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Molecular and Pathological Characterization of a Non-Aganglionic Congenital Megacolon in the Rabbit
STZ+rebamipide 233.4±31.3‰, STZ 300.1±54.0‰, rebamipide 257.3±97.3‰, control 234.0±46.9‰). The serum MDA level in the STZ group was significantly elevated, which was not reversed by addition of rebamipide. The expression of gastric HO-1 in the STZ group was significantly increased, and this increase was supressed by rebamipide supplementation. The expression of gastric c-kit was not affected by the administration of rebamipide. Conclusion. Administration of rebamipide improved diabetic gastric motility disorders through protection against HO-1 reactive gastric oxidative stress.
Mo1281
Background: Kit-like immunoreactivity is used to identify zebrafish interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), similar to other model systems. The Kit-independent marker Anoctamin 1 has recently been shown to identify gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors, as well as human and mouse ICC in normal tissue. A second, independent marker for zebrafish ICC is desirable to better visualize ICC networks because current methods are not optimal. Kit immunoreactivity is punctate and having another marker will allow studies of Kit function in the zebrafish model. Aim: Determine the expression of Ano1 ( TMEM16A ) and related proteins in zebrafish GI tissues, and if anti-Ano1 antibodies identify zebrafish ICC. Methods: At least three zebrafish Ano1 orthologs were identified in the NCBI database; ano1, ano2, and ano3 (also called TMEM16A, B, and C). Specific primers were designed to amplify zebrafish ano1 (407698), ano2 (566373 ), and ano3 (553392). RNA expression for each gene was determined using reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR on RNA prepared from freshly dissected wild type adult zebrafish GI tissue. The relative expression level for each ortholog was measured using real time PCR. A panel of anti-Ano1 antibodies was tested for immunoreactivity on adult zebrafish GI tissue fixed in 4% paraformaldahyde (PF) or an acetic acid/ethanol (aa/EtOH) mixture. Appropriate secondary antibodies were applied and fluorescence microscopy was used to detect specific staining. Results: Expression of zebrafish ano1, ano2, and tmem16c in adult GI tissues was detected RT-PCR.. Quantitative PCR showed that expression of ano3 was 2.12±1.2 fold greater than ano1, and ano2 was 0.12±0.10 less than ano1. Anti-Ano1 antibody in aa/EtOH fixed zebrafish GI tissues stained a network of cells that was similar in appearance to ICC networks identified using anti-Kit antibody in PF fixed tissue. The Ano1 positive cellular network showed better signal-to-noise staining and was not punctate, and therefore was more easily resolved when compared to the Kit-positive network. Anti-Ano1 antibodies were ineffective in PF fixed tissues. Conclusions: Three Ano1 orthologues are expressed in zebrafish GI tissues . Anti-ano1 antibody identifies a network of cells that are similar in appearance to Kit-positive networks in the zebrafish GI tract. These results suggest that Ano-1 can be used for Kit-independent identification of zebrafish ICC. Supported by NIH grants DK07158801-2 and DK57061
Mo1279 Molecular and Pathological Characterization of a Non-Aganglionic Congenital Megacolon in the Rabbit Luca Fontanesi, Manuela Vargiolu, Emilio Scotti, Maria Simonetta Faussone-Pellegrini, Paolo Clavenzani, Martina Asti, Maurizio Mazzoni, Rocco Latorre, Roberto Chiocchetti, Elena Loche, Valeria Naponelli, Vincenzo Russo, Vincenzo Stanghellini, Roberto Corinaldesi, Roberto De Giorgio Congenital megacolon (CM) is a severe colonic dysfunction usually associated with an underlying aganglionosis of the enteric nervous system. CM unrelated to aganglionosis may also occur with a largely unknown pathogenesis. Aim: to characterize a new, non-rodent natural model of non-aganglionic CM. The CM phenotype is related to an incomplete dominant allele at the English spotting locus (En) and appears only in homozygous En/En animals. Methods: An F1 population of 80 animals was created crossing En/en rabbits. En/ En rabbits (almost completely with a white fur due to the absence of melanocytes in the skin) and littermate controls (en/en) (normally coloured) have been monitored since birth up to severe deterioration of En/En animals with the CM phenotype. Ascending colon of controls (n=4) and CM (n=6) were processed for quantitative double label immunohistochemistry (using antibodies for structural and neurochemical markers of the ENS: Hu, substance P [SP] and neural nitric oxide synthase [nNOS]) and electron microscopy analysis. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from all F1 animals and used for candidate gene analysis. Results: Compared to controls (en/en), En/En rabbits were subvital showing feeding abnormalities, reduced body weight and a massive colonic distension predominant in the cecum and ascending colon. Genetic tests confirmed the effects and segregation of the En alleles in the F1 population. Sequencing and genotyping of identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a few candidate genes showed complete co-segregation of a SNP in the KIT gene with the coat colour effects of the English spotting locus (LOD = 37.93; θ = 0.00). Quantitative gene expression in colon and cecum specimens showed that the level of KIT gene in En/En rabbits was only 5-10% vs that of en/en rabbits. Morphometric data on whole mounts of the ascending colon showed a decreased number of Hu- and SPimmunoreactive (IR) neurons in En/En vs. en/en rabbits (950±110 vs 1440±120 and 76±14 vs 160±24, respectively; P<0.05). Although not statistically significant, nNOS-IR neurons were less abundant in En/En vs en/en. Compared to en/en, electron microscopy analysis of En/En tissues showed neuronal (rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, a chaotically arranged cytoskeleton and nerve endings with empty synaptic vesicles) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (few cells with immature or altered features) abnormalities, particularly in the ascending colon. Conclusions: Combined neuronal and ICC network alterations contribute to this non-aganglionic CM phenotype. KIT mutations may account for ICC abnormalities. The present findings can help understanding neuro-muscular changes occurring in human non-aganglionic CM.
Mo1282 Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 4 Receptor Agonists on Postoperative Ileus in Guinea Pig Soo Jung Park, Jie-Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Youn, Hyojin Park, Sang In Lee Background and Aim: Postoperative ileus (POI) is an impairment of coordinated gastrointestinal (GI) motility that develops as a consequence of abdominal surgery and is a major factor contributing to patient morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. Although the causative mechanism is not fully understood, activation of inhibitory neural reflex is one of the main mechanisms. Therefore, the effects of different 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonists, which stimulate excitatory pathways, were investigated in a guinea pig model of postoperative ileus. Materials and Methods: Experimental model of POI in guinea pig was made by laparatomy, gentle manipulation of cecum for 60 seconds and closure by suture, under anesthesia. Different degrees of restoration of GI transit were estimated by the proportion (%) of charcoal migration distance to total small bowel length, 3 hours after administration of various dosages of mosapride (1, 5, 10mg/kg), tegaserod (1, 5, 10mg/kg), prucalopride (0.5, 1, 5, 10mg/kg), and 5-HT (1, 5, 10mg/kg). Colonic transit was indirectly assessed via measurement of cumulative weight and number of fecal pellet output every 1 hour for 5 hours following administration of various 5-HT4 receptor agonists and 5-HT. Results: Charcoal transit was significantly delayed in POI group with vehicle, compared with ‘anesthesia only’ group and ‘sham operation’ group (0.7% vs. 69% vs. 66%, p<0.05). Charcoal transit showed that mosapride, tegaserod, prucalopride and 5-HT can significantly restore the delay of upper GI transit dose-dependently. Fecal pellet output was also significantly decreased in POI group with vehicle, compared with ‘anesthesia only’ group (weight; 0.5 g vs. 2.9 g, p<0.05). Fecal pellet expulsion experiment suggested that only prucalopride has a significant effect on acceleration of colonic motility dose-dependently. Conclusions: Various 5-HT4 receptor agonists produce beneficial effects in POI model with shortened upper GI transit. Prucalopride may prove to be a useful therapeutic approach to prevent or treat POI associated with delayed lower GI transit. Furthermore, they indirectly indicate that stimulation of the excitatory mechanisms is able to overcome the inhibitory influence of the neural reflex pathways activated during abdominal surgery. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism to accelerate lower GI transit in prucalopride.
Mo1280 Establishment of a System Measuring Liquid Meal-Induced Gastric Accommodation in Conscious Guinea Pigs Takuya Okugawa, Tadayuki Oshima, Junichi Koseki, Tomohisa Hattori, Yoshio Kase, Takashi Kondo, Toshihiko Tomita, Hirokazu Fukui, Jiro Watari, Hiroto Miwa Background and Aims: Gastric accommodation reflex is a response associated with reduction in gastric tone and increase in compliance in the fundus that follows ingestion of a meal. In functional dyspepsia (FD), impaired gastric accommodation is thought to be involved in symptoms including early satiety. To analyze physiological function of gastric accommodation and to evaluate therapeutic drugs that affect the gastric accommodation are important to identify pathophysiology and treatment of FD. Previous studies of gastric accommodation in the conscious condition have mainly been performed in large animals, such as dogs, but not in small rodents. This study aimed to induce gastric accommodation with a liquid meal in conscious guinea pigs and to examine the influence of various drugs and their wellknown contracting and relaxing effects on the stomach. Methods: A polyethylene bag was inserted through the gastric distal body and placed at the fundus of 5-week old male Hartley guinea pigs. Gastric accommodation experiments were performed as follows: Seven days after this procedure, air (6 ml) was injected into the bag at 2 ml/min, and intragastric pressure recorded. Immediately after oral administration of a liquid meal (4 ml, 1.7kcal), air (6 ml) was re-injected into the polyethylene bag, and intragastric pressure was again recorded for 30 min. 15% (w/v) liquid meal was prepared from powdered solid feed. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: L-NAME (10 mg/kg iv), muscarinic receptor antagonist: atropine (100 μg/kg iv), serotonin (5-HT) 1B/D receptor agonist: sumatriptan (3 mg/kg ip), or traditional Japanese medicine: rikkunshito (1000 mg/kg po) was administered 15 or 30 min before the liquid meal. Results: Fifteen % liquid meal significantly degreased intragastric balloon pressure 5 - 20 min after administration. However, water or 7.5% liquid meal did not decrease the pressure. Furthermore, a glucose solution (10.6%), which is same calories as the 15% liquid meal, significantly decreased intragastric pressure 5 and 10 min after administration. Pretreatment of L-NAME completely inhibited the decrease in intragastric pressure induced by 15% liquid meal. Atropine and sumatriptan significantly decreased intragastric pressure compared to vehicles. Responses to these drugs were consistent with those in previous studies. Furthermore rikkunshito accelerated the decrease in intragastric pressure induced by the liquid meal. Conclusion: We for the first time established a system measuring liquid meal-induced gastric accommodation in conscious guinea pigs. The calorie content clearly contributed to gastric accommodation induced by the liquid meal. Moreover, this system is useful for evaluating the effects of therapeutic drugs on gastric accommodation.
Mo1283 Experimental Study of the Effect of Rikkunshito on Gastrointestinal Motility Mitsuhiro Yanai, Hiroki Morita, Atsushi Ogawa, Yoshitaka Toyomasu, Tetsuro Ohno, Erito Mochiki, Hiroyuki Kuwano Background & Aims: Rikkunshito, a traditional herbal medicine, is a mixture of dried Atractylodis lanceae rhizome, Ginseng Radix, Pinnellia Tuber, Hoelen, Zizyphi Fructus, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, and Zingiberis rhizome. Rikkunshito is used to treat various gastrointestinal tract disorders, including anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Rikkunshito on gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs. Methods: Contracle activity was measured by means of force transducers chronically implanted in the gastric body, antrum, duodenum, and jejunum. Rikkunshito (0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 g) dissolved in water was injected into the stomach during the interdigestive state and postprandial state. Rikkunshito was administered into the stomach at 30 min before feeding, and gastric emptying was evaluated by the acetaminophen method. Inhibitors of gastrointestinal motility (atropine and hexamethonium) were injected intravenously before Rikkunshito administration to the stomach. In addition, the concentration of plasma acylatedghrelin was measured before and after intragastric administration of Rikkunshito. Results: In the interdigestive state, intragastric administration of Rikkunshito induced phasic contractions in the duodenum and jejunum. The motility index for 15 minutes in the duodenum
S-601
AGA Abstracts
AGA Abstracts
Zebrafish ICC Are Anoctamin-1 Positive Adam J. Rich, Jessica Ouderkirk, Jennifer B. Strouse, Simon J. Gibbons, Gianrico Farrugia
Mo1281
Background: Kit-like immunoreactivity is used to identify zebrafish interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), similar to other model systems. The Kit-independent marker Anoctamin 1 has recently been shown to identify gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors, as well as human and mouse ICC in normal tissue. A second, independent marker for zebrafish ICC is desirable to better visualize ICC networks because current methods are not optimal. Kit immunoreactivity is punctate and having another marker will allow studies of Kit function in the zebrafish model. Aim: Determine the expression of Ano1 ( TMEM16A ) and related proteins in zebrafish GI tissues, and if anti-Ano1 antibodies identify zebrafish ICC. Methods: At least three zebrafish Ano1 orthologs were identified in the NCBI database; ano1, ano2, and ano3 (also called TMEM16A, B, and C). Specific primers were designed to amplify zebrafish ano1 (407698), ano2 (566373 ), and ano3 (553392). RNA expression for each gene was determined using reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR on RNA prepared from freshly dissected wild type adult zebrafish GI tissue. The relative expression level for each ortholog was measured using real time PCR. A panel of anti-Ano1 antibodies was tested for immunoreactivity on adult zebrafish GI tissue fixed in 4% paraformaldahyde (PF) or an acetic acid/ethanol (aa/EtOH) mixture. Appropriate secondary antibodies were applied and fluorescence microscopy was used to detect specific staining. Results: Expression of zebrafish ano1, ano2, and tmem16c in adult GI tissues was detected RT-PCR.. Quantitative PCR showed that expression of ano3 was 2.12±1.2 fold greater than ano1, and ano2 was 0.12±0.10 less than ano1. Anti-Ano1 antibody in aa/EtOH fixed zebrafish GI tissues stained a network of cells that was similar in appearance to ICC networks identified using anti-Kit antibody in PF fixed tissue. The Ano1 positive cellular network showed better signal-to-noise staining and was not punctate, and therefore was more easily resolved when compared to the Kit-positive network. Anti-Ano1 antibodies were ineffective in PF fixed tissues. Conclusions: Three Ano1 orthologues are expressed in zebrafish GI tissues . Anti-ano1 antibody identifies a network of cells that are similar in appearance to Kit-positive networks in the zebrafish GI tract. These results suggest that Ano-1 can be used for Kit-independent identification of zebrafish ICC. Supported by NIH grants DK07158801-2 and DK57061
Mo1279 Molecular and Pathological Characterization of a Non-Aganglionic Congenital Megacolon in the Rabbit Luca Fontanesi, Manuela Vargiolu, Emilio Scotti, Maria Simonetta Faussone-Pellegrini, Paolo Clavenzani, Martina Asti, Maurizio Mazzoni, Rocco Latorre, Roberto Chiocchetti, Elena Loche, Valeria Naponelli, Vincenzo Russo, Vincenzo Stanghellini, Roberto Corinaldesi, Roberto De Giorgio Congenital megacolon (CM) is a severe colonic dysfunction usually associated with an underlying aganglionosis of the enteric nervous system. CM unrelated to aganglionosis may also occur with a largely unknown pathogenesis. Aim: to characterize a new, non-rodent natural model of non-aganglionic CM. The CM phenotype is related to an incomplete dominant allele at the English spotting locus (En) and appears only in homozygous En/En animals. Methods: An F1 population of 80 animals was created crossing En/en rabbits. En/ En rabbits (almost completely with a white fur due to the absence of melanocytes in the skin) and littermate controls (en/en) (normally coloured) have been monitored since birth up to severe deterioration of En/En animals with the CM phenotype. Ascending colon of controls (n=4) and CM (n=6) were processed for quantitative double label immunohistochemistry (using antibodies for structural and neurochemical markers of the ENS: Hu, substance P [SP] and neural nitric oxide synthase [nNOS]) and electron microscopy analysis. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from all F1 animals and used for candidate gene analysis. Results: Compared to controls (en/en), En/En rabbits were subvital showing feeding abnormalities, reduced body weight and a massive colonic distension predominant in the cecum and ascending colon. Genetic tests confirmed the effects and segregation of the En alleles in the F1 population. Sequencing and genotyping of identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a few candidate genes showed complete co-segregation of a SNP in the KIT gene with the coat colour effects of the English spotting locus (LOD = 37.93; θ = 0.00). Quantitative gene expression in colon and cecum specimens showed that the level of KIT gene in En/En rabbits was only 5-10% vs that of en/en rabbits. Morphometric data on whole mounts of the ascending colon showed a decreased number of Hu- and SPimmunoreactive (IR) neurons in En/En vs. en/en rabbits (950±110 vs 1440±120 and 76±14 vs 160±24, respectively; P<0.05). Although not statistically significant, nNOS-IR neurons were less abundant in En/En vs en/en. Compared to en/en, electron microscopy analysis of En/En tissues showed neuronal (rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, a chaotically arranged cytoskeleton and nerve endings with empty synaptic vesicles) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (few cells with immature or altered features) abnormalities, particularly in the ascending colon. Conclusions: Combined neuronal and ICC network alterations contribute to this non-aganglionic CM phenotype. KIT mutations may account for ICC abnormalities. The present findings can help understanding neuro-muscular changes occurring in human non-aganglionic CM.
Mo1282 Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 4 Receptor Agonists on Postoperative Ileus in Guinea Pig Soo Jung Park, Jie-Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Youn, Hyojin Park, Sang In Lee Background and Aim: Postoperative ileus (POI) is an impairment of coordinated gastrointestinal (GI) motility that develops as a consequence of abdominal surgery and is a major factor contributing to patient morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. Although the causative mechanism is not fully understood, activation of inhibitory neural reflex is one of the main mechanisms. Therefore, the effects of different 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonists, which stimulate excitatory pathways, were investigated in a guinea pig model of postoperative ileus. Materials and Methods: Experimental model of POI in guinea pig was made by laparatomy, gentle manipulation of cecum for 60 seconds and closure by suture, under anesthesia. Different degrees of restoration of GI transit were estimated by the proportion (%) of charcoal migration distance to total small bowel length, 3 hours after administration of various dosages of mosapride (1, 5, 10mg/kg), tegaserod (1, 5, 10mg/kg), prucalopride (0.5, 1, 5, 10mg/kg), and 5-HT (1, 5, 10mg/kg). Colonic transit was indirectly assessed via measurement of cumulative weight and number of fecal pellet output every 1 hour for 5 hours following administration of various 5-HT4 receptor agonists and 5-HT. Results: Charcoal transit was significantly delayed in POI group with vehicle, compared with ‘anesthesia only’ group and ‘sham operation’ group (0.7% vs. 69% vs. 66%, p<0.05). Charcoal transit showed that mosapride, tegaserod, prucalopride and 5-HT can significantly restore the delay of upper GI transit dose-dependently. Fecal pellet output was also significantly decreased in POI group with vehicle, compared with ‘anesthesia only’ group (weight; 0.5 g vs. 2.9 g, p<0.05). Fecal pellet expulsion experiment suggested that only prucalopride has a significant effect on acceleration of colonic motility dose-dependently. Conclusions: Various 5-HT4 receptor agonists produce beneficial effects in POI model with shortened upper GI transit. Prucalopride may prove to be a useful therapeutic approach to prevent or treat POI associated with delayed lower GI transit. Furthermore, they indirectly indicate that stimulation of the excitatory mechanisms is able to overcome the inhibitory influence of the neural reflex pathways activated during abdominal surgery. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism to accelerate lower GI transit in prucalopride.
Mo1280 Establishment of a System Measuring Liquid Meal-Induced Gastric Accommodation in Conscious Guinea Pigs Takuya Okugawa, Tadayuki Oshima, Junichi Koseki, Tomohisa Hattori, Yoshio Kase, Takashi Kondo, Toshihiko Tomita, Hirokazu Fukui, Jiro Watari, Hiroto Miwa Background and Aims: Gastric accommodation reflex is a response associated with reduction in gastric tone and increase in compliance in the fundus that follows ingestion of a meal. In functional dyspepsia (FD), impaired gastric accommodation is thought to be involved in symptoms including early satiety. To analyze physiological function of gastric accommodation and to evaluate therapeutic drugs that affect the gastric accommodation are important to identify pathophysiology and treatment of FD. Previous studies of gastric accommodation in the conscious condition have mainly been performed in large animals, such as dogs, but not in small rodents. This study aimed to induce gastric accommodation with a liquid meal in conscious guinea pigs and to examine the influence of various drugs and their wellknown contracting and relaxing effects on the stomach. Methods: A polyethylene bag was inserted through the gastric distal body and placed at the fundus of 5-week old male Hartley guinea pigs. Gastric accommodation experiments were performed as follows: Seven days after this procedure, air (6 ml) was injected into the bag at 2 ml/min, and intragastric pressure recorded. Immediately after oral administration of a liquid meal (4 ml, 1.7kcal), air (6 ml) was re-injected into the polyethylene bag, and intragastric pressure was again recorded for 30 min. 15% (w/v) liquid meal was prepared from powdered solid feed. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: L-NAME (10 mg/kg iv), muscarinic receptor antagonist: atropine (100 μg/kg iv), serotonin (5-HT) 1B/D receptor agonist: sumatriptan (3 mg/kg ip), or traditional Japanese medicine: rikkunshito (1000 mg/kg po) was administered 15 or 30 min before the liquid meal. Results: Fifteen % liquid meal significantly degreased intragastric balloon pressure 5 - 20 min after administration. However, water or 7.5% liquid meal did not decrease the pressure. Furthermore, a glucose solution (10.6%), which is same calories as the 15% liquid meal, significantly decreased intragastric pressure 5 and 10 min after administration. Pretreatment of L-NAME completely inhibited the decrease in intragastric pressure induced by 15% liquid meal. Atropine and sumatriptan significantly decreased intragastric pressure compared to vehicles. Responses to these drugs were consistent with those in previous studies. Furthermore rikkunshito accelerated the decrease in intragastric pressure induced by the liquid meal. Conclusion: We for the first time established a system measuring liquid meal-induced gastric accommodation in conscious guinea pigs. The calorie content clearly contributed to gastric accommodation induced by the liquid meal. Moreover, this system is useful for evaluating the effects of therapeutic drugs on gastric accommodation.
Mo1283 Experimental Study of the Effect of Rikkunshito on Gastrointestinal Motility Mitsuhiro Yanai, Hiroki Morita, Atsushi Ogawa, Yoshitaka Toyomasu, Tetsuro Ohno, Erito Mochiki, Hiroyuki Kuwano Background & Aims: Rikkunshito, a traditional herbal medicine, is a mixture of dried Atractylodis lanceae rhizome, Ginseng Radix, Pinnellia Tuber, Hoelen, Zizyphi Fructus, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, and Zingiberis rhizome. Rikkunshito is used to treat various gastrointestinal tract disorders, including anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Rikkunshito on gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs. Methods: Contracle activity was measured by means of force transducers chronically implanted in the gastric body, antrum, duodenum, and jejunum. Rikkunshito (0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 g) dissolved in water was injected into the stomach during the interdigestive state and postprandial state. Rikkunshito was administered into the stomach at 30 min before feeding, and gastric emptying was evaluated by the acetaminophen method. Inhibitors of gastrointestinal motility (atropine and hexamethonium) were injected intravenously before Rikkunshito administration to the stomach. In addition, the concentration of plasma acylatedghrelin was measured before and after intragastric administration of Rikkunshito. Results: In the interdigestive state, intragastric administration of Rikkunshito induced phasic contractions in the duodenum and jejunum. The motility index for 15 minutes in the duodenum
S-601
AGA Abstracts
AGA Abstracts
Zebrafish ICC Are Anoctamin-1 Positive Adam J. Rich, Jessica Ouderkirk, Jennifer B. Strouse, Simon J. Gibbons, Gianrico Farrugia