCfiber-reinforced Ti matrix compositeand shows that a narrow layer of fineTi-C particles is adjacent to the fiber, and abroad mixture layer of Ti-C and Ti3-Si3 particles is adjacent to the matrix at the inter face of SiC continuous fiber reinforced Ti6Al-4V matrix composites. K.L. Choy [50] study functionally graded coatings on sic fibers for protection in Tibased metal matrix composites and their results show coating was uniform and exhibited good adherence to the Sic fiber in the cross-section of the coated fiber and also no cracking and spalling of the coating was observed.Maan Aziz-Kerrzoet al.[51] an experimental investigation on electrochemical studies on the stability and corrosion resistance of titanium-based implant materials. Ti-6Al-4V and Ti exhibited high resistance to the onset of localized corrosion, but pits were found to initiate at potentials as low as 250mV (SCE) on Ti-45Ni.Zhao Er-Tuan et al. [52] study of interfacial reactions between Ti-1100 alloy and ceramic mold during investment casting and the result shows the Y2O3primary coating presents better stability for the Tií1100 melting. Higher mold temperature results in a more serious interfacial reaction. Different types of primary coating materials produce a different distribution of elements in α case layer.Hahn Choo et al. [53] introduced a thermal expansion anisotropy in a Ti-6Al-4V/SiC composite and their results show that in the axial direction, the matrix and fiber share the thermal load and coexpand up to about 800–900 K, above which the thermal load transfer becomes ineffective. In the transverse direction, the matrix and fibers expand independently over the whole temperature range. G.Sunil et al. [54] Effects of the interface on the fatigue crack growth response of titanium matrix composites, modeling, and impact on interface design. It was found that systems from the crack bridging model were consistently lower than the fiber strengths from extracted FCG specimens. A. F. Kalton et al. [55] a measurement of interfacial fracture energy by single fiber push-out testing and its application to the titanium and silicon carbide system. They found that high thermal residual stresses, in which the crack is likely to have propagated from bottom to top, in order to obtain a lower bound on the value of the fracture energy.Vaught et al. [56] an experimental study of thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of a cross-ply SCS-6/Ti-15V-3Cr metal-matrix composite and they obtained fatigue damage originated at the fiber and matrix interface of 90ºfiber and progressed as the transverse cracking in the matrix. W.O. Soboyejo et al. [57] An investigation of the effects of microstructure on fatigue damage in a symmetric [0/90]2s silicon carbide (SCS6) fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite. The best predictions of fatigue life are obtained when the fatigue degradation of interfacial shear strength is neglected in the crack bridging analysis. Xian LUO et al.[58] Microstructure and interface thermal stability of C/Mo double-coated SiCfiber reinforced γ-Ti-Al matrix composites and it was found that the interfacial reaction layer thickness of the former is thinner than that of the latter, which indicates C/Mo duplex coating is more efficient in hindering the interfacial reaction than C single coating. 3. Conclusions The above study on MMCs by considering various parameters leads to increase the interface stability between the fiber and matrix. Furthermore, in more complicated loading conditions such as off-axis loading, the residual stresses, and weak interface phenomena may have specific effects on the failure mechanism depending on the angle of loading axis. Therefore, any accurate modeling of the MMCs response should include these two effective phenomena. Due to the benefits of the MMCs further researches are going on the field which is not being covered. References [1] [2]
Aghdam, M. M., and S. R. Morsali. “Understanding residual stresses in metal matrix composites.Residual Stresses in Composite Materials”. 2014. 233-255. Sun, Q., Luo, X., Yang, Y. Q., Feng, G. H., Zhao, G. M., & Huang, B. (2015). “A review on the research progress of push-out method in testing interfacial properties of SiCfiber-reinforced titanium matrix composites”. Composite Interfaces, 22(5), 367-386.
20090
[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
Sun, C. T., Chen, J. L., Sha, G. T., & Koop, W. E. (1993). An investigation of the mechanical behavior of SCS-6/Ti-6-4 metal-matrix composite at elevated temperatures. Composites science and technology, 49(2), 183-190. Eggleston, M. R., &Krempl, E. (1994). The transverse creep and tensile behaviour of SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V metal matrix composites at 482 C. Mechanics of composite materials and structures An International Journal, 1(1), 53-73. J. Lou, Eggleston,M.R, “The analysis on transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method”, Mater. Des. 31 (8) (2010) 3949–3953. Huang, B., Yang, Y., Luo, H., Yuan, M., & Chen, Y. (2008). “Effect of the interfacial reaction layer thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiCf/Ti–6Al–4V composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 489(1), 178-186. Lou, J. H., Yang, Y. Q., Luo, X., Yuan, M. N., & Feng, G. H. (2010). “The analysis on transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites by finite element method”. Materials & Design, 31(8), 3949-3953. D.S. Li, M.R. Wisnom, Micromechanical modelling of SCS-6 fibre reinforced Ti6A1-4 V under transverse tension-e ect of fibre coating, J. Compos. Mater. 30 (5) (1996) 561-588. M. Aghdam, S. Morsali, “Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures, Compute”. Mater. Sci. 79 (2013) 402-407. Aghdam, M. M., Pavier, M. J., & Smith, D. J. (2001). “Micro-mechanics of off-axis loading of metal matrix composites using finite element analysis”. International journal of solids and structures, 38(22), 3905-3925. Xun, Y. W., Tan, M. J., & Zhou, J. T. (2000). Processing and interface stability of SiCfiber reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr matrix composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 102(1), 215-220. Ren, S., He, X., Qu, X., & Li, Y. (2008). “Effect of controlled interfacial reaction on the microstructure and properties of the SiC/Al composites prepared by pressureless infiltration”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 455(1), 424-431. Guo, S. Q., Kagawa, Y., Saito, H., & Masuda, C. (1998). “Microstructural characterization of interface in SiCfiber-reinforced Ti-15V-3Cr– 3Al–3Sn matrix composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 246(1), 25-35. Li, J. K., Yang, Y. Q., Yuan, M. N., Xian, L. U. O., & Li, L. L. (2008). “Effect of properties of SiCfibers on longitudinal tensile behavior of SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18(3), 523-530. Zhang, W., Yang, Y. Q., Zhao, G. M., Huang, B., Feng, Z. Q., Luo, X., ... & Lou, J. H. (2013). “Investigation of interfacial reaction in SiCfiber reinforced Ti–43Al–9V composites”. Intermetallics, 33, 54-59. Feng, G. H., Yang, Y. Q., Luo, X., Li, J., Huang, B., & Chen, Y. (2015). “Fatigue properties and fracture analysis of a SiCfiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 68, 336-342. Mahmoodi, M. J., &Aghdam, M. M. (2011). “Damage analysis of fiber reinforced Ti-alloy subjected to multi-axial loading-A micromechanical approach”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(27), 7983-7990. Aghdam, M. M., Hosseini, S. M. A., &Morsali, S. R. (2015). “Simulation of interface damage in metal matrix composites under off-axis loading using cohesive zone model”. Computational Materials Science, 108, 42-47. Aghdam, M. M., Morsali, S. R., Hosseini, S. M. A., &Sadighi, M. (2017). “Mechanical behavior of unidirectional SiC/Ti composites subjected to off-axis loading at elevated temperatures”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 688, 244-249. Naboulsi, S. (2003). “Modeling Transversely Loaded Metal–Matrix Composites”. Journal of composite materials, 37(1), 55-72. Zhang, W., Yang, Y. Q., Zhao, G. M., Feng, Z. Q., Huang, B., Luo, X., ... & Chen, Y. X. (2014). “Interfacial reaction studies of B4C-coated and C-coated SiCfiber reinforced Ti-43Al-9V composites”. Intermetallics, 50, 14-19. Yun-long, Y., Yan-sheng, G., Hai-tao, W., Chuan-bin, W., &Lian-meng, Z. (2004). “Fabrication and mechanical properties of Ti-C/Ti-Al composites”. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 19(1), 1-4. Yue, Y., Wu, H., Wu, B., Wang, Z., Yin, H., & Su, T. (2007). “Microstructures and mechanical properties of TiC particle reinforced Ti-Al composites by spark plasma sintering_. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology. Materials Science Edition, 22(2), 291. Chiu, H. P., Jeng, S. M., & Yang, J. M. (1993). Interface control and design for SiCfiber-reinforced titanium aluminide composites. Journal of materials research, 8(8), 2040-2053. Leucht, R., Dudek, H. J., & Weber, K. (1996). “Additional ductile coatings for processing SiC-fibre reinforced γ-TiAl alloys”. Journal of materials science letters, 15(15), 1315-1318. Vanderschueren, D., Nobuki, M., & Nakamura, M. (1993). “Superplasticity in a vanadium alloyed gamma plus beta phased Ti-Al intermetallic”. Scriptametallurgica et materialia, 28(5), 605-610. Holmquist, M., Recina, V., Ockborn, J., Pettersson, B., &Zumalde, E. (1998). “Hot isostatic diffusion bonding of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to gamma titanium aluminide IHI alloy 01A”. Scriptamaterialia, 39(8), 1101-1106. Cam, G., Oezdemir, U., Ventzke, V., &Kocak, M. (2008). “Microstructural and mechanical characterization of diffusion bonded hybrid joints”. Journal of Materials Science, 43(10), 3491-3499. Kong, F., Chen, Y., & Zhang, D. (2011). “Interfacial microstructure and shear strength of Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-Al laminate composite sheet fabricated by hot packed rolling”. Materials & Design, 32(6), 3167-3172. Rangaswamy, P., Bourke, M. A. M., Wright, P. K., Jayaraman, N., Kartzmark, E., & Roberts, J. A. (1997). “The influence of thermalmechanical processing on residual stresses in titanium matrix composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 224(1-2), 200-209. Shaw, L. L., & Miracle, D. B. (1996). “Effects of an interfacial region on the transverse behavior of metal-matrix composites a finite element analysis”. Acta materialia, 44(5), 2043-2055. Kuntz, M., Meier, B., &Grathwohl, G. (1993). “Residual Stresses in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics due to thermal Expansion Mismatch”. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 76(10), 2607-2612. Robertson, D. D., & Mall, S. (1992). “Fiber-matrix interphase effects upon transverse behavior in metal-matrix composites”. Journal of Composites, Technology and Research, 14(1), 3-11. Huang, B., Yang, Y., Luo, H., & Yuan, M. (2009). “Effects of the coating system and interfacial region thickness on the thermal residual stresses in SiC f/Ti-6Al-4V composites”. Materials & Design, 30(3), 718-722. Broutman, L. J., & Agarwal, B. D. (1974). “A theoretical study of the effect of an interfacial layer on the properties of composites”. Polymer Engineering & Science, 14(8), 581-588.
Netrananda Behera et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20085–20091
20091
[36] Sugahara, T., Martins, G. V., Montoro, F. E., Neto, A. M., Massi, M., da Silva Sobrinho, A. S., & Reis, D. A. P. (2017). “Creep behavior evaluation and characterization of SiC film with Cr interlayer deposited by HiPIMS in Ti-6Al-4V alloy”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 309, 410-416. [37] Aghdam, M. M., &Morsali, S. R. (2013). “Damage initiation and collapse behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures”. Computational Materials Science, 79, 402-407. [38] Li, D. S., &Wisnom, M. R. (1996). “Micromechanical Modelling of SCS-6 Fibre Reinforced Ti-6A1-4V under Transverse Tension-Effect of Fibre Coating”. Journal of composite materials, 30(5), 561-588. [39] Aghdam, M. M., &Falahatgar, S. R. (2004). “Micromechanical modeling of interface damage of metal matrix composites subjected to transverse loading”. Composite structures, 66(1), 415-420. [40] Mahmoodi, M. J., Aghdam, M. M., &Shakeri, M. (2010). “The effects of interfacial debonding on the elastoplastic response of unidirectional silicon carbide-titanium composites”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 224(2), 259-269. [41] Nimmer, R. P., Bankert, R. J., Russell, E. S., Smith, G. A., & Wright, P. K. (1991). “Micromechanical modeling of fiber/matrix interface effects in transversely loaded SiC/Ti-6-4 metal matrix composites. Journal of Composites”, Technology and Research, 13(1), 3-13. [42] Nimmer, R. P., Bankert, R. J., Russell, E. S., Smith, G. A., & Wright, P. K. (1991). “Effect of fiber array geometry on the transverse tensile behavior of SiC/Ti MMCs at different elevated temperatures”.Journal of Composites, Technology and Research, 13(1), 3-13. [43] Naboulsi, S. (2003). “Modeling Transversely Loaded Metal-Matrix Composites”. Journal of composite materials, 37(1), 55-72. [44] Srivastava, V. K. (2003). “Characterization of adhesive bonded lap joints of C/C–SiC composite and Ti-6Al-4V alloy under varying conditions”. International journal of adhesion and adhesives, 23(1), 59-67. [45] Ho, P. S., Hahn, P. O., Bartha, J. W., Rubloff, G. W., LeGoues, F. K., & Silverman, A. B. (1985). “Chemical bonding and reaction at metal/polymer interfaces”. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 3(3), 739-745. [46] Lu, X. H., Yang, Y. Q., LIU, C. X., Yan, C. H. E. N., & AI, Y. L. (2006). “Kinetics and mechanism of interfacial reaction in SCS-6 SiC continuous fiber-reinforced Ti-Al intermetallic matrix composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 16(1), 77-83. [47] Chen, X., Yan, J., Gao, F., Wei, J., Xu, Z., & Fan, G. (2013). “Interaction behaviors at the interface between liquid Al–Si and solid Ti-6Al– 4V in ultrasonic-assisted brazing in air”. Ultrasonicssonochemistry, 20(1), 144-154. [48] Fu, Y. C., Shi, N. L., Zhang, D. Z., & Yang, R. (2006). “Effect of C coating on the interfacial microstructure and properties of SiCfiberreinforced Ti matrix composites”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 426(1), 278-282. [49] Choy, K. L. (1996). “Functionally graded coatings on SiC fibres for protection in Ti-based metal matrix composites”. Scriptamaterialia, 34(11), 1753-1758. [50] Aziz-Kerrzo, M., Conroy, K. G., Fenelon, A. M., Farrell, S. T., &Breslin, C. B. (2001). “Electrochemical studies on the stability and corrosion resistance of titanium-based implant materials”. Biomaterials, 22(12), 1531-1539. [51] ZHAO, E. T., KONG, F. T., CHEN, Y. Y., & LI, B. H. (2011). “Interfacial reactions between Ti-1100 alloy and ceramic mould during investment casting”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 21, s348-s352. [52] Choo, H., Rangaswamy, P., Bourke, M. A., & Larsen, J. M. (2002). “Thermal expansion anisotropy in a Ti–6Al–4V/SiC composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 325(1), 236-241. [53] Warrier, S. G.sunil, &Majumdar, B. S. (1997). “Effects of the interface on the fatigue crack growth response of titanium matrix composites”: modeling and impact on interface design. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 237(2), 256-267. [54] Kalton, A. F., Howard, S. J., Janczak-Rusch, J., & Clyne, T. W. (1998). “Measurement of interfacial fracture energy by single fibre pushout testing and its application to the titaniumsilicon carbide system”. Acta materialia, 46(9), 3175-3189. [55] Vaught, W. H. (1991). Thermo-mechanical Fatigue Characterization of an Angle Ply Metal Matrix Composite (No. AFIT/GAE/ENY/91D21). Air force inst of tech wright-pattersonafb oh school of engineering. [56] Soboyejo, W. O., &Rabeeh, B. M. (1995). “An investigation of the effects of microstructure on fatigue damage in a symmetric [090] 2s silicon carbide (SCS6) fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 200(1-2), 89-102. [57] Xian, L. U. O., Chao, L. I., Yang, Y. Q., Xu, H. M., Li, X. Y., Shuai, L. I. U., & Li, P. T. (2016). “Microstructure and interface thermal stability of C/Mo double-coated SiCfiber reinforced γ-TiAl matrix composites”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 26(5), 1317-1325.