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Modeling diesel particulate emissions with neural networks
11 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry) nescence produced a relationship between OH and CH chemiluminescence that can be used to estimate the equivalence ratio of a flame, independent of the mass flowrate. This relationship has immediate value in the context of a feedback control system for reducing pollution (NO,) emission from a premixed gas turbine engine.
effect of thermal radiation on heating and evaporation of semitransparent diesel fuel droplets is shown to be considerably smaller when compared with the case of black opaque droplets.
02/01653 Compact gas turbine installation CQrdu, M. and Dumitru, M. Energy Conversion and Manugemenr, 2001, 42, (14) 1741-1747. A compact gas turbine installation is described in which, to be compact and easier, the blades of the gas turbine (GT) (void inside) are mounted at the periphery of the rotor of the centrifugal air compressor (AC) with a single compression stage. The air, partially compressed in the AC rotor, is passed and compressed further in the channels of the blades of the GT and is admitted into the toroidal combustion chamber (CC). The flue gas produced in the CC passes through the GT nozzles and the channels between their blades, and then it is exhausted from the installation. A slight preheating of the air takes place in the channels of the CT blades before its admission into the CC.
Tarkowski, P. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (IO), 1399-1403. The authors studied deposits from combustion chambers of highpressure engines supplied with standard fuel (SO) and ecological fuel of City-Diesel type. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffractograms, Mdssuer absorption and additionally Raman wavenumber measurements were made. The wearing of some engine elements was examined by the profilometric method. By using ecological fuel, the deposits were shown to contain four to five times less iron compounds than standard fuel supply. This accounts for a smaller attrition of the combustion chamber elements, and thus longer durability of the engine.
Effects of fuel additives on the microstructure of combustion engine deposits 02/01654
Zerda, T,W. et al. Carbon, 2001, 39, (IO), 1589-1597. The microstructure of spark-ignition (SI) engine deposits produced from fuels with two commonly used gasoline additives, polyether amine and polybutene amine, were studied by gas adsorption technique and Raman spectroscopy. The lateral sizes of graphitic crystallites were found to increase upon addition of the additives. The surface areas of the deposits were evaluated using the BET and DR theories. Density functional theory was used to evaluate pore size distribution. The majority of the internal surface area of the deposits is due to narrow pores of widths of about 0.5 nm. The surface area of the deposits decreases with increased concentration of the additives, and this process is more efficient for polybutene amines than polyether amines. The structure of the deposits removed from the combustion chamber’s cylinder heads is more porous than that of piston top deposits. Likewise, intake valve deposits were seen to be less porous than combustion chamber deposits.
Fundamentals of fuel film formation and motion in SI engine induction systems
02/01655
Behnia, M. and Milton, B.E. Energy Conversion and Mnnagemmt, 2001, 42, (15-l7), 1751-1768. In spark ignition engines the intake fuel flow exists in several streams, these being vapour, liquid droplets and liquid wall film. This research is aimed at examining fuel film behaviour in general, the particular emphasis being on the application of fundamental experiments in an especially designed rig and numerical simulation to obtain a better understanding of film formation. A number of specific configurations have been examined by both techniques. The numerical results correspond reasonably well with the assessment from the rig.
02/01656 Gas turbine electrical power generation system with purification of fuel gas Wada, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 295,666 (Cl. FOZC3/ 28), 26 Ott 2001, Appl. 2000/109,538, II Apr 2000. 8. (In Japanese) The system includes a gasification furnace for producing fuel gas from coal or heavy oils, a gas turbine for power generation by the fuel gas, and devices arranged between the furnace and the turbine, for purification of the fuel gas by removing impurity particles with coagulation using a porous honeycomb structure parts having material containing mainly SiOs.
02/01657 Heating and evaporation of semi-transparent diesel fuel droplets in the presence of thermal radiation Dombrovsky, L.A. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (1 I), 1535-1544. Absorption and scattering spectral efficiency factors for spherical semitransparent fuel droplets are approximated by simple analytical expressions as functions of imaginary and real parts of the complex index of refraction and the diffraction parameters of droplets. These expressions are applied to the modelling of thermal radiation transfer in Diesel engines. On the basis of the P-l approximation, which is applicable due to the large optical thickness of combustion products. Various ways of spectral averaging for absorption and scattering coefficients are suggested. Assuming that the concentration of fuel droplets is small, the scattering effects are ignored and the analysis is focused on approximations for the absorption coefficient. The average absfJ!tion coefficient of droplets is shown to be proportional to where rd is the droplet radii, and D and h are quadratic ard functions of gas temperature. Explicit expressions for a and h are derived for diesel fuel droplets in the range 5-50 pm and gas temperatures in the range 100&3000 K. The expression for the average absorption coefficient of droplets is implemented into the research version of VECTIS CFD code of Ricardo Consulting Engineers. The 210
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2002
OWO1656 Influence of the kind of fuel oil on the deposit composition in the diesel engine combustion chamber
09/01659 Interest of combining an additive with dieselethanol blends for use in diesel engines
Satgt de Caro, P. er al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 565-574. Two organic additives were selected for their different physicochemical parameters to study the behaviour of a diesel-ethanol mixture. These compounds had a glycerol skeleton bearing heteroatoms and amino-ether, hydroxyl, nitrate and nitramine functional groups. Properties directly related to engine parameters (viscosity, cetane number, heat content, volatility) and those characterizing fuel quality (homogeneity, cold properties, anticorrosiveness and volatility) were investigated. Fuel formulations were prepared with 2% additive and ethanol contents between 10 and 20% in volume in relation to the diesel fuel. Blends, with or without additive, are compared in two diesel engines with direct and indirect injection. Engine behaviour seemed to be improved in the presence of additives with a reduction of pollutant emissions in exhaust gas, cyclic irregularities and ignition delay. No trouble shooting, knocking or vapour-lock phenomenon were encountered during this study.
02/01660 networks
Modeling diesel particulate emissions with neural
de Lucas, A. er al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 539-548. Eight different fuels were tested under five steady operating conditions (reproducing the European transient urbadextraurban certification cycle) in a typical European passenger car Diesel engine. The soluble (SOF) and insoluble fractions (ISF) were analysed using GC and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The influence of the fuel composition parameters (aromatic content, cetane index, gross heat power, nitrogen and sulfur content) on particulate emissions was studies and data were fitted along with operation conditions (torque and engine speed) using neural networks. The mathematical model reproduces experimental data within 87-90% of confidence and allows for the simulation of emissions at steady conditions for any value of parameters in the experimental range. In-house software also allows for the complete estimation of emissions for one single operating mode or for a whole certification cycle including the composition of the ISF (sulfates, nitrates and water) and the total quantity of each fraction. Fuel and air consumption is also estimated from integration; intermediate non-steady conditions are taken into account by considering the acceleration equations.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy applications
in industry
09lO1661 Blast furnace wet coke charging and top gas temperature control Shiota, T. and Honda, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 158,905 (cl. CZlBS/OO), 12 Jun 2001, Appl. 1999/342,990, 2 Dee 1999. 5. (In Japanese) This paper describes an invention relating to the process for charging wet coke in a blast furnace equipped with a dry dust collector means. Here the temperature of furnace top gas is controlled by the position and the proportion of wet coke.
effect of thermal radiation on heating and evaporation of semitransparent diesel fuel droplets is shown to be considerably smaller when compared with the case of black opaque droplets.
02/01653 Compact gas turbine installation CQrdu, M. and Dumitru, M. Energy Conversion and Manugemenr, 2001, 42, (14) 1741-1747. A compact gas turbine installation is described in which, to be compact and easier, the blades of the gas turbine (GT) (void inside) are mounted at the periphery of the rotor of the centrifugal air compressor (AC) with a single compression stage. The air, partially compressed in the AC rotor, is passed and compressed further in the channels of the blades of the GT and is admitted into the toroidal combustion chamber (CC). The flue gas produced in the CC passes through the GT nozzles and the channels between their blades, and then it is exhausted from the installation. A slight preheating of the air takes place in the channels of the CT blades before its admission into the CC.
Tarkowski, P. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (IO), 1399-1403. The authors studied deposits from combustion chambers of highpressure engines supplied with standard fuel (SO) and ecological fuel of City-Diesel type. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffractograms, Mdssuer absorption and additionally Raman wavenumber measurements were made. The wearing of some engine elements was examined by the profilometric method. By using ecological fuel, the deposits were shown to contain four to five times less iron compounds than standard fuel supply. This accounts for a smaller attrition of the combustion chamber elements, and thus longer durability of the engine.
Effects of fuel additives on the microstructure of combustion engine deposits 02/01654
Zerda, T,W. et al. Carbon, 2001, 39, (IO), 1589-1597. The microstructure of spark-ignition (SI) engine deposits produced from fuels with two commonly used gasoline additives, polyether amine and polybutene amine, were studied by gas adsorption technique and Raman spectroscopy. The lateral sizes of graphitic crystallites were found to increase upon addition of the additives. The surface areas of the deposits were evaluated using the BET and DR theories. Density functional theory was used to evaluate pore size distribution. The majority of the internal surface area of the deposits is due to narrow pores of widths of about 0.5 nm. The surface area of the deposits decreases with increased concentration of the additives, and this process is more efficient for polybutene amines than polyether amines. The structure of the deposits removed from the combustion chamber’s cylinder heads is more porous than that of piston top deposits. Likewise, intake valve deposits were seen to be less porous than combustion chamber deposits.
Fundamentals of fuel film formation and motion in SI engine induction systems
02/01655
Behnia, M. and Milton, B.E. Energy Conversion and Mnnagemmt, 2001, 42, (15-l7), 1751-1768. In spark ignition engines the intake fuel flow exists in several streams, these being vapour, liquid droplets and liquid wall film. This research is aimed at examining fuel film behaviour in general, the particular emphasis being on the application of fundamental experiments in an especially designed rig and numerical simulation to obtain a better understanding of film formation. A number of specific configurations have been examined by both techniques. The numerical results correspond reasonably well with the assessment from the rig.
02/01656 Gas turbine electrical power generation system with purification of fuel gas Wada, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 295,666 (Cl. FOZC3/ 28), 26 Ott 2001, Appl. 2000/109,538, II Apr 2000. 8. (In Japanese) The system includes a gasification furnace for producing fuel gas from coal or heavy oils, a gas turbine for power generation by the fuel gas, and devices arranged between the furnace and the turbine, for purification of the fuel gas by removing impurity particles with coagulation using a porous honeycomb structure parts having material containing mainly SiOs.
02/01657 Heating and evaporation of semi-transparent diesel fuel droplets in the presence of thermal radiation Dombrovsky, L.A. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (1 I), 1535-1544. Absorption and scattering spectral efficiency factors for spherical semitransparent fuel droplets are approximated by simple analytical expressions as functions of imaginary and real parts of the complex index of refraction and the diffraction parameters of droplets. These expressions are applied to the modelling of thermal radiation transfer in Diesel engines. On the basis of the P-l approximation, which is applicable due to the large optical thickness of combustion products. Various ways of spectral averaging for absorption and scattering coefficients are suggested. Assuming that the concentration of fuel droplets is small, the scattering effects are ignored and the analysis is focused on approximations for the absorption coefficient. The average absfJ!tion coefficient of droplets is shown to be proportional to where rd is the droplet radii, and D and h are quadratic ard functions of gas temperature. Explicit expressions for a and h are derived for diesel fuel droplets in the range 5-50 pm and gas temperatures in the range 100&3000 K. The expression for the average absorption coefficient of droplets is implemented into the research version of VECTIS CFD code of Ricardo Consulting Engineers. The 210
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2002
OWO1656 Influence of the kind of fuel oil on the deposit composition in the diesel engine combustion chamber
09/01659 Interest of combining an additive with dieselethanol blends for use in diesel engines
Satgt de Caro, P. er al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 565-574. Two organic additives were selected for their different physicochemical parameters to study the behaviour of a diesel-ethanol mixture. These compounds had a glycerol skeleton bearing heteroatoms and amino-ether, hydroxyl, nitrate and nitramine functional groups. Properties directly related to engine parameters (viscosity, cetane number, heat content, volatility) and those characterizing fuel quality (homogeneity, cold properties, anticorrosiveness and volatility) were investigated. Fuel formulations were prepared with 2% additive and ethanol contents between 10 and 20% in volume in relation to the diesel fuel. Blends, with or without additive, are compared in two diesel engines with direct and indirect injection. Engine behaviour seemed to be improved in the presence of additives with a reduction of pollutant emissions in exhaust gas, cyclic irregularities and ignition delay. No trouble shooting, knocking or vapour-lock phenomenon were encountered during this study.
02/01660 networks
Modeling diesel particulate emissions with neural
de Lucas, A. er al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 539-548. Eight different fuels were tested under five steady operating conditions (reproducing the European transient urbadextraurban certification cycle) in a typical European passenger car Diesel engine. The soluble (SOF) and insoluble fractions (ISF) were analysed using GC and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The influence of the fuel composition parameters (aromatic content, cetane index, gross heat power, nitrogen and sulfur content) on particulate emissions was studies and data were fitted along with operation conditions (torque and engine speed) using neural networks. The mathematical model reproduces experimental data within 87-90% of confidence and allows for the simulation of emissions at steady conditions for any value of parameters in the experimental range. In-house software also allows for the complete estimation of emissions for one single operating mode or for a whole certification cycle including the composition of the ISF (sulfates, nitrates and water) and the total quantity of each fraction. Fuel and air consumption is also estimated from integration; intermediate non-steady conditions are taken into account by considering the acceleration equations.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy applications
in industry
09lO1661 Blast furnace wet coke charging and top gas temperature control Shiota, T. and Honda, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 158,905 (cl. CZlBS/OO), 12 Jun 2001, Appl. 1999/342,990, 2 Dee 1999. 5. (In Japanese) This paper describes an invention relating to the process for charging wet coke in a blast furnace equipped with a dry dust collector means. Here the temperature of furnace top gas is controlled by the position and the proportion of wet coke.