- Email: [email protected]
Modeling and Simulation for Aluminium Profile Extrusion
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online atProcedia www.sciencedirect.com Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Structural Integrity 13 00 (2018) 2077–2082 Structural Integrity Procedia (2016) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity
Modeling and Simulation for Aluminium Profile Extrusion Modeling and Simulation for Aluminium Profile Extrusion
XV Portuguese Conference 2016, Paço deb Arcos, Portugal a on Fracture, PCF a2016, 10-12 February a
Admir Šupića, Almir Bečirovića, Aldin Obućinaa, Milorad Zrilićb Admir Šupić , Almir Bečirović , Aldin Obućina , Milorad Zrilić
University of Travnik, Faculty of Technical Studies, Aleja konzula No. 5, 72270 Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina Thermo-mechanical modeling of akonzula high pressure turbine blade of an University of Travnik, Faculty of Technical Studies, Aleja No. 5, 72270 No. Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva No. 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia airplane gas turbine engine a a
b b
a
b
c
Abstract P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus * Abstract a Departmentconsumption of Mechanical in Engineering, Instituto Superiorby Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Global aluminium the last decade followed an overview of deformation theory and extrusion process basics Global aluminium decade byPortugal anofoverview of deformation theory andequipment extrusion process basics are presented in theconsumption Introduction in ofthe thislast paper. Thefollowed components the extrusion press with additional and integrated b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, are presented in the Introduction this paper. components of the extrusion press with additional equipment and integrated systems are presented in the nextof chapter of thisThe work. The extrusion die design is described in detail, from the designing to the Portugal c systems are presented next chapter of This this work. The extrusion die Universidade design istodescribed inof detail, fromPais, the 1,designing to the manufacturing processinofofthe the extrusion die. is followed by an introduction thedetheory the finite element method and CeFEMA, Department Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Av. Rovisco 1049-001 Lisboa, manufacturing process the extrusion die. This is followed by anthe introduction theory thethis finite element method and Portugal numerical analysis. Theof extrusion process simulation represents final parttoofthe this work;of in work, the “L” profile, numerical analysis. extrusion process simulation represents theprofile final part of this work; isinused this for work, “L” profile, manufactured by theThe German company “HUECK GmbH”, with the number P447937 the the simulation. The manufactured by the German company software. “HUECKFollowing GmbH”, the withend theofprofile number P447937 is used measurements for the simulation. The extrusion is simulated in the COMSOL the simulation process, referent like billet Abstract extrusion is simulated the COMSOL software. Following the end the simulation process, referent measurements temperature, extrusion in velocity, isothermal exchange of extrusion andofdeformation are presented. The simulation resultslike are billet used temperature, extrusiondie velocity, isothermal exchange of extrusion and deformation presented. simulation are used to help in predicting damage, so it could be eliminated and corrections could are be made at theThe right time. Inresults this way, it is operation, modernsoaircraft components are subjected to be increasingly demanding conditions, to During help intotheir predicting die money. damage, it couldengine be eliminated and corrections could made at the right time.operating In this way, it is possible save time and especially the time high and pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent possible to save money. degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2018creep The Authors. Published by Elsevier behaviour of HPT blades.B.V. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation © the 2018 The under Authors. Published by B.V. Peer-review responsibility of Elsevier the ECF22 organizers. Peer-review of the ECF22 organizers. company,under wereresponsibility used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were Keywords: deformation, extrusion, simulation, COMSOL obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D Keywords: deformation, extrusion, simulation, COMSOL rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a 1. model Introduction can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.
1. Introduction ©Extrusion 2016 The is Authors. Published by Elsevier a process of shaping where B.V. the material, most frequently cold, is, under the influence of a force, brought under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF is a process shaping where the amaterial, most frequently cold,die is, or under the influence of ainforce, brought to Peer-review aExtrusion state of plastic flow of and pushed through gap between the 2016. press and through an opening the die. The to a state ofof plastic flow and pushed through a gap press or through opening in the die. The plastic flow cold metals is analogue to the flow of abetween viscous the liquid andand it isdie defined by the an laws of hydromechanics. Keywords: Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; plastic flowHigh of cold metals analogue to the flow a viscous liquid andSimulation. it is defined by the laws of hydromechanics. In 2015, China was the islargest manufacturer ofofraw aluminium (not including recycled aluminium), producing 31 In 2015, China of rawproduction. aluminium Russian (not including recycled aluminium), 31 million tonnes, thatwas is, the 55%largest of themanufacturer world aluminium production amounted to 7% producing of the global million tonnes, that produced is, 55% of5%, theand world production amounted to 7% the global production, Canada thealuminium UAE 4%. production. Just like steel,Russian aluminium production in China grewofrapidly. In production, produced 5%, and the UAE 4%. Just like steel, aluminium in China grew rapidly. In 2004, ChinaCanada produced 6.7 million tonnes of aluminium, which is an average production annual growth rate of 16% over the 2004, China produced 6.7 million tonnes of aluminium, which is an average annual growth rate of 16% over the decade to 2015. [5] decade to 2015. [5] 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2452-3216 © 2018 Authors. Published Elsevier B.V. Peer-review underThe responsibility of theby ECF22 organizers. * Corresponding Tel.: +351of218419991. Peer-review underauthor. responsibility the ECF22 organizers. E-mail address: [email protected] 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.205
2078 2
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Even though China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of aluminium, it is not a large exporter or importer of aluminium. Russia was the world’s largest exporter of aluminium, exporting 3.4 million tonnes, or 18% of world exports in 2015. In 2015, the world’s largest importer was Germany with 2.59 million tonnes, or 11% of the world’s total imports. [5] 2. Numerical simulation COMSOL is a powerful engineering software for running simulations by applying the finite element method whereby intended for solving problems ranging from primary linear analyses to extremely demanding nonlinear simulations. It has a large library of elements which enables the creation of different model geometries. Designed as a general simulation tool, COMSOL can be applied in researching not only structural problems. It enables heat transfer simulations, mass transfer through diffusion, thermoelectric analysis, acoustics, soil mechanics, piezoelectric analysis, electromagnetic analysis and fluid dynamics. COMSOL software package has an environment that offers a simple, consistent interface for creating, monitoring and evaluating the results by using the COMSOL simulator. The package is composed of several modules where each one defines a logical aspect of the modelling process such as: • defining geometry, • specifying the properties of materials • mesh generation. Transitioning from module to module creates a model from which ABAQUS generates an input file necessary for performing the simulation process. Results analysis is performed in a separate module where COMSOL receives information that enable progress monitoring and output database creation. Reading output data, reviewing and correcting the results of the analysis are enabled by applying the module intended for visualisation. The entire COMSOL analysis consists of three phases: pre-processing, simulation, post-processing. The produced profile has a composition of the AlMgSi0.5 alloy, where it is the most prominent one in the extrusion process when it comes to the profile extrusion. The extruded profile sample along with the utilised documentation is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1. An overview of the extruded profile dimensions and sample
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
2079 3
By defining a mesh at the output cross section, we can see that there is a clear distinction that the mesh is properly distributed in relation to the die mesh, which means that there will be no mesh deviation, that is, profile deformation. On the other hand, there is a probability that deformation and die damage will occur. An overview of the die mesh and the extruded profile is presented in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. A detail of the extrusion profile mesh and the extrusion zone
The appearance of a different mesh density can be noted on the lateral side of the model cross section and at the container and die inlets considering that billet heating starts at the inlet, while billet deformation and the process of shaping it into a profile that is extruded starts at the die inlet, so mesh thickening is expected to occur in those areas. The changes are shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Mesh thickening
3. Simulation results The results obtained during the simulation give a clear overview of the tool and billet state after the simulation is finished where, based upon the results, we can see where it is necessary to perform tool corrections and correction in the extrusion process. Figures 4. and 5. display isothermal temperature changes where the lowest temperature is noted at the container inlet and the highest one at the die exit, that is, at the location where the profile is finally shaped. Figure 6 displays die stress distribution where it can be noted that the stress expands towards the edges of the die, which leads to die deformation Considering that extremely high temperatures and pressure are involved here, die strains can be detected by way of simulating the cross section, which is shown in Figure 7. Figure 8. displays the velocity fields and the aluminium flow patterns in the profile cross section. Figure 9. shows the flow patterns, velocity fields and deformation of the profile during extrusion where red arrows represent the heat flux of the extruded aluminium. Figure 10. shows the mesh deformation under stress.
Author name /etStructural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Admir Šupić al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082
4 2080
Fig. 4. Isothermal billet temperature change displayed in COMSOL on the x-y plane
Fig. 5. Isothermal billet temperature change displayed in COMSOL on the y-z plane
.
Fig. 6. Stress distribution in the cross section
Fig. 7. Regular strain distribution
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 8. Aluminium flow patterns and velocity fields
Fig. 9. Flow patterns, heat flux and profile deformation
5
2081
2082 6
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 10. Mesh deformation under stress
4. Conclusion In many cases, software programmes for 2D and 3D modelling help in predicting how the processed item will behave thereby predicting and preventing potential mistakes, which automatically saves time and money. Automotive industries, aircraft industries and all the world’s companies base their production on the usage of software packages because it is impossible to imagine product manufacturing without previous performance tests being made (even if it is theoretical, conducted under ideal conditions). References Šupić, A., 2017. Završni rad ”Projektovanje tehnologija i alata za istosmjerno presovanje aluminijskih profila kompleksne konfiguracije”, Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo. Musafija, B., 1991. “Obrada metala plastičnom deformacijom”, Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo, Sarajevo. Pradip, K. S., 2000. “Aluminium Extrusion Technology”, ASM International Ohio, Ohio. Popović, P., Vukićević, D., Janković, Lj., Temeljkovski, D., Marinković, T., 1993. “Uticaj oblika mosta u alatu za izradu profila od Al i Al legura na formiranje mrtvih zona”, Tribologija u industriji, Sofia. García-Domínguez, A., Claver, J., Camacho, A. M., Sebastián, M. A., 2015. “Comparative Analysis of Extrusion Processes by Finite Element Analysis”, Procedia Engineering, Volume 100, Pages 74-83 Australian Government, “Analysis of steel and aluminium markets report to the commissioner of the anti-dumping commission”, Department of Industry, Inovation and Science, August 2016. Robbins, P., Chien, K., Jowett, C., Dixon, B., “The Design and Benefits of a Thermally Stable Container”, Rio Tinto, Kingston, Canada May 2016. Hutton, D. V., “Fundamentals of finite element analysis”, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York 2014. Aleksandrović, S., 2005. “Proizvodne tehnologije”, Mašinski fakultet kragujeva, Kragujevac. Comsol Multiphysics “Users Guide 4.3”, May 2012. Comsol Multiphysics 5.3. “Fluid-Structure Interaction in Aluminium Extrusion”. https://www.comsol.com/videos. http://www.alexindia.co.in/conference.htm
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online atProcedia www.sciencedirect.com Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Structural Integrity 13 00 (2018) 2077–2082 Structural Integrity Procedia (2016) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity
Modeling and Simulation for Aluminium Profile Extrusion Modeling and Simulation for Aluminium Profile Extrusion
XV Portuguese Conference 2016, Paço deb Arcos, Portugal a on Fracture, PCF a2016, 10-12 February a
Admir Šupića, Almir Bečirovića, Aldin Obućinaa, Milorad Zrilićb Admir Šupić , Almir Bečirović , Aldin Obućina , Milorad Zrilić
University of Travnik, Faculty of Technical Studies, Aleja konzula No. 5, 72270 Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina Thermo-mechanical modeling of akonzula high pressure turbine blade of an University of Travnik, Faculty of Technical Studies, Aleja No. 5, 72270 No. Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva No. 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia airplane gas turbine engine a a
b b
a
b
c
Abstract P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus * Abstract a Departmentconsumption of Mechanical in Engineering, Instituto Superiorby Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Global aluminium the last decade followed an overview of deformation theory and extrusion process basics Global aluminium decade byPortugal anofoverview of deformation theory andequipment extrusion process basics are presented in theconsumption Introduction in ofthe thislast paper. Thefollowed components the extrusion press with additional and integrated b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, are presented in the Introduction this paper. components of the extrusion press with additional equipment and integrated systems are presented in the nextof chapter of thisThe work. The extrusion die design is described in detail, from the designing to the Portugal c systems are presented next chapter of This this work. The extrusion die Universidade design istodescribed inof detail, fromPais, the 1,designing to the manufacturing processinofofthe the extrusion die. is followed by an introduction thedetheory the finite element method and CeFEMA, Department Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Av. Rovisco 1049-001 Lisboa, manufacturing process the extrusion die. This is followed by anthe introduction theory thethis finite element method and Portugal numerical analysis. Theof extrusion process simulation represents final parttoofthe this work;of in work, the “L” profile, numerical analysis. extrusion process simulation represents theprofile final part of this work; isinused this for work, “L” profile, manufactured by theThe German company “HUECK GmbH”, with the number P447937 the the simulation. The manufactured by the German company software. “HUECKFollowing GmbH”, the withend theofprofile number P447937 is used measurements for the simulation. The extrusion is simulated in the COMSOL the simulation process, referent like billet Abstract extrusion is simulated the COMSOL software. Following the end the simulation process, referent measurements temperature, extrusion in velocity, isothermal exchange of extrusion andofdeformation are presented. The simulation resultslike are billet used temperature, extrusiondie velocity, isothermal exchange of extrusion and deformation presented. simulation are used to help in predicting damage, so it could be eliminated and corrections could are be made at theThe right time. Inresults this way, it is operation, modernsoaircraft components are subjected to be increasingly demanding conditions, to During help intotheir predicting die money. damage, it couldengine be eliminated and corrections could made at the right time.operating In this way, it is possible save time and especially the time high and pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent possible to save money. degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2018creep The Authors. Published by Elsevier behaviour of HPT blades.B.V. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation © the 2018 The under Authors. Published by B.V. Peer-review responsibility of Elsevier the ECF22 organizers. Peer-review of the ECF22 organizers. company,under wereresponsibility used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were Keywords: deformation, extrusion, simulation, COMSOL obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D Keywords: deformation, extrusion, simulation, COMSOL rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a 1. model Introduction can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.
1. Introduction ©Extrusion 2016 The is Authors. Published by Elsevier a process of shaping where B.V. the material, most frequently cold, is, under the influence of a force, brought under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF is a process shaping where the amaterial, most frequently cold,die is, or under the influence of ainforce, brought to Peer-review aExtrusion state of plastic flow of and pushed through gap between the 2016. press and through an opening the die. The to a state ofof plastic flow and pushed through a gap press or through opening in the die. The plastic flow cold metals is analogue to the flow of abetween viscous the liquid andand it isdie defined by the an laws of hydromechanics. Keywords: Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; plastic flowHigh of cold metals analogue to the flow a viscous liquid andSimulation. it is defined by the laws of hydromechanics. In 2015, China was the islargest manufacturer ofofraw aluminium (not including recycled aluminium), producing 31 In 2015, China of rawproduction. aluminium Russian (not including recycled aluminium), 31 million tonnes, thatwas is, the 55%largest of themanufacturer world aluminium production amounted to 7% producing of the global million tonnes, that produced is, 55% of5%, theand world production amounted to 7% the global production, Canada thealuminium UAE 4%. production. Just like steel,Russian aluminium production in China grewofrapidly. In production, produced 5%, and the UAE 4%. Just like steel, aluminium in China grew rapidly. In 2004, ChinaCanada produced 6.7 million tonnes of aluminium, which is an average production annual growth rate of 16% over the 2004, China produced 6.7 million tonnes of aluminium, which is an average annual growth rate of 16% over the decade to 2015. [5] decade to 2015. [5] 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2452-3216 © 2018 Authors. Published Elsevier B.V. Peer-review underThe responsibility of theby ECF22 organizers. * Corresponding Tel.: +351of218419991. Peer-review underauthor. responsibility the ECF22 organizers. E-mail address: [email protected] 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.205
2078 2
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Even though China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of aluminium, it is not a large exporter or importer of aluminium. Russia was the world’s largest exporter of aluminium, exporting 3.4 million tonnes, or 18% of world exports in 2015. In 2015, the world’s largest importer was Germany with 2.59 million tonnes, or 11% of the world’s total imports. [5] 2. Numerical simulation COMSOL is a powerful engineering software for running simulations by applying the finite element method whereby intended for solving problems ranging from primary linear analyses to extremely demanding nonlinear simulations. It has a large library of elements which enables the creation of different model geometries. Designed as a general simulation tool, COMSOL can be applied in researching not only structural problems. It enables heat transfer simulations, mass transfer through diffusion, thermoelectric analysis, acoustics, soil mechanics, piezoelectric analysis, electromagnetic analysis and fluid dynamics. COMSOL software package has an environment that offers a simple, consistent interface for creating, monitoring and evaluating the results by using the COMSOL simulator. The package is composed of several modules where each one defines a logical aspect of the modelling process such as: • defining geometry, • specifying the properties of materials • mesh generation. Transitioning from module to module creates a model from which ABAQUS generates an input file necessary for performing the simulation process. Results analysis is performed in a separate module where COMSOL receives information that enable progress monitoring and output database creation. Reading output data, reviewing and correcting the results of the analysis are enabled by applying the module intended for visualisation. The entire COMSOL analysis consists of three phases: pre-processing, simulation, post-processing. The produced profile has a composition of the AlMgSi0.5 alloy, where it is the most prominent one in the extrusion process when it comes to the profile extrusion. The extruded profile sample along with the utilised documentation is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1. An overview of the extruded profile dimensions and sample
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
2079 3
By defining a mesh at the output cross section, we can see that there is a clear distinction that the mesh is properly distributed in relation to the die mesh, which means that there will be no mesh deviation, that is, profile deformation. On the other hand, there is a probability that deformation and die damage will occur. An overview of the die mesh and the extruded profile is presented in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. A detail of the extrusion profile mesh and the extrusion zone
The appearance of a different mesh density can be noted on the lateral side of the model cross section and at the container and die inlets considering that billet heating starts at the inlet, while billet deformation and the process of shaping it into a profile that is extruded starts at the die inlet, so mesh thickening is expected to occur in those areas. The changes are shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Mesh thickening
3. Simulation results The results obtained during the simulation give a clear overview of the tool and billet state after the simulation is finished where, based upon the results, we can see where it is necessary to perform tool corrections and correction in the extrusion process. Figures 4. and 5. display isothermal temperature changes where the lowest temperature is noted at the container inlet and the highest one at the die exit, that is, at the location where the profile is finally shaped. Figure 6 displays die stress distribution where it can be noted that the stress expands towards the edges of the die, which leads to die deformation Considering that extremely high temperatures and pressure are involved here, die strains can be detected by way of simulating the cross section, which is shown in Figure 7. Figure 8. displays the velocity fields and the aluminium flow patterns in the profile cross section. Figure 9. shows the flow patterns, velocity fields and deformation of the profile during extrusion where red arrows represent the heat flux of the extruded aluminium. Figure 10. shows the mesh deformation under stress.
Author name /etStructural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Admir Šupić al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082
4 2080
Fig. 4. Isothermal billet temperature change displayed in COMSOL on the x-y plane
Fig. 5. Isothermal billet temperature change displayed in COMSOL on the y-z plane
.
Fig. 6. Stress distribution in the cross section
Fig. 7. Regular strain distribution
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 8. Aluminium flow patterns and velocity fields
Fig. 9. Flow patterns, heat flux and profile deformation
5
2081
2082 6
Admir Šupić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2077–2082 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 10. Mesh deformation under stress
4. Conclusion In many cases, software programmes for 2D and 3D modelling help in predicting how the processed item will behave thereby predicting and preventing potential mistakes, which automatically saves time and money. Automotive industries, aircraft industries and all the world’s companies base their production on the usage of software packages because it is impossible to imagine product manufacturing without previous performance tests being made (even if it is theoretical, conducted under ideal conditions). References Šupić, A., 2017. Završni rad ”Projektovanje tehnologija i alata za istosmjerno presovanje aluminijskih profila kompleksne konfiguracije”, Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo. Musafija, B., 1991. “Obrada metala plastičnom deformacijom”, Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo, Sarajevo. Pradip, K. S., 2000. “Aluminium Extrusion Technology”, ASM International Ohio, Ohio. Popović, P., Vukićević, D., Janković, Lj., Temeljkovski, D., Marinković, T., 1993. “Uticaj oblika mosta u alatu za izradu profila od Al i Al legura na formiranje mrtvih zona”, Tribologija u industriji, Sofia. García-Domínguez, A., Claver, J., Camacho, A. M., Sebastián, M. A., 2015. “Comparative Analysis of Extrusion Processes by Finite Element Analysis”, Procedia Engineering, Volume 100, Pages 74-83 Australian Government, “Analysis of steel and aluminium markets report to the commissioner of the anti-dumping commission”, Department of Industry, Inovation and Science, August 2016. Robbins, P., Chien, K., Jowett, C., Dixon, B., “The Design and Benefits of a Thermally Stable Container”, Rio Tinto, Kingston, Canada May 2016. Hutton, D. V., “Fundamentals of finite element analysis”, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York 2014. Aleksandrović, S., 2005. “Proizvodne tehnologije”, Mašinski fakultet kragujeva, Kragujevac. Comsol Multiphysics “Users Guide 4.3”, May 2012. Comsol Multiphysics 5.3. “Fluid-Structure Interaction in Aluminium Extrusion”. https://www.comsol.com/videos. http://www.alexindia.co.in/conference.htm