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Modern signal processing
Signal Processing 12 (1987) 329-333 North-Holland
329
BOOK REVIEWS
"Modern Signal Processing", edited by Thomas Kailath, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A. Publishers: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, distributed outside North-America by SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg Platz 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Germany, 1985, xvii + 445 pp., ISBN 0-89116386-7 (Hemisphere Publishing Corporation), ISBN 3-540-15074-X (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo), indicative price: DM 240,The area of signal processing has evolved in an impressive way in the last decades and in particular in the last years, due to several reasons: definition of efficient design methods (i.e., for digital filters), extension from one-dimensional (l-D) to multidimensional (M-D) processing, technology progress (analog and digital devices, microprocessors, VLSI circuits and special devices such as switched capacitors and C C D , . . . ) , expansion of the applications in many important fields (telephony, mobile radio, video-conferencing, biomedicine, remote sensing, robotics . . . . ). Ideas and tools from signal analysis, system and operator theory, statistical methods, numerical analysis, computer science, data compression, pattern recognition and integrated circuit technology have been combined in different ways in the framework of this rapidly growing area. Therefore, the area has become very large: for each particular topic (such as digital filters, spectral estimation, data compression, implementation techniques, applications,...) a specific book is indeed required to cover all the important aspects. To this purpose, many books are already available, with an intensive production of new ones in the last years, i This book, edited by Professor Thomas Kailath of Stanford University, was prepared in occasion
of a School on Advanced Signal Processing, held in Zabadani, near Damascus, from August 20 to 31, 1983, organized by the Arab School on Science and Technology. The book covers important topics and aspects of modern signal processing, presenting--with the contributions of several distinguished authors--a quite wide 'scenario', going from the design methods to specific available and developing technologies and to current and nextfuture applications. The first four chapters cover essentially design aspects: the basic mathematical tools are presented in the two introductory chapters, while spectral estimation methods and advanced digital filters are described in the other two chapters. Chapter 1 on "Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing" by J. S. Lira introduces signals and systems, transform domain representation of signals and systems, fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, and digital filter design and implementation. Finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters are in particular described with the main design and implementation methods and techniques. Chapter 2 on "Linear Estimation for Stationary and Near-Stationary Processes" by T. Kailath presents a fairly detailed account of stationary theory and more briefly the nature of some of the modifications for nonstationary and nearstationary processes. Particular attention is given to lattice filter models and recursions, as well as to fixed-order transversal filters and time-invariant implementations for the near-stationary case. Chapter 3 on "Spectral Estimation with Applications" by S. Lawrence Maple, Jr. gives a summary of several modern spectral estimation methods. Most of the methods are explained in the context of time series modeling. A few methods involve
0165-1684/87/$3.50 O 1987, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
330
Book Reviews
nonparametric treatment. Techniques discussed include classical spectral estimation, autoregressive (maximum entropy), ARMA, Prony, maximum likelihood, Pisarenko, and MUSIC methods. Some applications from the areas of radar, sonar, welllogging, radio astronomy, speech, and beamforming are presented. Chapter 4 on "Advanced Digital Filters" by P. Dewilde outlines some techniques to realize advanced high quality digital filters. Most filters discussed are of IIR type, suited for high quality selective filtering or for linear prediction. The synthesis techniques are numerical and algebraic leading to orthogonal filters and wave digital filters. An introductory discussion to both types of filters is given, exploring their properties, presenting a synthesis method and outlining various connections, for example, with estimation theory. It is shown how the Schur method plays a central role and brings a strong unity to the theory. Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 cover different important applications of modern signal processing, with particular reference to speech, communications, radar-sonar, and image processing. Chapter 5 on "Speech Coding and Processing" presents a review of various methods and techniques for the coding of speech signals. The methods described code the speech signal in the range from 64000 bits/s with pulse code modulation down to only a few hundred bits/s with vector quantization. The principles underlying the various redundancy removal techniques are explained. The chapter ends with a brief review of speech synthesis, speech recognition, and speech hardware. Chapter 6 on "Signal Processing in the Arab World" by M. Mrayati presents the languagedependent applications of signal processing. These applications are emphasized in order to draw attention inside the Arab world to their growing importance. A brief description of the structure of these applications is given to indicate the type of research that can be undertaken in relation to the Arabic language. Finally, a survey is presented of several laboratories in the Arab Signal Processing
world that are currently active in the signal processing field Chapter 7 on "Signal Processing in Communications" by J.G. Proakis describes a number of digital signal processing techniques and adaptive filtering algorithms, which are applicable to the demodulation of digital communication signals. In particular, digital implementation of a modulator, a demodulator, and a decoder, adaptive equalization algorithms for telephone channels and radio channels, and adaptive filtering of narrowband interference in direct sequence spread spectrum signals are presented. Chapter 8 on "Radar/Sonor Signal Processing" by H.J. Whitehouse presents selected aspects of radar/sonar signal processing from the perspective of real-time implementation. The range equation is introduced to show that signal detection depends primarily on the received signal energy and is thus independent of the structure of the transmitted waveform. The ambiguity function is introduced as the output of a matched filter receiver for a point target in range and Doppler. The issues of waveform selection and matched filter processing complete the discussion of temporal signal processing. Spatial signal processing is introduced with a discussion of phased array beamforming. Adaptive array techniques are described as an example of advanced spatial processing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) are considered as examples of imaging radars. Chapter 9 on "Digital Image Processing: Problems and Methods" by A.K. Jain offers a review of digital image processing problems and techniques. Some recent advances in the field are blended with known successful algorithms to present an up-to-date perspective. The theoretical framework of different problems is discussed to explain the advantages and limitations of various techniques. Chapters 10 and 11 mainly cover implementation aspects, both with analog device-systems and digital processors (with particular reference to VLSI array processors).
BookReviews
331
Chapter 10 on "Signal Processing Technology" by H.J. Whitehouse presents selected aspects of signal processing technology from the perspective of real-time hardware implementation. The transversal filter is introduced as the archetype timeinvariant linear filter. Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices and charge-coupled-devices (CCD) are proposed for applications where size, weight, and low power consumption are more important than accuracy. The chirp-z-transform is also introduced so that time-variant filters can be implemented with time-invariant linear filters. Systolic arrays are further considered so that advanced matrix operations can be implemented using digital integrated circuits. A systolic testbed is described for use as an algorithm development tool. Chapter 11 on "VLSI Array Processor for Signal Processing" by S.Y. Kung reviews the impact of the basic VLSI device technology and layout design on VLSI processor architectures. The impact of MOS device technology and VLSI layout methodology on array processor design is especially outlined. Locally interconnected computing networks are considered. In particular, the following arrays are described: systolic array, wavefront array. Two application examples of the wavefront array are finally discussed: (a) wavefronts of Givens rotations with applications to
least-square error solution and eigenvalue decomposition problems, and (b) solving of Toeplitz systems, with extension to the solution of band Toeplitz systems. Although the book is written by several authors, some links between the material of the different chapters can be found, also through the extended and complete references. An example is represented by the processing of the voice signal in a PCM system, for which the use of analog and digital filters is alternatively described. Indeed, an interesting feature of the book also consists in the presentation, together with the more developed and extended digital techniques, of the more advanced analog techniques. Due to its structure and content, with the wide coverage of different signal processing topics and aspects, the book appears well apt and useful for research people and professionals working in the area as well as for senior students already trained on the fundamental aspects of signal processing (in particular, as regards digital methods and techniques).
"Speech Enhancement", edited by Yae S. Lim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. In: Prentice-Hall Signal Processing Series, edited by A.V. Oppenheim. Publishers: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ07632, U.S.A., 1983, xi + 363 pp.
speech prior to its degration by additive noise (9 papers), (iii) enhancement of speech degraded by reverberation (11 papers), and (iv) time scale modification of speech (7 papers). In each part, the reprints are preceded by a brief overview. In addition, the book contains a short general introduction to the problem and a classified bibliography of about 200 entries. In the introduction, the editor points out the difference between speech enhancement and the closely related problem of speech restoration. In speech restoration, a speech signal which has been
This book is a collection of reprints of 46 previously published papers on speech enhancement. The editor subdivides the topic into four major parts: (i) enhancement of speech degraded by additive noise (19 papers), (ii) processing of
V. CAPPELLINI Department of Electrical Engineering University of Florence 50121 Florence Italy
Vol 12, No. 3, April 1987
329
BOOK REVIEWS
"Modern Signal Processing", edited by Thomas Kailath, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A. Publishers: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, distributed outside North-America by SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg Platz 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Germany, 1985, xvii + 445 pp., ISBN 0-89116386-7 (Hemisphere Publishing Corporation), ISBN 3-540-15074-X (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo), indicative price: DM 240,The area of signal processing has evolved in an impressive way in the last decades and in particular in the last years, due to several reasons: definition of efficient design methods (i.e., for digital filters), extension from one-dimensional (l-D) to multidimensional (M-D) processing, technology progress (analog and digital devices, microprocessors, VLSI circuits and special devices such as switched capacitors and C C D , . . . ) , expansion of the applications in many important fields (telephony, mobile radio, video-conferencing, biomedicine, remote sensing, robotics . . . . ). Ideas and tools from signal analysis, system and operator theory, statistical methods, numerical analysis, computer science, data compression, pattern recognition and integrated circuit technology have been combined in different ways in the framework of this rapidly growing area. Therefore, the area has become very large: for each particular topic (such as digital filters, spectral estimation, data compression, implementation techniques, applications,...) a specific book is indeed required to cover all the important aspects. To this purpose, many books are already available, with an intensive production of new ones in the last years, i This book, edited by Professor Thomas Kailath of Stanford University, was prepared in occasion
of a School on Advanced Signal Processing, held in Zabadani, near Damascus, from August 20 to 31, 1983, organized by the Arab School on Science and Technology. The book covers important topics and aspects of modern signal processing, presenting--with the contributions of several distinguished authors--a quite wide 'scenario', going from the design methods to specific available and developing technologies and to current and nextfuture applications. The first four chapters cover essentially design aspects: the basic mathematical tools are presented in the two introductory chapters, while spectral estimation methods and advanced digital filters are described in the other two chapters. Chapter 1 on "Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing" by J. S. Lira introduces signals and systems, transform domain representation of signals and systems, fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, and digital filter design and implementation. Finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters are in particular described with the main design and implementation methods and techniques. Chapter 2 on "Linear Estimation for Stationary and Near-Stationary Processes" by T. Kailath presents a fairly detailed account of stationary theory and more briefly the nature of some of the modifications for nonstationary and nearstationary processes. Particular attention is given to lattice filter models and recursions, as well as to fixed-order transversal filters and time-invariant implementations for the near-stationary case. Chapter 3 on "Spectral Estimation with Applications" by S. Lawrence Maple, Jr. gives a summary of several modern spectral estimation methods. Most of the methods are explained in the context of time series modeling. A few methods involve
0165-1684/87/$3.50 O 1987, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
330
Book Reviews
nonparametric treatment. Techniques discussed include classical spectral estimation, autoregressive (maximum entropy), ARMA, Prony, maximum likelihood, Pisarenko, and MUSIC methods. Some applications from the areas of radar, sonar, welllogging, radio astronomy, speech, and beamforming are presented. Chapter 4 on "Advanced Digital Filters" by P. Dewilde outlines some techniques to realize advanced high quality digital filters. Most filters discussed are of IIR type, suited for high quality selective filtering or for linear prediction. The synthesis techniques are numerical and algebraic leading to orthogonal filters and wave digital filters. An introductory discussion to both types of filters is given, exploring their properties, presenting a synthesis method and outlining various connections, for example, with estimation theory. It is shown how the Schur method plays a central role and brings a strong unity to the theory. Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 cover different important applications of modern signal processing, with particular reference to speech, communications, radar-sonar, and image processing. Chapter 5 on "Speech Coding and Processing" presents a review of various methods and techniques for the coding of speech signals. The methods described code the speech signal in the range from 64000 bits/s with pulse code modulation down to only a few hundred bits/s with vector quantization. The principles underlying the various redundancy removal techniques are explained. The chapter ends with a brief review of speech synthesis, speech recognition, and speech hardware. Chapter 6 on "Signal Processing in the Arab World" by M. Mrayati presents the languagedependent applications of signal processing. These applications are emphasized in order to draw attention inside the Arab world to their growing importance. A brief description of the structure of these applications is given to indicate the type of research that can be undertaken in relation to the Arabic language. Finally, a survey is presented of several laboratories in the Arab Signal Processing
world that are currently active in the signal processing field Chapter 7 on "Signal Processing in Communications" by J.G. Proakis describes a number of digital signal processing techniques and adaptive filtering algorithms, which are applicable to the demodulation of digital communication signals. In particular, digital implementation of a modulator, a demodulator, and a decoder, adaptive equalization algorithms for telephone channels and radio channels, and adaptive filtering of narrowband interference in direct sequence spread spectrum signals are presented. Chapter 8 on "Radar/Sonor Signal Processing" by H.J. Whitehouse presents selected aspects of radar/sonar signal processing from the perspective of real-time implementation. The range equation is introduced to show that signal detection depends primarily on the received signal energy and is thus independent of the structure of the transmitted waveform. The ambiguity function is introduced as the output of a matched filter receiver for a point target in range and Doppler. The issues of waveform selection and matched filter processing complete the discussion of temporal signal processing. Spatial signal processing is introduced with a discussion of phased array beamforming. Adaptive array techniques are described as an example of advanced spatial processing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) are considered as examples of imaging radars. Chapter 9 on "Digital Image Processing: Problems and Methods" by A.K. Jain offers a review of digital image processing problems and techniques. Some recent advances in the field are blended with known successful algorithms to present an up-to-date perspective. The theoretical framework of different problems is discussed to explain the advantages and limitations of various techniques. Chapters 10 and 11 mainly cover implementation aspects, both with analog device-systems and digital processors (with particular reference to VLSI array processors).
BookReviews
331
Chapter 10 on "Signal Processing Technology" by H.J. Whitehouse presents selected aspects of signal processing technology from the perspective of real-time hardware implementation. The transversal filter is introduced as the archetype timeinvariant linear filter. Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices and charge-coupled-devices (CCD) are proposed for applications where size, weight, and low power consumption are more important than accuracy. The chirp-z-transform is also introduced so that time-variant filters can be implemented with time-invariant linear filters. Systolic arrays are further considered so that advanced matrix operations can be implemented using digital integrated circuits. A systolic testbed is described for use as an algorithm development tool. Chapter 11 on "VLSI Array Processor for Signal Processing" by S.Y. Kung reviews the impact of the basic VLSI device technology and layout design on VLSI processor architectures. The impact of MOS device technology and VLSI layout methodology on array processor design is especially outlined. Locally interconnected computing networks are considered. In particular, the following arrays are described: systolic array, wavefront array. Two application examples of the wavefront array are finally discussed: (a) wavefronts of Givens rotations with applications to
least-square error solution and eigenvalue decomposition problems, and (b) solving of Toeplitz systems, with extension to the solution of band Toeplitz systems. Although the book is written by several authors, some links between the material of the different chapters can be found, also through the extended and complete references. An example is represented by the processing of the voice signal in a PCM system, for which the use of analog and digital filters is alternatively described. Indeed, an interesting feature of the book also consists in the presentation, together with the more developed and extended digital techniques, of the more advanced analog techniques. Due to its structure and content, with the wide coverage of different signal processing topics and aspects, the book appears well apt and useful for research people and professionals working in the area as well as for senior students already trained on the fundamental aspects of signal processing (in particular, as regards digital methods and techniques).
"Speech Enhancement", edited by Yae S. Lim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. In: Prentice-Hall Signal Processing Series, edited by A.V. Oppenheim. Publishers: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ07632, U.S.A., 1983, xi + 363 pp.
speech prior to its degration by additive noise (9 papers), (iii) enhancement of speech degraded by reverberation (11 papers), and (iv) time scale modification of speech (7 papers). In each part, the reprints are preceded by a brief overview. In addition, the book contains a short general introduction to the problem and a classified bibliography of about 200 entries. In the introduction, the editor points out the difference between speech enhancement and the closely related problem of speech restoration. In speech restoration, a speech signal which has been
This book is a collection of reprints of 46 previously published papers on speech enhancement. The editor subdivides the topic into four major parts: (i) enhancement of speech degraded by additive noise (19 papers), (ii) processing of
V. CAPPELLINI Department of Electrical Engineering University of Florence 50121 Florence Italy
Vol 12, No. 3, April 1987