Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the Gulf of Edremit (northeastern Aegean Sea) between Izmir, Balıkesir and Çanakkale (Turkey)

Accepted Manuscript Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the gulf of edremit (northeaster aegean sea) between izmir, balikesir and çanakkale (turkey)

Zeki Ünal Yümün, Melike Önce PII:

S1464-343X(17)30132-2

DOI:

10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.015

Reference:

AES 2851

To appear in:

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Received Date:

18 February 2017

Revised Date:

09 March 2017

Accepted Date:

17 March 2017

Please cite this article as: Zeki Ünal Yümün, Melike Önce, Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the gulf of edremit (northeaster aegean sea) between izmir, balikesir and çanakkale (turkey), Journal of African Earth Sciences (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.015

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

HIGHLIGHTS In this study, the populations and abnormal shell structures of Quaternary foraminifera in the sediments of the northeaster Aegean Sea were examined. Examination of the faunal and sedimentological properties of the samples showed that the Gulf of Edremit is completely influenced by the sea and has rich foraminifera and ostracod populations. Scanning electron microscopy was used to perform an elemental analysis of the surfaces of dark yellow-orange foraminifera. The S, Fe and Mn concentrations in the shells were found to be high like in hydrotermal waters.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1

MONITORING HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN FORAMINIFERA

2

FROM THE GULF OF EDREMIT (NORTHEASTER AEGEAN SEA)

3

BETWEEN İZMIR, BALIKESIR AND ÇANAKKALE (TURKEY)

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Zeki Ünal YÜMÜN1 Melike ÖNCE2

5 6

1Namık

Kemal University, Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Çorlu, Tekirdağ/TURKEY, [email protected]

7

2Namık

Kemal University, Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Çorlu, Tekirdağ/TURKEY, [email protected]

8 9

ABSTRACT

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In this study, the populations and abnormal shell structures of Quaternary foraminifers in the

11

sediments of the North-eastern Aegean Sea were examined. For this purpose, offshore drilling

12

was carried out at three locations, and core samples were collected from 13 locations at

13

Küçükkuyu (Çanakkale), Güre (Edremit-Balıkesir) and Dikili (İzmir). At these points, drilling

14

reached depths ranging from 3.00 to 22.00 m beneath the seafloor; recent sediments were

15

observed, but the bedrock was not reached. Examination of the faunal and sedimentological

16

properties of the samples showed that the Gulf of Edremit is completely influenced by the sea

17

and has rich foraminifers and ostracod populations.

18

The abnormalities observed in the foraminifer shells, as well as the yellow- and/or black-

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coloured shells seen in both the foraminifer and ostracod populations, are due to natural and

20

anthropogenic ecological pollution. The vertical (chronological) and horizontal (spatial)

21

distributions of heavy metal concentrations in both the core and drill core samples were

22

investigated to determine the causes of the morphological abnormalities observed in the

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foraminifers. In the present study, pollution index (PI) values were calculated to assess the

1

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degree of heavy metal pollution (Yümün 2017). The current land use status of the coastal areas

25

corresponding to the measured PI values was investigated to identify the sources of the

26

pollution. Especially in the Güre region, a large number of genera and species of benthic

27

foraminifers showed overgrowth in the shell sizes of individuals, and the coloration of the shells

28

is noteworthy.

29

These changes in the shells are a result of thermal sources and agricultural activities in the

30

region. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to perform an elemental analysis of the

31

surfaces of dark yellow-orange foraminifers (Ammonia compacta and Elphidium crispum). The

32

S, Fe and Mn concentrations in the shells were found to be high, based on the SEM analyses.

33

This is similar to the high S and Fe contents of thermal waters. Thus, the main causes of the

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coloration of the shells have been accepted to be both thermal waters and fertilizers and

35

pesticides that are used in agricultural activities.

36 37

Keywords: Heavy metals, Pollution Index, Aegean Sea, Edremit, Balıkesir, Çanakkale

38 39

1. INTRODUCTION

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Seas have been exposed to pollution caused by people for centuries. As technological

41

advancements have increased with time, the quantity and toxic properties of pollution have

42

changed. Before the Industrial Revolution, seas were only polluted with domestic and

43

agricultural wastes; following the Industrial Revolution, the discharge of dangerous chemical

44

wastes into the seas began. Of the wastes created by both industrial and agricultural activities,

45

heavy metals represent the most significant pollutants. Heavy metals dissolve in water; thus,

46

they are the most important pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.

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Their persistence in the environment, toxicity at high concentrations, tendency to accumulate

48

in tissues and biomagnification in the food chain pose a threat to people. Therefore, the

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monitoring and control of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems have been studied by many

50

researchers (Uluturhan and Küçüksezgin 1998). Because of its geographical location and

51

geological structure, the Gulf of Edremit is a landlocked gulf. In addition, the flow is limited in

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the study area, so it is rather defenceless against heavy metal pollution. The effect of heavy

53

metals on foraminifers was investigated in the study area, which is an important tourist

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attraction. Foraminifers are single-celled and usually very small organisms that date back to the

55

beginning of life on earth and that have evolved over time (Meriç, 1983). Recent studies have

56

used foraminifers as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in seas, and this study

57

adopted the same method.

58

In a study conducted in the Dikili Gulf (in the northeastern Aegean Sea), Meriç et al. (2003)

59

identified three different abnormal benthic foraminifers species (Peneroplis planatus, Rosalina

60

sp. and Elphidium crispum). They reported that the individual benthic foraminifers they

61

observed, which had an abnormal appearance, may have been affected by the thermal sources

62

that have developed due to the presence of active earthquake faults in the region. Meriç et al.

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(2008) investigated the effects of inner sea sources on the foraminifers and ostracod populations

64

in the Gulf of Saros. In their study, which was titled, “The Effect of Water Resources Containing

65

Thermal Minerals on the Benthic Foraminifers Population in the Coastal Areas of the Eastern

66

Aegean Sea”, Meriç et al. (2009), showed that the coloration and morphological deformities

67

observed in the foraminifers shells at certain locations occurred because the water contained

68

minerals from thermal springs. The present-day planktonic foraminifers species and their

69

spatial distribution were determined by Toker and Yıldız (2002). Avşar (2002) carried out a

70

taxonomic examination by examining the distribution of benthic foraminifers in the North-

71

eastern Aegean Sea. Üstünada et al. (2011) investigated seasonal changes in heavy metals in 3

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the benthic organisms of the species found in the Çanakkale Strait. Yümün et al. (2016) studied

73

the foraminifers, ostracod and mollusc populations in the İzmir Gulf (Karşıyaka, Bayraklı,

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İnciraltı and Çeşmealtı), and the effects of heavy metals on these organisms. Yümün (2017)

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investigated the effects of heavy metals on the foraminifers populations found in the Holocene

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sediments in the western Marmara Sea. In this study, an average value called the “Pollution

77

Index (PI)” was used to summarize the results of geochemical analyses. The relationships

78

between the Pollution Index (PI) and foraminifers numbers, as well as the diversity of genera

79

and species, were assessed in this study.

80

The distribution of heavy metal concentrations in a wide area from Babakale (Çanakkale) to

81

Dikili (İzmir) was investigated, and zones with heavy metal pollution were identified. The

82

drilling data were used to determine the co-occurrence of heavy metals and foraminifers

83

populations over time, while data from the core samples were used to investigate the current

84

status. Approaches to studying the effects of heavy metals on foraminifers and the sources of

85

heavy metal pollution were developed, based on investigation of the samples. A similar study

86

was carried out by Bergin et al. (2006) in the İzmir Gulf. Meriç et al. (2012) studied the effects

87

of oceanographic properties on the benthic foraminifer, ostracod and bryozoan populations in

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the coastal areas of the Gulf of Edremit (Balıkesir), but that study only focused on a small area

89

and was limited to grab samples, whereas this study used drill and core samples and considered

90

older periods in terms of geochronology.

91

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

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The present-day sediment samples were collected from three different locations in the

93

northeastern Aegean Sea, specifically Dikili (İzmir, SK-1), Güre (Balıkesir, SK-2) and

94

Küçükkuyu (Çanakkale, SK-3) (Fig. 1). A modular sea buoy and a drilling machine with a semi-

95

hydraulic rotary system built on the buoy were used for drilling. Furthermore, core samples

96

were collected from 13 different locations in the study area (Burhaniye-Ören, Akçay Körfez, 4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 97

Güre Fener, Güre Merkez, Dalyan, Babakale, Asos Kamplar, Altınoluk, Gömeç, Cunda Adası,

98

Sarımsaklı, and Altınova). The samples collected transported to the laboratory while protected

99

from the sun in opaque core boxes. A total of 241 samples, including 176 samples from the 3

100

drill cores and 65 samples from the other core samples, were examined (Table 1).

101

102 103

Figure 1: Sample (Bore Hole and Core Samples) location map

104 105

Moreover, sea water samples were collected from 10 locations, and hydrothermal water samples

106

were collected from 2 locations, to determine the relationships between the heavy metal

107

contents of the sea water, the hydrothermal water and the sea sediments (Table 1).

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1: The properties of the drilling and core samples

108 Sort No of Sample

Sea Water Samples

Dikili BH-1 Güre BH-2 K.Kuyu BH-3 Core-1 Core-2 Core-3 Core-4 Core-5 Core-6 Core-7 Core-8 Core-9 Core-10 Core-11 Core-12 Core-13

Hydrothermal Water Samples

Sample Locations

Dikili/İzmir Güre/Balıkesir K.Kuyu/Çanakkale Burhaniye- Ören Akçay-Balıkesir Güre/Fener-Balıkesir Güre/Merkez-Balıkesir Dalyan/Edremit Babakale-Çanakkale Asos/Çanakkale Altınoluk/Balıkesir Gömeç- Balıkesir Cunda Adası/Balıkesir Ayvalık Sarımsaklı Altınova/ B.Kesir Altınova/Balıkesir Dikili Altınova merker Cunda adası Sarımsaklı ayvalık Gömeç Burhaniye/Ören Dalyan edremit Akçay Güre merkezs Altınoluk ENTUR-Edremit/Balıkesir AFRODİT-Güre/Balıkesir

Geographic Coordinate East (Y) 490060.55 489776.20 466009.22 0493908 0493240 0487550 0489776 0495590 0489830 0448819 0478001 0483063 0472857 0471845 0480092 0485272 490145.45 478615.23 473445.98 471182.99 483322.06 493893.57 495272.12 493302.40 489535.40 477243.35 503670.19 490008.62

North (X) 4324738.74 4381514.27 4377155.44 4371663 4381247 4379549 4381655 4378221 4381641 4372621 4379661 4360373 4355018 4348423 4342318 4332873 4324372.27 4337596.56 4354828.82 4346301.37 4360944.68 4370561.51 4379490.82 4381485.51 4381686.38 4379525.96 4379973.70 4382032.28

Deniz Suyu Derinliği (m)

Numune Derinliği (m)

Numue Botu (m)

13,00 9,20 10,20 11,00 8,00 8,00 9,00 10,50 9,00 3,00 4,50 3,00 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,00 2,00 2,00 3,00 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,00 3,00 3,50 4,50 -

13,0-20,0 9,20-30,0 10,20-31,45 11,75 8,50 8,75 10,00 11,25 9,60 3,50 5,25 3,50 3,00 3,25 3,50 3,60 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 -

7,0 20,80 21,25 0,75 0,50 0,75 1,00 0,75 0,60 0,50 0,75 0,50 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,60 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt 1,50 lt

109 110

Wet sieve analysis was used to determine the grain-size distribution of the present-day sediment

111

samples. Prior to the sieve analysis, 10% H2O2 was added to 15 grams of each sediment sample.

112

The samples were then stored for 24 hours and washed with water in a 0.125 mm sieve.

113

Following the washing process, the samples were dried for 6 to 8 hours at 75 0C, and the

114

foraminifers and ostracods were identified with a binocular microscope. Microphotographs of

115

the foraminifers genera and species were taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM)

116

belonging to the Scientific and Technological Research and Application Centre of Namık

117

Kemal University (NABİLTEM). An elemental surface analysis of the foraminifers that

118

showed changes in coloration (Ammonia compacta and Elphidium crispum) was also performed

119

with SEM. A geochemical analysis of the two water samples obtained from the geothermal

6

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water resources on the seashore were carried out to determine the source of the heavy metals

121

observed in the foraminifers shells.

122

For the heavy metal analysis, 15 grams of each sediment sample were simultaneously taken

123

from the same levels as were sampled for palaeontological analyses. Once the samples had been

124

dried at 50°C for 24 hours, they were then pulverized in a mortar. Heavy metal analysis of the

125

pulverized samples was carried out using a SPECTOBLUE model ICP-OS housed at

126

NABILTEM. For sample combustion, 0.5 grams of the pulverized samples was weighed and

127

transferred to combustion tubes. A 12-ml amount of HNO3 and 4 ml of HCl were added to these

128

samples, which were heated at 98°C for 1 hour and at 200°C for 1.5 hours. The tops of the

129

cooled tubes were opened in a fume hood, ultra-pure water was added to the tubes up to 50 ml,

130

and the contents were strained through filter paper.

131 132

The prepared samples were placed in the measurement unit of the ICP-OS device (Smart

133

Analyser Vision) to take readings. The concentrations in parts per million (ppm) of 24 heavy

134

metals (Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Al, Mn, Ni, As and Hg) were then determined. Using the

135

method proposed by Yümün (2017), the Pollution Index (PI) is obtained by dividing the

136

proportion of the total heavy metal concentrations to their average values by the number of

137

measurements. This is the first study that has applied the Pollution Index method to a study

138

area. This method also separately correlates the PI values with the number of foraminifers

139

individuals and species. For quantitative age determinations, 150 grams of young sediment

140

were sampled from the lowest parts of drill cores BH-1, BH-2, and BH-3, which were collected

141

at Dikili (İzmir) (19.00 to 20.00 m), Güre (Edremit/Balıkesir) (29.00 to 30.00 m) and

142

Küçükkuyu (Çanakkale) (31.00 to 31.45 m), respectively.

143 144

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3. RESULTS

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3.1. Regional Sedimentation

147

The present-day sediments in the Gulf of Edremit showed properties that are specific to the

148

gulf. Since the Gulf of Edremit is a closed basin, the connection between the gulf and the

149

Müsellim Strait and Dikili Channel is quite restricted. Therefore, there is almost no interaction

150

between the bottom sediments in these three regions. The Müsellim rocks to the east of

151

Bababurun and at the narrowest point between Midilli and the Anatolian landmass restricts the

152

connection between the Gulf of Edremit and the open sea. There is a jump from −100 metres

153

to −50 metres in the area where the Gulf of Edremit connects to the Dikili Channel. This

154

bathymetric difference obstructs the transfer of material from the bottom (50 m depth) of the

155

Gulf of Edremit to the Dikili Channel. The flow in this region is also limited (Eryılmaz and

156

Yücesoy-Eryılmaz 1998).

157 158

3.2. Sedimentological Properties of the Investigated Area

159

The investigated area exhibits a lithology that has a considerable thickness on land, and its grain

160

size changes from coarse to fine towards the sea. At the Dikili drilling site, the water depth is

161

13.00 m. Samples taken from the drill core, which penetrated 20 m, were silty clay and low in

162

sand. At the Güre drilling site, there was sea water between 0.00 and 9.20 m; between a depth

163

of 9.20 and 12.20 m, there was a high water content, as well as dark greenish-black shells at

164

low levels and clay that was low in sand (slime); between a depth of 12.20 and 16.00 m, there

165

was a high water content, medium to dark green shells at low levels and clay that was low in

166

sand; between a depth of 16.00 and 18.00 m, there was black-dark green clay that was low in

167

sand, and between a depth of 18.00 and 30.00 m, the sediment was observed to alternate

168

between green, gravelly and sandy clay, and green clay. At the Küçükkuyu drilling site, the

169

water depth was 10.20 m. This site was drilled to a depth of 31.45 m and yielded 21.25 m of 8

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core sample. The core had high water content and was made up of a dark bluish-black slime

171

between 10.20 and 17.0 m; had medium-high water content and a consistent slime that became

172

more condensed between depths of 17.0 and 20.50 m; and contained greyish-black silty clay

173

between the depths of 20.50 and 31.45 m. A radiometric age determination of the detrital

174

materials, which had largely terrestrial origins was carried out, and their sedimentation rates

175

were determined.

176 177

3.3 Radiometric Age and Sedimentation Rate Determination

178

The sediment samples taken from the bottom-most layers of the Dikili, Güre and Küçükkuyu

179

drill cores were sent to a laboratory (Beta Analytic Inc.) for radiocarbon age determination. In

180

the radiocarbon analysis, the sea sediments were analysed using standard AMS (14C) methods

181

(Table 2). The age of the Dikili sample from the bottom-most layer was determined to be

182

5750+/−30 Before Present (BP) with

183

penetrated 7 m deep below the sea bed. The 7 metres of sediment taken from the bottom of the

184

20-m core sample was tested. That 7 m of sedimentation occurred over 5750 years. The

185

sedimentation rate (Vs) was 1.217 mm/year (Table 2). With the

186

determined to be 2770 +/− 30 BP for the bottom-most layer of the core obtained from the Güre

187

drill site.

14C

dating. In the Dikili drill core (SK-1), the drill

14C

method, the age was

188 189

Table 2: The report from the radiocarbon dating analyses (Beta Analytic Inc.) Sample Data Beta - 423881 SAMPLE : EKP_1 (Dikili/İzmir) ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (organic sediment): acid washes 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 4690 to 4520 (Cal BP 6640 to 6470) Beta – 423882 SAMPLE : EKP_2 (Küçükkuyu/Çanakkale) ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery

9

Measured Radiocarbon Age 5750 +/- 30 BP

Conventional Radiocarbon Age(*) 5750 +/- 30 BP

Sedimentation speed (Vs) mm/year 1,217

3710 +/- 30 BP

3700 +/- 30 BP

5.743

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (organic sediment): acid washes 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 2195 to 2165 (Cal BP 4145 to 4115) and Cal BC 2150 to 2020 (Cal BP 4100 to 3970) and Cal BC 1990 to 1980 (Cal BP 3940 to 3930) Beta – 423883 SAMPLE : EKP_3 (Güre/Balikesir) ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (organic sediment): acid washes 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 1000 to 835 (Cal BP 2950 to 2785)

2780 +/- 30 BP

2770 +/- 30 BP

7,509

190 191

Drilling at the 30.00-m-deep Güre site was carried out in a water depth of 9.20 m and yielded a

192

20.80 m core sample. The sedimentation rate (Vs) was found to be 7.509 mm/year by dividing

193

the core length by the sedimentation age. A total core length of 21.25 m was obtained from the

194

Küçükkuyu drill site. With the

195

sample taken from the bottom-most layer of the core. According to this, the sedimentation rate

196

in the Küçükkuyu region was determined to be Vs = 5.743 mm/year. The Dikili area is a plain,

197

and the effect of runoff is low; therefore, it had the lowest sedimentation rate

198

(Vs =1.217 mm/year). The relatively high sedimentation rates inferred from Güre

199

(Vs = 7.509 mm/year) and Küçükkuyu (Vs = 5.743 mm/year) were attributed to the relatively

200

steep slopes of the surrounding land.

14C

method, an age of 3700 +/− 30 BP was obtained for the

201 202

3.4 Foraminifer Population

203

3.4.1 The Foraminifer Population in Dikili:

204

In the Dikili SK-1 drill core samples, 15 genera and 19 species were identified. The foraminifers

205

were Adelosina duthiersi (Schlumberger), Adelosina mediterranensis (Le Calvez, J. and Y.),

206

Ammonia compacta (Hofker), Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny), Anomalinoides

207

rubiginosus (Cushman), Brizalina spathulata (Williamson), Elphidium advenum (Cushman),

208

Elphidium crispum (Linne), Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll), Fursenkoina acuta

209

(d'Orbigny), Lagena strumosa (Reuss), Lobatula (Walker and Jacob, 1798), Melonis

210

pompilioides (Fichtel & Moll), Nonionella turgida (Williamson), Pygro inornata (d'Orbigny), 10

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 211

Quinqueloculina seminula (Linnaeus), Reusella spinulosa (Reuss), Rosalina bradyi (Cushman)

212

and Spiroloculina excavata (d'Orbigny).

213 214

3.4.2 The Foraminifer Population in Güre and Küççükkuyu:

215

Six genera and 8 species were found in the Güre SK-2 and Küçükkuyu SK-3 drill core. The

216

foraminifers were Adelosina mediterranensis (Le Calvez, J. and Y.), Ammonia compacta

217

(Hofker), Elphidium advenum (Cushman), Elphidium crispum (Linne), Elphidium

218

complanatum (d'Orbigny), Massilina secans (d'Orbigny), Miliolinella subrotunda (Montagu),

219

and Quinqueloculina seminula (Linnaeus).

11

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3.4.3 The Foraminifer Population in the Core Samples:

222

Ten genera and 18 species were seen in the core samples.

223

The foraminifers were Adelosina cliarensis, (Heron-Allen and Earland), Adelosina duthiersi

224

(Sclumberger), Adelosina mediterranensis (Le Calvez, J. and Y.), Amphistegina lobifera

225

(Larsen) and A. lessonii (d'Orbigny), Elphidium advenum (Cushman), Elphidium crispum

226

(Linne), Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll), Lobatula (Walker and Jacob), Massilina

227

secans (d'Orbigny), Peneroplis pertusus (Forskål), Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel & Moll),

228

Planorbulina

229

Quinqueloculina

230

Spiroloculina excavata (d'Orbigny), and Vertabralina striata (d'Orbigny). Since the core

231

samples were obtained from a maximum of 1.0 m below the sea bed, they represent the sediment

232

of the present-day period. The numbers of foraminifers individuals, genera and species (Table

233

3) were compared against the heavy metal concentrations of the same samples (in terms of PI).

mediterranensis seminula

(d'Orbigny),

Quinqueloculina

bidentata

(d'Orbigny),

(Linnaeus),

Quinqueloculina

striata

(d'Orbigny),

234 235

Ostracod Populations: Significant numbers of ostracods were obtained from the 13 core

236

samples and 3 drill core samples collected from the area between Dikili and Babakale. The

237

ostracods, which were identified as belonging to 13 genera and 15 species, were

238

Acanthocythereis hystrix (Reuss), Aurila albicans (Ruggieri), Carinocythereis carinata

239

(Roemer), Carinocythereis whitei (Baird), Cytheridea acuminata (Bosquet), Cytherelloidea

240

vulgata (Müller), Cytherelloidea sp., Cytheretta sp., Falunia sp., Loxoconcha eliptica (Brady),

241

Loxoconcha rhomboidea (Fischer), Loxoconcha sp., Neomonoceratina sp., Pontocythere

242

elongata (Brady), Xestoleberis communis (Mueller), Xestoleberis glabrescens (Reuss),

243

Xestoleberis sp., Urocythereis favosa (Roemer), Urocythereis sororcula (Ulıczny), and

244

Urocythereis sp.

12

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As in the case with foraminifers, changes in colour were also observed in the ostracods. The

246

most common coloration change in the ostracods was to orange.

247 248

Table 3: The foraminifer genera and species in the core samples from the Gulf of Edremit

Core-11

Core-12

5 10

2 5

5

1

5 2 5

35

10 5

Core-8

15 11

1

Core-7

5

1

5

8 5 7

Core-10

3

Core-9

3

5

Core-6

Core-3

5 35

Core-5

10

Core-4

Adelosina cliarensis Adelosina duthiersi Adelosina mediterranensis Ammonia compacta Ammonia parkinsoniana Amphistegina lobifera A. lessonii Cribroelphidium poeyanum Cycloforina contorta Cycloforina villafranca Elphidium advenum Elphidium crispum Elphidium complanatum Elphidium macellum Lachlanella variolata Lobatula lobatula Massilina secans Melonis pompilioides Miliolinella subratunda Peneroplis pertusus Peneroplis planatus P. mediterranensis Porosononion granosum Pseudutriloculina oblonga Pseudotriloculina rotunda Quinqueloculina bidentata Quinqueloculina seminula Q. lamarckiana Quinqueloculina striata Sigmoilinita costata Spiroloculina angulosa Spiroloculina excavata Spiroplectinella sagittula Vertabralina striata Textularia bocki Triloculina marioni Triloculina marioni Number of foraminifer genus Number of foraminifer species Pollution Indes

Core-2

Foraminifers

Core-1

Core Sample No

7

35

25 3

1 7

55 7

1 3

4

12

11

7

7

35

36 17

7 4

4

15

2

1 13 5

1 8

2 4

3

7

5

15 11

7 1

35 11

3 1 4

25

5

11

3 7

4

3 5

4

17 7 3 1 3 19 11

7

11

10 7

11

20 15

40 12

15 10 3

7 7

3

10

12

10 4

7 12

2 3 9 3 5

5

5

2

15

11

13

7

9

2

7 5 5

2 3

1 1

7

4 5

12

3

12

8

17

10

6

13

10

8

4

5

13

4

14

9

23

10

7

14

12

12

6

1,18

1,33

1,03

1,06

1,11

0,86

0,65

0,95

1,62

0,67

0,74

1,20

249 250

13

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 251 252

3.4.4 Morphological deformities in the Foraminifers and the geochemical analyses of their shells

253 254

The foraminifers were yellow-orange in the Güre region (Fig. 2), whereas the colour ranged

255

between orange and black in the Küçükkuyu region (Fig. 3). The foraminifers shells obtained

256

in the Dikili region were in the dark grey–black range (Fig. 4). The numbers of twin growths in

257

the shells of Massilina secans from the Güre and Küçükkuyu regions (Fig. 2/3 and 3/1) were

258

quite high. The hydrothermal waters controlling the ambient temperature, and the high Ca

259

concentration in the environment, were among the most important causes of these

260

morphological deformities.

261

262 263

Figure 2: The morphological deformities found in the Güre drill core samples:

264

1. Ammonia compacta (13.70 m) 2. Massilina secans (15.90 m) 3. Massilina secans (15.70 m)

265

14

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

266 267

Figure 3: The morphological deformities in the foraminifers found in the Küçükkuyu drill core

268

samples: 1. Massilina secans (18.00 m) 2. Miliolinella subrotunda (15.80 m) 3. Adelosina

269

mediteranensis (15.10 m).

270 271 272

Geochemical analyses were carried out to determine the causes of the coloration changes

273

observed in shells from the Dikili region (Fig. 5). The microscopic elemental surface analysis

274

of 2 grams of foraminifers shells was carried out using the ICP-OS device to determine the

275

amounts of elements accumulated in the shells (Table 4). As in the Dikili sediments, the Fe, Zn,

276

Mn, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Pt values in the shells were quite high. These values are 10 times

277

higher than the ICP-OS values of the foraminifer samples obtained from Güre and Küçükkuyu.

278

279

15

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 280

Figure 4: The coloration changes observed in the foraminifers found in the Dikili drill core

281

samples: 1: Elphidium crispum (14.20 to 14.30 m) 2: Elphidium macellum (15.20 to 15.30 m)

282

3: Elphidium advenum (28.00 to 28.50 m) 4: Ammonia parkinsoniana (19.20 to 19.30 m)

283 284

Table 4: The ICP-OS results of the heavy metals accumulated in the shells and foraminifer

285

tests collected at Dikili, Güre and Küçükkuyu Sample ID

Fe ppm

Dikili foraminifer tests Güre foraminifer tests Küçükkuyu foraminifer tests

143973.31 40.26

3799.11

3012.94

Sample ID

Dikili foraminifer tests Güre foraminifer tests Küçükkuyu foraminifer tests

Cu

Zn ppm

As ppm

B ppm

Cd ppm

Co ppm

Cr ppm

2524.83 255.15 0.40

176.31

22.84

3.49

2.00

5.38

6.73

2077.4

64.39

3.77

0.29

19.11

0

0.91

5.85

3.22

1454.85 28.99

3.59

1.77

15.48

0

0.35

2.21

Ni

Al ppm

Pb

Mn ppm

Ag ppm

Pt

Sb

Na

Mg

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

25.30

10.52

31.78

6.49

0.00

1023.35 827.65

14.76

4.10

0.28

0.00

0.33

5333.3

5.09

1.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

5571.25 337.42

K ppm

Ca ppm

P ppm

1291.33 442320.24 234.80

2093.08 1036.24 500787.20 1359.97

1080.27 507674.02 55.48

NOTE: Bi, Sn, Se, Hg and Mo = 0

286 287

Furthermore, the significantly elevated concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, As,

288

Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Pt) in foraminifers such as Elphidium were due to the perforated structure

289

of their shells. Foraminifer shells become mineral deposits at microscopic scales.

290

16

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

291 292

Figure 5: The ICP-OS results of the foraminifer tests collected at Dikili, Güre and Küçükkuyu

293 294

The elemental surface analyses of the Küçükkuyu (Fig. 6/1) and Güre foraminifer shells (Fig.

295

6/2) were carried out using SEM. In the analyses, the S values of the Güre samples were much

296

higher than those of the Küçükkuyu samples. This is because, at Güre, the geothermal waters

297

mix with the sea in large amounts, whereas there are no geothermal resources in Küçükkuyu.

298

Therefore, water samples were taken from the seashore at Edremit and Güre to carry out

299

geochemical analyses.

300

17

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

301

Figure 6: The elemental surface analysis graphs (sample: Güre BH-2, 15.10 m)

302 303

3.5 The Chemical Properties of the Sediment Samples

304 305

The core samples obtained from the Güre, Dikili and Küçükkuyu drill cores were vertically

306

sectioned at 10-cm intervals, and their heavy metal concentrations were determined (Table 5, 6

307

and 7).

308

In the chemical analyses of the drill core from the Dikili region, Fe and Al levels were higher

309

than those of the other drill cores. There is no significant change in the heavy metal

310

concentrations at different depths obtained from the same core. The fact that Hg was zero at all

311

levels is noteworthy.

312

In chemical analyses of the Güre drill core, the elemental concentrations showed sudden

313

increases at three different depths (Table 5). There was no similarity between the elemental

314

concentrations at other depths. Therefore, the evaluations were based on average values. The

315

average values were 1351.5 ppm for Hg, 462.06 ppm for Mn, 70.61 ppm for As, 66.78 ppm for

316

Cd, and these values were substantially higher than those from the Dikili region.

317

18

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 5: The heavy metal distribution in the Güre SK-2 drill core samples

318

Derinlik (m) 13.20-13.30 13.30-13.40 13.40-13.50 13.50-13.60 13.60-13.70 13.70-13.80 13.80-13.90 13.90-14.00 14.00-14.10 14.10-14.20 14.20-14.30 14.30-14.40 14.40-14.50 14.50-14.60 14.60-14.70 14.70-14.80 14.80-14.90 14.9-15.00 15.00-15.10 15.10-15.20 15.20-15.30 15.30-15.40 15.40-15.50 15.50-15.60 15.60-15.70 15.70-15.80 15.80-15.90 15.90-16.00 Average Value

Co

Fe

Pb

As

Cr

Cu

Zn

Al

Mn

Ni

Hg

Cd

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppb

14.837 43.124 26.287 9.945 25.034 23.841 25.090 24.179 18.312 24.340 25.272 25.327 26.943 26.475 35.497 24.743 26.126 25.093 24.904 24.752 29.497 26.842 24.766 24.710 24.360 28.370 39.441 32.462

20871.80 43483.20 35806.50 13835.40 32805.30 32872.00 36375.70 32995.10 21643.90 30289.30 35394.50 35186.30 34200.90 36253.50 39254.60 35374.90 32955.90 33656.80 32410.40 34470.00 35612.90 35448.00 34096.10 33443.10 32794.10 36298.30 45622.00 42481.50

1.85 3.65 5.47 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.36 0.00 0.09 0.20 2.11 7.21 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.05 0.00 0.90 2.09 9.85 0.26 1.02 3.07 1.51 0.11 0.00 0.00

44.2894 83.6967 74.3962 29.4966 76.7601 70.3402 86.8838 66.5548 47.1204 81.25 84.032 68.9589 93.7122 87.1272 74.2573 83.1218 68.6532 71.0684 66.127 77.874 48.5521 55.9327 73.8981 75.3997 55.2406 82.9546 79.1742 70.1492

27.5 1755.6 58.4 16.9 60.6 57.5 65.7 53.9 504.9 53 54.1 46 79.9 58.4 1101.9 54.8 60.5 62.6 59.8 46.1 61.9 54.6 49.7 49.6 60.9 66.8 1094.5 71.7

3.1 40.6 18.3 5.7 13 10.9 17.2 15.2 0.4 6.4 18.4 14.7 12.6 10.4 21.2 13.8 10.9 10 10 12.3 21.2 17.5 9 12.9 10.7 18.6 35.3 25

29.60 56.80 51.80 10.10 67.20 50.90 51.70 51.10 20.20 40.00 52.60 58.90 52.70 51.00 52.40 52.50 51.70 50.80 62.80 50.20 55.70 53.80 46.60 46.70 45.40 55.10 66.70 65.30

9866.50 11909.90 11882.20 7379.90 12711.40 13095.20 11708.80 13474.10 9020.40 11536.70 12370.60 11001.90 13753.60 14890.00 14939.10 13054.60 14153.80 14005.80 11770.90 12026.70 11884.60 14514.50 12506.30 11313.50 12512.40 14071.50 16281.00 16949.00

247.1 638.7 444.1 173.8 419.7 383.5 434.8 421.5 281.5 399.9 470.1 525.1 481.7 418.3 529.8 407.5 433.9 435.4 462.8 460.2 573.2 512.2 469.8 461.6 523.5 527.9 590 810.2

39.5 954.8 84.9 16.9 68.2 66.9 71.8 64.7 273.3 61.3 70.2 70 86.2 70 601 67.5 80.6 75.2 77.3 70.5 95.8 85.7 69.1 69.3 73.4 90.5 643 102.9

822.7 1756.2 1398.1 540.7 1277.0 1315.3 1433.2 1349.3 841.3 1256.3 1436.5 1379.0 1375.3 1466.5 1600.7 1379.7 1328.9 1347.8 1278.9 1383.1 1392.7 1439.7 1370.9 1308.6 1302.9 1432.7 1864.0 1765.3

0.0 295.5 0.0 357.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 282.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 450 0.0 34.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 450.1

26.09

33783.29

1.478

70.61

206.71

14.83

50.01 12663.75

462.06 150.02

1351.5 66.78

319 320

The heavy metal concentrations obtained from the Küçükkuyu drill site are given in Table 7.

321

Here, Cd, As and Pb were high in the upper levels and lower or zero towards the bottom levels.

322

The high levels of these elements in the upper levels were attributed to the agricultural

323

pesticides and fertilizers that have recently been used in olive cultivation.

324 325 326

Table 6: The heavy metal concentrations in samples from the Dikili Drill Core-1 (BH-1) (Hg

327

was determined to be zero at each level) Numune Derinliği

Cd

Cu

Pb

Zn

Co

Cr

As

Mn

Ni

Fe

Al

(m)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

13.00-13.20

0.461

26.23

6.88

52.8

11.86

39.28

19

22.90

331.10

39.59

29722.60

14715.40

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 13.20-13.40

0.831

26.44

7.20

49

10.40

32.78

20.63

363.30

35.32

28742.20

14135.00

13.40-13.60

0.910

26.97

7.37

63.2

10.22

35.85

21.54

281.50

36.01

30858.50

14420.10

13.60-13.80

1.392

28.92

7.12

58.6

11.49

45.28

20.86

238.40

40.52

32080.30

16369.90

13.80-14.00

1.234

29.10

9.15

67

11.94

44.83

18.02

236.10

40.63

32690.20

16124.80

14.00-14.20

0.786

23.21

10.47

52.2

9.84

32.57

21.58

215.00

32.43

27619.30

12596.20

14.20-14.40

0.738

26.71

0.00

58.2

13.86

79.44

22.68

207.70

50.61

34903.20

18310.00

14.40-14.60

1.265

25.81

6.32

46.3

11.67

42.55

24.69

206.30

39.14

28756.20

14815.10

14.60-14.80

1.338

25.23

7.97

50.6

11.31

40.98

20.74

217.70

37.69

29617.80

14619.60

14.80-15.00

1.050

23.41

7.46

62.3

10.90

40.97

17.98

233.50

36.13

30913.80

14361.20

15.00-15.20

1.382

26.33

9.76

47.3

12.26

39.56

35.50

403.70

41.44

30469.70

14760.60

15.20-15.40

1.240

27.12

6.73

54.6

11.74

40.36

36.72

481.80

42.15

32316.40

15791.30

15.40-15.60

1.519

26.08

9.41

51.7

12.28

42.55

31.84

408.00

43.58

32044.70

15352.90

15.60-15.80

1.455

27.65

8.16

64.8

11.89

47.44

28.08

274.40

45.64

36012.10

17496.20

15.80-16.00

0.926

31.62

7.28

66.1

13.51

106.68

24.96

336.50

62.81

37292.10

19291.90

16.00-16.20

0.000

21.08

7.21

51.1

10.73

39.84

21.18

255.60

34.17

31696.00

16735.90

16.20-16.40

0.388

21.60

7.10

46.4

10.58

59.65

19.49

249.30

44.53

30233.50

14885.30

16.40-16.60

1.315

21.76

5.78

58.5

13.35

56.33

28.65

281.50

47.36

34787.30

17268.80

16.60-16.80

1.456

23.86

4.75

58

11.36

46.39

26.68

279.10

42.58

34702.30

17743.80

16.80-17.00

1.424

23.57

7.14

56.3

11.48

47.03

32.05

308.00

43.22

35230.70

17816.80

17.00-17.20

1.192

22.62

7.15

54.3

11.16

44.51

27.03

272.60

38.97

34219.60

17676.10

17.20-17.40

1.241

22.75

7.13

56.8

11.03

44.03

25.12

301.30

38.27

34316.50

17652.10

17.40-17.60

0.961

42.37

7.82

51.4

16.03

394.11

30.82

326.70

232.44

32255.60

14584.00

17.60-17.80

0.659

19.03

6.65

50.1

9.14

37.19

15.58

221.20

32.92

28014.9

15030.80

17.80-18.00

0.937

27.76

6.06

48.5

14.43

542.18

18.80

280.60

289.58

31229.80

14902.00

18.00-18.20

0.809

20.88

6.45

54.2

11.24

44.46

25.37

269.90

37.22

32299.30

16763.60

18.20-18.40

1.373

22.22

7.99

67.4

11.37

45.07

22.32

277.50

37.85

34736.10

17275.80

18.40-18.60

0.267

21.98

6.61

51.4

10.81

43.24

24.40

272.80

37.85

33249.10

16077.00

18.60-18.80

0.499

23.16

0.00

65

15.38

70.43

27.95

257.10

48.26

36261.10

19070.20

18.80-19.00

2.024

31.80

10.04

195.9

12.51

73.57

30.56

319.90

55.31

40800.90

17458.80

19.00-19.20

0.906

20.29

2.47

53.3

10.45

74.66

19.28

225.70

51.81

29387.20

17094.70

19.20-19.40

1.3754 22.55

8.12

59.5

11.68

49.92

25.00

284.20

39.34

34272.20

17689.20

19.40-19.60

2.158

25.33

4.05

61.5

12.03

51.36

21.58

280.00

45.74

35461.60

18560.50

19.60-19.80

0.750

21.87

8.54

50.5

10.61

55.04

25.94

277.60

42.90

31737.40

14447.10

19.80-20.00 Average Value

1.362

21.38

2.05

56.7

13.35

57.53

26.64

274.10

44.01

33845.90

17676.70

1.075

25.10 6.697 59.76 11.826

73.933

24.661

284.277

54.515

32,650.75 16,273.4

328 329

As in the Güre samples, the Hg, Mn, Fe and Al concentrations in the Küçükkuyu samples were

330

high, and the average values of the other elements were similar.

331

Table 7: The heavy metal concentrations in the Küçükkuyu SK-3 drill core samples Depth of Sample 10.40-.10.60 12.50-12.70 12.70-12.90 13.00-13.20

Co

Fe

Pb

ppm ppm ppm 26.964 35954.20 7.44 22.287 29739.70 1.81 24.625 28472.70 3.19 25.071 32095.70 0.13

As ppm 80.5975 73.0552 96.5279 65.963

Cr

Cu

ppm 63.8 49.5 70.4 83

ppm 17.9 13.3 9.2 15.1

20

Zn

Al

Mn

Ni

ppm ppm ppm ppm 58.00 13197.30 497.9 98.7 78.10 11089.40 424.6 67.1 50.70 10044.70 421 71.8 53.70 13548.40 546 82.6

Hg

Cd

ppm ppb 1478.7 0.0 1149.4 101.0 0.0 23.3 1287.0 2575.2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 13.20-13.40 27.101 35240.90 4.70 13.40-13.60 24.736 33185.80 3.20 13.60-13.80 31.533 38575.90 1.33 13.80-14.00 29.484 32888.60 6.51 14.00-14.20 27.710 37164.80 0.00 14.20-14.40 29.146 37605.80 0.00 14.40-14.60 30.111 41727.40 0.45 14.60-14.80 30.225 35039.60 0.12 14.80.15.00 27.603 37302.90 0.00 15.00-15.20 27.806 37869.50 0.45 15.20-15.40 24.375 34583.30 1.25 15.40-15.60 25.842 36060.50 4.73 15.60-15.80 30.199 42221.50 0.00 15.80-16.00 29.830 40869.10 0.69 16.00-16.20 27.437 30093.90 2.46 16.20-16.40 23.184 31262.60 2.00 16.70-16.90 27.002 38198.80 0.00 16.90-17.10 26.267 37218.00 0.56 17.10-17.30 27.612 31471.40 6.17 17.30-17.50 25.670 30079.00 1.75 17.50-17.70 26.330 29225.70 4.68 17.70-17.90 24.645 33194.40 0.73 17.90-18.00 26.197 34970.70 0.00 18.00-18.20 27.423 37745.00 7.59 18.20-18.40 25.916 36399.80 2.22 18.40-18.60 27.126 31380.30 0.29 18.60-18.80 22.575 33532.60 0.10 18.80-19.00 25.398 34894.70 0.43 19.00-19.20 26.717 29562.00 8.64 19.20-19.40 24.885 32929.90 10.44 22.00-22.20 28.551 41556.00 0.46 22.20-22.40 29.031 37799.70 0.00 25.00-25.20 27.853 38261.30 1.61 25.20-25.40 29.869 39029.10 5.38 28.00-28.20 28.403 39315.30 0.03 28.20-28.40 27.669 32272.90 2.21 31.00-31.20 29.131 41711.30 9.52 31.20-31.40 30.226 40107.10 0.31 16.90-17.10 26.267 37218.00 0.56 17.10-17.30 27.612 31471.40 6.17 17.30-17.50 25.670 30079.00 1.75 17.50-17.70 26.330 29225.70 4.68 17.70-17.90 24.645 33194.40 0.73 17.90-18.00 26.197 34970.70 0.00 18.00-18.20 27.423 37745.00 7.59 18.20-18.40 25.916 36399.80 2.22 18.40-18.60 27.126 31380.30 0.29 18.60-18.80 22.575 33532.60 0.10 18.80-19.00 25.398 34894.70 0.43 19.00-19.20 26.717 29562.00 8.64 19.20-19.40 24.885 32929.90 10.44 22.00-22.20 28.551 41556.00 0.46 22.20-22.40 29.031 37799.70 0.00 25.00-25.20 27.853 38261.30 1.61 25.20-25.40 29.869 39029.10 5.38 28.00-28.20 28.403 39315.30 0.03 28.20-28.40 27.669 32272.90 2.21 31.00-31.20 29.131 41711.30 9.52 31.20-31.40 30.226 40107.10 0.31 35420.1 2.646 Average Value 27.1

92.6923 77.4262 56.8874 64.6729 58.2882 69.9353 115.562 75.8304 77.578 109.057 80.8339 65.6382 101.345 69.4819 84.2383 77.7235 45.5496 32.6499 81.6658 122.758 87.5902 81.2872 68.7409 71.5879 85.5852 76.5604 73.2443 83.2475 117.596 73.5847 91.5897 93.9082 71.8228 74.8619 65.8281 67.5886 71.6013 89.5641 32.6499 81.6658 122.758 87.5902 81.2872 68.7409 71.5879 85.5852 76.5604 73.2443 83.2475 117.596 73.5847 91.5897 93.9082 71.8228 74.8619 65.8281 67.5886 71.6013 89.5641

79.4

60.9 72.4 65.2 69.1 62.1 53.5 56.4 66.4 55.9 59.3 56.4 44.3 66.9 63.3 78.3 62.8 64.6 64.9 65.8 69 81.8 59.5 58.4 59.3 64.9 72 61 74.1 69.2 65.5 72.2 86.3 73 95.5 91.8 87.2 73.1 89.4 64.9 65.8 69 81.8 59.5 58.4 59.3 64.9 72 61 74.1 69.2 65.5 72.2 86.3 73 95.5 91.8 87.2 73.1 89.4

69.7

17.2 17.4 25.8 19.5 25 31.7 28.5 22.3 22.8 23.1 21.7 28.3 28.5 29.7 15.6 12.5 24.6 25.3 18.5 14.8 11.5 13.2 22 29 21.6 14.7 9.2 13.7 14.8 16.3 22.7 22.1 23.9 22.4 20.2 14.3 26 20 25.3 18.5 14.8 11.5 13.2 22 29 21.6 14.7 9.2 13.7 14.8 16.3 22.7 22.1 23.9 22.4 20.2 14.3 26 20

19.7

58.60 46.70 62.70 49.40 62.20 60.40 60.70 53.00 52.50 51.60 54.60 57.90 61.60 62.80 39.10 57.70 58.70 57.90 56.60 42.20 40.50 46.80 60.20 61.90 53.40 43.90 43.20 59.00 47.80 50.00 93.20 79.20 69.20 72.80 63.60 48.80 70.70 77.30 57.90 56.60 42.20 40.50 46.80 60.20 61.90 53.40 43.90 43.20 59.00 47.80 50.00 93.20 79.20 69.20 72.80 63.60 48.80 70.70 77.30

58.21

12449.60 11553.60 14427.40 11234.50 14574.80 15129.00 14041.70 11298.30 13734.50 14037.70 14175.00 12322.20 16176.90 15273.40 10403.60 10926.00 15746.70 14158.10 10901.20 11209.60 10170.30 13445.90 14269.10 13415.40 14583.30 12224.60 14588.40 14104.60 10408.40 11322.50 16649.10 16534.50 14885.00 14576.10 15548.40 12147.40 13157.30 14937.30 14158.10 10901.20 11209.60 10170.30 13445.90 14269.10 13415.40 14583.30 12224.60 14588.40 14104.60 10408.40 11322.50 16649.10 16534.50 14885.00 14576.10 15548.40 12147.40 13157.30 14937.30

13362.8

502.8 448.3 732.7 596.7 614.3 800.1 819 781.4 784.1 732.4 404.2 613.1 745.6 680.6 532.8 565.5 518 548.6 429.8 420.5 427.1 502.7 548.5 553.1 430.7 430.4 445.4 512.3 501.2 496.4 659.9 655.7 586.8 666.7 561 498.5 586.2 513.2 548.6 429.8 420.5 427.1 502.7 548.5 553.1 430.7 430.4 445.4 512.3 501.2 496.4 659.9 655.7 586.8 666.7 561 498.5 586.2 513.2

551

87.2 87.8 105.7 90.9 86.5 78 75.6 79.1 75.7 81.7 76.8 76.5 89.9 95.6 80.4 69.7 90.2 95.7 87.3 77.4 81.2 73.4 71.4 81.5 87.6 85.2 70.5 88.5 88.1 89.2 110.7 113.6 103.8 127.8 123.1 105.6 116.2 112.5 95.7 87.3 77.4 81.2 73.4 71.4 81.5 87.6 85.2 70.5 88.5 88.1 89.2 110.7 113.6 103.8 127.8 123.1 105.6 116.2 112.5

90.9

1438.1 789.5 1291.4 40.5 1569.4 0.0 0.0 25.7 1496.8 0.0 1551.9 0.0 1719.3 621.0 0.0 22.8 1500.2 0.0 1532.7 0.0 1406.2 0.0 1425.3 0.0 1699.1 0.0 1694.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 1238.7 43.8 1557.9 0.0 1439.6 0.0 0.0 21.0 0.0 27.8 0.0 25.4 1285.7 0.0 1429.1 0.0 1508.4 0.0 1482.1 0.0 0.0 29.0 1174.3 0.0 1407.7 0.0 0.0 22.3 1272.0 0.0 1658.3 0.0 1558.9 0.0 1515.3 0.0 1572.3 0.0 1593.6 0.0 0.0 24.1 1634.7 0.0 1604.8 0.0 1439.6 0.0 0.0 21.0 0.0 27.8 0.0 25.4 1285.7 0.0 1429.1 0.0 1508.4 0.0 1482.1 0.0 0.0 29.0 1174.3 0.0 1407.7 0.0 0.0 22.3 1272.0 0.0 1658.3 0.0 1558.9 0.0 1515.3 0.0 1572.3 0.0 1593.6 0.0 0.0 24.1 1634.7 0.0 1604.8 0.0

1106.4 66.2

332

In particular, the high levels of Hg seen at Güre and Küçükkuyu (Güre Hg = 1351.5 ppm and

333

K. Kuyu Hg = 1106.4 ppm) result from hydrothermal mineral deposits that are in contact with

334

carbonate rock formations in the Kaz Mountains. Table 8 shows the heavy metal concentrations

21

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 335

of the core samples. In addition, the average heavy metal concentrations and Pollution Index

336

values of the core and drill core samples were calculated (Fig. 7).

337

338 339

Figure 7: The average values of the heavy metal concentrations in the drilling and core

340

samples

341

The average values of all core samples were calculated by using the average values obtained

342

for each core sample (Table 8 and Fig. 8). The ratio of each elemental concentration in the core

343

samples to the average value (the Pollution Index) was calculated. Here, a PI value of 1 (PI= 1)

344

was taken as the pollution threshold; PI values lower than 1 (PI<1) were taken to indicate non-

345

polluted environments, whereas PI values higher than 1 (PI>1) were taken to indicate polluted

346

environments (Table 9).

347

22

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

348 349

Figure 8: A plot showing the Pollution Index (PI) values (red: PI>1; green: PI<1; blue: PI=1)

23

Table 8: The average values of the core and drill core samples and the calculated index values

350

ore No

Fe

Zn

Al

Mn

As

B

Cd

Co

Cr

Cu

Ni

Pb

Pt

Sb

Na

Mg

K

Ca

P

Pullotion Indeks (PI)

Core-1

29405.6

6055.5

13072.7

244.2

12

18

0.8

9.3

24

32

24

16.6

0.15

0.647

5644.2

3285.9

9206.2

8748.8

661.1

1.179

Core-2

37166.5

3413.8

15104.3

327.5

10.48

24.9

1.28

14.7

81.6

31.8

81

18.1

0.27

0.219

5474.9

6662.1

8150.4

16522.5

542.7

1.325

Core-3

36313

2783.7

15231.2

318.5

2.21

17.8

0.95

11.6

38.9

29.7

28.1

3.44

0.23

0.331

5375.4

4721.7

7875.1

17761.8

625.9

1.025

Core-4

30264.6

4806.1

12911.4

234

10.51

23.1

0.84

10.5

49.6

28.1

45.6

12.8

0.09

0.148

4860.6

4960.9

6545

14105.8

473.1

1.059

Core-5

35548.3

2440

16504.4

285.8

13.44

24.9

0.89

12.5

40.7

44.2

30.9

20.5

0.03

0

9963.5

4367.5

11648.1

7223.9

568.3

1.113

Core-6

26687.2

81.2

6506.4

385.7

5

10.8

1.3

7.7

11.5

10.5

7.6

11.5

0.84

0

3504.9

1595.9

3596.6

25335.1

786.2

0.855

Core-7

15571.3

21.5

6503.3

381.3

12.2

19.4

0.49

4.94

28.4

6.4

22.3

10.7

0.15

0

4210.6

3088.4

4286.8

24151.7

231.3

0.649

Core-8

27051.9

97.9

12459.3

280.4

5.5

15

0.8

9.5

51.3

39.5

41.9

22.5

0.16

0.3

3908.1

3582

4437.8

23921.8

485.8

0.945

Core-9

43598.7

82

12757.4

406.9

27.5

44.9

1.9

15.9

61.2

9

63

14.5

0.79

1.3

7899.5

4968

9085.6

21554.7

379.5

1.616

Core-10

13402.3

95

8085.6

118.9

5.6

51

0.28

2.5

10.6

13.7

7.4

14.3

0

0.279

8221.6

1577.8

5536.9

36467.5

118.7

0.672

Core-11

24791.2

169

11078.4

135.3

15.4

31.5

0.63

5.8

12.8

18.9

9.2

4.9

0.04

0.332

9825.7

1968.8

5804.2

23854

134.9

0.744

Core-12

25637.4

63.9

11265.4

300

4.9

19.9

0.62

12.4

294.6

19.8

178.4

6.9

0

0.132

6052.7

3338.3

8640.4

9204.5

729.3

1.198

Core-13

23948.6

47.8

9400.2

211.5

7.2

22.6

0.69

8.5

22.7

7.7

13.4

5

0.09

0

4660.8

2761.9

5072.5

7797.6

693.9

0.616

CORE SAMPLE AVERAGE

28414.4

1550.57

11606.15

279.2

10.15

24.9

0.88

9.68

55.99

22.41

42.52

12.4

0.22

0.284

6123.27

3606.1

6914.28

18203.8

494.6 7

1

DİKİLİ BH-1 AVERAGE

32,650.8

59.757

16,273.4 11

284.28

24.66

-

1.075

11.83

73.9

25.11

54.52

6.697

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

GÜRE BH-2 AVERAGE

33783.29

50.01

12663.75

462.06

70.61

-

66.78

26.09

206.7

14.83

150.0 2

1.478

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

KÜÇÜKKUYU BH-3 AVERAGE

35420.1

58.21

13362.8

551

79.4

-

66.2

27.1

69.7

19.7

90.9

2.646

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 352 353

In Table 9, the locations at which PI was higher than 1 (PI>1) are the areas where olive

354

cultivation and industrial activities are currently intense; the locations at which PI was lower

355

than 1 (PI<1) usually correspond to areas used as beaches and tourist attractions. In the locations

356

with high pollution levels, the number of foraminifer individuals was low, and changes in

357

coloration and morphological deformities were commonly observed. In the locations where

358

PI<1, the number of fossil individuals was high, but no colour changes or morphological

359

deformities were observed. This finding – which was first reached in this study – was viewed

360

as evidence of how much foraminifers and other organisms are affected by the pollution in their

361

environment. Instead of attributing the low numbers of foraminifers individuals to changes in

362

coloration and to the morphological deformities to one element or a few elements, the

363

evaluations were based on the PI value proposed by Yümün (2017) to describe the pollution in

364

the environment.

365

A numeric PI map was developed to visually highlight the pollution of the Gulf of Edremit (Fig.

366

9). In the Pollution Index map, areas with PI>1 are red and areas with PI<1 are green. The

367

pollution distribution values seen in the map correspond to the current land use of the region

368

shown in Table 9.

369

25

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

370 371

Figure 9: A map of the Pollution Index (PI) of the investigated area

372

Table 9: The Pollution Index values (PI) for each core sample STATION NO

STATION NAME

STATION-1

Burhaniye- Ören

STATION-2

Akçay-Balıkesir

STATION-3

Güre/Fener-Balıkesir

STATION-4

Güre/Merkez-Balıkesir

STATION-5

Dalyan/Edremit-Balıkesir

STATION-6

Babakale-Çanakkale

STATION-7

Asos/Kamplar-Çanakkale

STATION-8

Altınoluk/Balıkesir

STATION-9

Gömeç- Balıkesir

STATION-10

Cunda Adası/Balıkesir

STATION-11

Ayvalık Sarımsaklı

STATION-12

Altınova/ B.Kesir

STATION-13

Altınova/Balıkesir

Kirlilik İndeksleri (PI) 1.179 1.325 1.025 1.059 1.113 0.855 0.649 0.945 1.616 0.672 0.744 1.198 0.616

26

PI değerlendirmesi

Açıklama Bölgenin Güncel Durumu

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Sanayisi

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Jeotermal

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Jeotermal

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Jeotermal

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Sanayisi

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Sanayisi

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı

PI>1: Kirli Ortam

Zeytin Tarımı ve Sanayisi

PI<1: Temiz Ortam

Turizm Alanı ve Plaj

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 373 374

3.6 The Geochemical Properties of the Sea Water and Hydrothermal Waters

375

Geochemical analyses of hydrothermal water from two locations and sea water from ten

376

locations were carried out to determine the relationships among the heavy metal contents (Table

377

10 and Table 11). In Table 10, the geothermal analyses of the Entur and Afrodit hydrothermal

378

waters were examined together. Although the concentration of the element As in Güre was

379

14.57 ppm, it was 3.018 ppm in Entur. The high level of As, which has a toxic effect, is

380

noteworthy. The levels of Ca, S and Al in Entur were 27.938 ppm, 110.850 ppm and

381

35.326 ppm, respectively, and these values are much higher than those seen at Güre. The levels

382

of the other elements were approximately equal to each other. The water in both locations was

383

alkaline, which is expected to lead to large carbonate shells in the foraminifers. In the

384

geochemical analyses of the sea water samples from the Gulf of Edremit, the levels of As, Co,

385

Cr, Pb, Sb, Sn and Se were equal to zero. Although the levels of the elements that are released

386

into the sea by the geothermal facilities operating at the sea shore, such as As, Pb, Sb, Sn and

387

Se, were zero in the sea water, they were high in the foraminifer shells and sediments given in

388

Table 10. The sources of these elements were the coastal, hydrothermally generated mineral

389

operations and agricultural activities. The source of the sulphur (S) noted in the sediment and

390

foraminifer shells in the Güre region was geothermal water (Table 10).

391 392 393 394 395 396

27

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 397

Table 10: The data from geochemical analysis of the hydrothermal waters of Entur

398

(Edremit/Balıkesir) and Afrodit (Güre/Balıkesir)

399 Element

GÜRE/AF RODİT

Na (ppm) Mg (ppm) K (ppm) Ca (ppm) S (ppm) As (ppb) Al (ppb) B (ppm) Bi (ppb) Cd (ppb)

225.110 0.990 3.317 7.667 93.347 14.578 0 2.255 8.109 1.521

EDREMİT/ENTUR

Element

GÜRE/AFRODİT

EDREMİT/ENTUR

235.013 Co (ppb) 2.122 0.923 Cr (ppb) 1.515 3.087 Cu (ppb) 1.714 27.938 Fe (ppb) 0.991 110.850 Mn (ppb) 1.972 3.018 Mo (ppb) 7.970 35.326 Pt (ppb) 1.637 1.200 Sb (ppb) 3.597 8.378 pH 8.80 1.612 EC 8.58 Not: Ag, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, W, Zn, and Hg= 0

1.530 1.444 1.317 0 2.143 7.706 1.659 2.839 12,88 15,41

400 401

Table 11: The heavy metal concentrations of the sea water samples (ppm) SAMPLE LOCATİON Burhaniye Ören Liman 1 Akçay Dikili Güre Merkezs Dalyan Edremit Sarımsaklı Ayvalık Gömeç Altınoluk Cunda Adası Altınova Merker SAMPLE LOCATİON Burhaniye Ören Liman 1 Akçay Dikili Güre Merkezs Dalyan Edremit Sarımsaklı Ayvalık Gömeç Altınoluk Cunda Adası Altınova Merker

Fe

Zn

Al

Mn

Ag

B

Bi

Cd

Cu

10,436

0

576,357

5,251

32,264

3,368

40,965

1,516

4,849

15,075

2,856

794,424

7,884

28,640

3,145

0

1,436

3,097

4,737 35,743

3,866 0

733,022 447,644

3,594 4,302

37,008 32,867

3,109 3,189

0 0

4,046 0

2,542 2,314

14,788 14,490 135,699

0 0 0

716,435 601,590 563,554

2,819 4,034 7,377

33,641 29,070 33,773

3,089 3,294 3,156

0 0 0

0 0 0

1,997 2,295 11,016

14,152 14,366 6,216

0 0 0

856,393 812,480 1081.21

5,083 3,269 4,224

32,113 33,192 18,177

3,217 3,264 3,143

0 0 0

1,105 1,182 1,193

1,035 2,547 1,441

Mo 16,921

Ni 0

Pt 1,662

Hg 0.297

Na 12603.1

Mg 534.7

K 140.4

Ca 331,832

P 4,752

16,773

2,670

1,507

2,370

13144.1

532.2

216.7

307,658

9,195

15,727

2,489

4,234

0.800

13852.7

548.4

257.1

306,285

4,192

17,377

2,690

1,106

1,426

13327.7

582.2

279

304,256

9,012

16,805

1,124

0

0.736

13265.4

562.2

252.3

301,910

4,430

18,475

2,437

0

1,397

12196.0

520.3

187

298,783

9,213

17,244

3,242

0

0

12473.9

541.7

202.1

312,721 12,672

16,877

2,323

1,221

0

12575.2

542.5

188.4

303,924

4,028

16,866

2,268

1,097

2,720

12250.3

570.2

188.3

314,853

7,954

17,303

1,712

1,353

0.580

11982.4

519.8

176.3

319,360

7,200

As, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb, Sn, Se = 0

402 403

28

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 404

4. CONCLUSION

405

This study examined the foraminifer populations and the properties of the abnormal shell

406

structures observed in the foraminifers in the Quaternary sediments from the north-eastern

407

Aegean Sea between Dikili (İzmir), Güre (Balıkesir) and Küçükkuyu (Çanakkale). Core

408

samples obtained by drilling into the seabed at 3 locations, Küçükkuyu, Güre and Dikili, and

409

obtained from 13 other locations on land were examined to investigate this. Paleontological

410

investigation of the samples showed that the Dikili SK-1 drill core samples contained 15

411

foraminifer genera and 19 foraminifer species, whereas the Güre BH-2 and Küçükkuyu BH-3

412

drill core samples contained 6 genera and 8 species. A total of 10 foraminifer genera and 18

413

species were found in the core samples that represent the entire study area. In the same samples,

414

13 ostracod genera and 15 ostracod species were also found.

415 416

The abnormalities observed in the foraminifer shells and the yellow and/or black-coloured

417

shells of both the foraminifers and ostracods were the result of natural and anthropogenic

418

pollution. The vertical (chronological) and horizontal (spatial) distribution of the heavy metal

419

concentrations in both the core and drill core samples were examined to determine the causes

420

of the morphological abnormalities seen in the foraminifers.

421

The high diversity of the benthic foraminifers in the Güre samples, the overgrowth of the shell

422

sizes of the individuals and the orange-black coloured shells resulted from the basic water and

423

the intensity of the thermal resources. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to

424

perform elemental surface analysis of the dark yellow-orange foraminifers (Ammonia compacta

425

and Elphidium crispum), and the S, Fe and Mn concentrations of the shells were high. This is

426

similar to the high S and Fe content of thermal waters.

427

An ICP-OS device was used for the elemental analysis of the shells of foraminifers from the

428

Dikili region to determine the elements that had accumulated in the shells. As in the sediments

29

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 429

from Dikili Fe, Zn, Mn, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Pt values were also quite high in these shells.

430

These values were at least 10 times higher than the ICP-OS values seen in the foraminifer

431

samples from Güre and Küçükkuyu. In the chemical analysis of the Güre drill core samples, the

432

concentrations were calculated based on the average values. Here, the Hg concentration was

433

1351.5 ppm, the Mn concentration was 462.06 ppm, the As concentration was 70.61 ppm and

434

the Cd concentration was 66.78 ppm; these values were quite high compared to those of the

435

Dikili region. The Cd, As and Pb concentrations in the Küçükkuyu drill core were high in the

436

upper levels and lower or zero towards the deeper layers. The higher concentrations of these

437

elements in the upper levels were due to the agricultural pesticides and fertilizers used in local

438

olive cultivation. The high concentrations of Hg observed at Güre and Küçükkuyu (Güre:

439

Hg = 1351.5 ppm and K. Kuyu: Hg = 1106.4 ppm) are a result of the hydrothermal mineral

440

deposits that are in contact with the carbonate rock formations in the Kaz Mountains.

441

The Pollution Index values of the sediments from the entire study area were calculated, and a

442

map showing the distribution of PI values for the region was produced. The locations at which

443

PI was higher than 1 (PI>1) correspond to the areas where olive cultivation and industrial

444

activities are currently intense; the locations at which the PI values were lower than 1 (PI<1)

445

are typically areas used as beaches and tourist attractions. In the locations with high pollution

446

levels, the number of foraminifer individuals was low and changes in coloration and

447

morphological deformities were observed to be common. In the locations where PI<1, the

448

number of fossil individuals was high, but no coloration changes or morphological deformities

449

were observed. This finding – which was identified for the first time in this study – is evidence

450

of the degree to which foraminifers and other organisms are affected by pollution in their

451

environment. Geochemical analyses of the hydrothermal and sea water samples were carried

452

out to determine the relationships among the heavy metal contents of the sea water,

453

hydrothermal water and sea sediments in the study area. The As concentration in Güre was

30

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 454

14.578 ppm, whereas it was 3.018 ppm in Edremit. The high amount of As, which has a toxic

455

effect, is a subject that requires further investigation. The Ca (27.938 ppm), S (110.850 ppm),

456

and Al (35.326 ppm) concentrations in Edremit were 27.938 ppm, 110.850 ppm and

457

35.326 ppm, respectively, and these values are higher than those seen at Güre. The other

458

elements were approximately equal to each other. The pH in Edremit was 12.88, whereas it was

459

8.80 in Güre. The waters in both locations were alkaline and can be viewed as one of the reasons

460

for the large carbonate shells of the foraminifers. Furthermore, the high levels of sulphur noted

461

in both hydrothermal water samples were viewed as the main cause of the orange coloration

462

observed in the foraminifers.

463 464

Acknowledgements

465

The author thanks Yümün Mühendislik Ltd. Şti for their studies on drilling and core sampling

466

and Sevinç YÜMÜN for the preparation of the samples in the laboratory and for the separation

467

studies of other fossils. Also I would like to thank Güldemin Darbas for the identification of

468

Ostracods. The author also thanks Namık Kemal University Scientific Research Projects

469

Commission

470

NKUBAP.00.17.YL.13.07).

for

accepting

and

financing

the

scientific

studies

(Project

no:

471 472 473

References:

474 475

Avşar N (2002). Gökçeada, Bozcaada ve Çanakkale Üçgeni Kıta Sahanlığı (KD Ege Denizi)

476

Bentik Foraminifer Dağılımı ve Taksonomisi. Hacettepe University Journal of Earth

477

Sciences, 26, 53-75. (In Turkish)

31

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 478

Bergin, F., Küçüksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., Barut, İ. F., Meriç, E., Avşar, N. and Nazik. A.,

479

2006, The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracoda to heavy metal pollution in

480

Gulf of İzmir (Eastern Aegean Sea). Estuarine , Costal and Shelf Science, 66, 368-386.

481

Eryılmaz M, Yücesoy-Eryılmaz F (1998). Kıt’a Sahanlığı- Doğal Uzantı Kavramları ve Ege

482

Denizi’ndeki Kıt’a Sahanlığı Sorunu. Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz alanları II. Ulusal

483

Konferansı. The 98th Conference of the Coasts of Turkey Prosedings, 22/25, 737-748.

484

(In Turkish)

485 486

Meriç E (1983). Foraminiferler. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute Publications. Education Series No: 26. (In Turkish)

487

Meriç E, Avşar N, Bergin F, Barut İ F (2003). Dikili Körfezi'nde (KuzeyEge Denizi-Türkiye)

488

Bulunan Üç Anormal Bentik Foraminifer Örneği: Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel ve

489

Moll), Rosalina sp. ve Elphidium crispum (Linne) Hakkında. Mining Investigation and

490

Search Magazine. 127, 67-81. (In Turkish)

491

Meriç E, Avşar N, Mekik F, Yokeş B, Barut İ F, Dora Ö, Suner F, Yücesoy-Eryılmaz F,

492

Eryılmaz M, Dinçer F and Kam E (2009). Alibey ve Maden Adaları (Ayvalık-Balıkesir)

493

Çevresi Genç Çökellerinde Gözlenen Bnetik Foraminifer Kavkılarındaki Anormal

494

oluşumlar ve Nedenleri. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 52(1), 31-84. (In Turkish)

495

Meriç E, Avşar N, Nazik A, Koçak F, Eryılmaz F, Eryılmaz M, Barut İ, Yokeş M, Dinçer F,

496

Esenli F, Esenli V, Özdemir Z, Türker A, Aydın Ş (2012). Edremit Körfezi (Balıkesir)

497

Kıyı Alanlarında Oşinografik Özelliklerin Bentik Foraminifer, Ostrakod Ve Bryozoon

498

Toplulukları Üzerindeki Etkileri İle İlgili Yeni Veriler. Journal of Turkish Petroleum

499

Geology, 24 (2), 31-77. (In Turkish)

500

Meriç E, Avşar N, Nazik A, Tunoğlu C, Yokeş B, Barut İ F, Yücesoy- Eryılmaz F, Tuğrul B,

501

Görmüş M, Öncel M S, Orak H, Kam E, Dinçer F (2008). Harmantaşı Mevkii (Saros 32

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Körfezi-Kuzey Ege Denizi) Deniz İçi Kaynakları Çevresindeki Foraminifer Ve

503

Ostrakod Topluluğuna Bu Alandaki Çevresel Koşulların Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Mine

504

Investigation and Research. 136, 63-84. (In Turkish)

505

Toker V, Yıldız A (2002). Kuzeydoğu Ege Denizi Gökçeada-Bozcaada-Çanakkale

506

Üçgenindeki Dip Sedimanlarında Güncel Planktonik Foraminifer Dağılımı. Hacettepe

507

University Journal of Geoscience, 25, 99-110. (In Turkish)

508

Uluturhan E, Küçüksezgin F, Cihangir B (1998). Ege Denizi Kıyılarında Kırma Mercanda (Pagellus erythrinus) Ağır Metal Birikimi 240-244.

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Üstünada M., Erduğan H., Yılmaz S., Akgül R., Aysel V. 2011. Seasonal Concentrations of

511

Some Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in Ulva Rigida J. Agardh (Chlorophyta) from

512

Dardanelles (Çanakkale, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177: 337-

513

342.

514

Yümün, Z.U., Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Nazik, A., Barut, I.F., Yokeş, B., Sagular, E.K., Yıldız, A.,

515

Eryılmaz, M., Kam, E., Başsarı, A., Sonuvar, B., Dinçer, F., Baykal, K., Kaya, S.,

516

(2016). Meiofauna, Microflora And Geochemical Properties Of The Late Quaternary

517

(Holocene) Core Sediments In The Gulf Of Izmir (Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey). Journal

518

of African Earth Sciences - Elsevier. 124 (2016), 383-408.

519

Yumun, Z.U., (2017), The Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Foraminifera in the Western

520

Marmara Sea (Turkey), Journal of African Earth Sciences - Elsevier. 129 (2017) 346-

521

365

522 523 524

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 525 526 527

EXPLANATION OF PLATE-1 (Dikili)

528

Figure 1: Elphidium crispum, Sample: Dikili BH-3, 14.20-14.30 m

529

Figure 2: Elphidium macellum, Sample: Dikili BH-3, 15.20-15.30 m

530

Figure 3: Elphidium advenum, Sample: Dikili BH-3,28.00-28.50 m

531

Figure 4-5: Ammonia compacta, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.80-19.90 m

532

Figure 6-7: Ammonia parkinsoniana, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.20-19.30 m

533

Figure 8-9 : Melonis pompilioides, Sample: Dikili BH-3,17.50-17.60 m

534

Figure 10-11 : Anomalinoides rubiginosus ,Sample: Dikili BH-3,16.10-16.20 m

535

Figure 12-13: Nonionella turgida, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.30-19.40 m

536

Figure 14-15 : Rosalina brody, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.30-19.40 m

537

Figure 16-17 : Lobatula lobatula, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.40-19.50 m

538

Figure 18-19: Pyrgo inornata, Sample: Dikili BH-3,28.00-28.50 m

539

Figure 20-21: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Dikili BH-3,19.90-20.00 m

540

Figure 22-23: Adelosina duthiersi, Sample: : Dikili BH-3,16.20-16.30 m

541

Figure 24: Spiroloculina excavata, Sample:Dikili BH-3,28.00-28.50 m

542

Figure 25: Quinqueloculina seminula, Sample: Dikili BH-3,25.00-26.00 m

543

Figure 26: Reusella spinulosa, Sample: Dikili BH-3,18.10-18.20 m

544

Figure 27: Lagena strumosa, Sample: Dikili BH-3,21.00-22.00 m

545

Figure 28 :Fursenkoina acuta, Sample: Dikili BH-3,16.50-16.60 m

546

Figure 29: Brizalina spathulata: Dikili BH-3,18.60-18.70 m

547

Figure 30: Brizalina spathulata: Dikili BH-3,19.40-19.50 m

548 549 550 551 552

34

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 553 554 555 556

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2(Güre and Küçükkuyu)

557

Figure 1-2: Ammonia compacta, Sample: Güre :13.70.1

558

Figure 3-4: Ammonia compacta, Sample: Küçükkuyu :13.00.1

559

Figure 5-6: Elphidium crispum, Sample: Güre :13.70.4

560

Figure 7-8: Elphidium complanatum, Sample: Güre :14.70.1

561

Figure 9-10: Elphidium advenum, Sample: Küçükkuyu :10.40.1

562

Figure 11-12: Elphidium advenum, Sample: Güre :14.40.2

563

Figure 13-14: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Güre :13.90.2

564

Figure 15-16: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Küçükkuyu :17.10.2

565

Figure 17-18: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Küçükkuyu :10.30.3

566

Figure 19-20: Quinqueloculina seminula, Sample: : Küçükkuyu :10.30.2

567

Figure 21-22: Miliolinella subratunda, Sample: Küçükkuyu :15.70.1

568

Figure 23-24: Massilina secans, Sample : Küçükkuyu :15.10.1

569

Figure 25-26: Massilina secans, Sample :Güre :15.90.1

570

Figure 27-28: Massilina secans, Sample :Güre :15.70.1

571 572 573 574 575 576 577

35

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 578

PLATE-1 (Dikili)

579 580

36

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 581

PLATE 2 (Güre and Küçükkuyu)

582 583

37

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 584 585

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 (Core Samples)

586

Figure 1-2:Elphidium complanatum, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE 3.3(Güre Fener)

587

Figure 3: Elphidium macellum, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE 1.3(Burhaniye Ören)

588

Figure 4: Elphidium crispum, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE 1.5(Burhaniye Ören)

589

Figure 5: Elphidium advenum, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE 3.4(Güre Fener)

590

Figure 6: Elphidium advenum, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE2.15(Akçay Körfez)

591

Figure 7-8 :Ammonia tepida , Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE10.5(Cunda Adası)

592

Figure 9-10 : Ammonia compacta, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE10.6(Cunda Adası)

593

Figure 11-12 : Rosalina brody, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE6.17(Çanakkale Babakale)

594

Figure 13-14:Lobatula Lobatula, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE7.3(Assos)

595

Figure 15-16: Peneroplis pertusus, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE 7.11(Assos)

596

Figure 17-18: Peneroplis planatus, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE 7.10(Assos)

597

Figure 19-20: Peneroplis planatus, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE6.1(Çanakkale Babakale)

598

Figure 21-22: Peneroplis sp., Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE9-5

599

Figure 23-24: Spirolina arietinus, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE9-6

600

Figure 25-26: Vertabralina striata, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE10.2(Cunda Adası)

601

Figure 27-28: Nodobaculariella cristobalensis: Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.3 (Çanakkale Babakale)

602

Figure 29-30: Welmanellinella striata, :Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.10 (Çanakkale Babakale)

603 604 605 606

38

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 607 608

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 (Core Samples)

609

Figure 1-2: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE2.4(Akçay Körfez)

610

Figure 3-4: Adelosina mediterranensis, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.6(Çanakkale Babakale)

611

Figure 5-6: Adelosina duthiersi, Sample: : Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.8(Çanakkale Babakale)

612

Figure 7-8: Adelosina cliarensis, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE4.2(Güre Merkez)

613

Figure 9-10: Pseudotriloculina leavigata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE4.7(Güre Merkez)

614

Figure 11-12: Massilina secans, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.11(Çanakkale Babakale)

615

Figure 13-14: Quinqueloculina bidentata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.9(Çanakkale Babakale)

616

Figure 15-16: welmanellinella striata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.18(Çanakkale Babakale)

617

Figure 17-18: Lachlanella variolata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.4(Çanakkale Babakale)

618

Figure 19-20: Lachlanella undulata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.14(Çanakkale Babakale)

619

Figure 21-22: Massilina secans, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE2.1(Akçay Körfez)

620

Figure 23: Spiroloculina excavata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.19(Çanakkale Babakale)

621

Figure 24: Spiroloculina depressa, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE6.EX.20(Çanakkale Babakale)

622

Figure 25-26: Quinqueloculina bidentata, Sample: Küçükkuyu-Güre: CORE4.4(Güre Merkez)

623

Figure 27-28: Planorbulina mediterranensis, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE6.EX.16(Çanakkale Babakale)

624

Figure 29-30: Uvigerina senticosa, Sample:Küçükkuyu-Güre:CORE6.EX.22(Çanakkale Babakale)

625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632

39

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 633

PLATE 3 (Core Samples)

634 635

40

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 636

PLATE 4 (Core Samples)

637 638

41