Monitoring methodologies and tools for the Sustainable Energy Action Plans to support the Public Administration

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73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association (ATI 2018), 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines 12–14 September 2018, Engineering Pisa, Italy Association (ATI 2018), 12–14 September 2018, Pisa, Italy

Monitoring methodologies and tools for the Sustainable Energy The methodologies 15th International Symposium on District Heating and CoolingEnergy Monitoring andthe tools for the Sustainable Action Plans to support Public Administration Action Plans to support the Public Administration Assessing theCinocca feasibility of using heat demand-outdoor a a Andrea *, Fabrizio Santinithe , Roberto Cipollonea a a a Cinocca Santinidistrict , Robertoheat Cipollone temperatureAndrea function for*,aFabrizio long-term demand forecast Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - DIIIE a

University of L’Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, L’Aquila Italy- DIIIE Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and 67100, Economics

a

b c of L’Aquila, 18, L’Aquila Italy I. Andrića,b,c*, A. University Pinaa, P. FerrãoViaa,G.J.Gronchi Fournier ., B.67100, Lacarrière , O. Le Correc a Abstract IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France Abstract

c Département Systèmes et Environnement - IMTthat Atlantique, Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes,Many Franceexpertises Climate Change invites to a Énergétiques more comprehensive analysis regards4 rue Sustainable Development. are Climate involvedChange in thisinvites aim, also extending the area of interestthat toward interdisciplinary aspects notMany only expertises related to to a more comprehensive analysis regards Sustainable Development. engineering Development givesofmore responsibility to local administrations, following the key are involvedaspects. in this Sustainable aim, also extending the area interest toward interdisciplinary aspects not only related to principle of “glocalization”, (thinking globally,gives actingmore locally): Municipalities areadministrations, the smallest political responsible engineering aspects. Sustainable Development responsibility to local following the key Abstractcalled to act and to put in place planning actions which answers to big questions (energy demand, climate nucleus principle of “glocalization”, (thinking globally, acting locally): Municipalities are the smallest political responsible change, theput common of Humanity. nucleus etc.) calledwhich to actworry and to in placefuture planning actions which answers to big questions (energy demand, climate District heating networks are Plans addressed in theoperational literature as tools one ofconceived the most effective solutions for decreasing the Sustainable Action are the voluntary by the European Union for the change, etc.)Energy which worry thecommonly common future of Humanity. greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector.Province These systems require(in high investments which are returned through the heat implementation of community energy policies. of L'Aquila the Abruzzo Region, Italy) has been a leading Sustainable Energy Action Plans are the voluntary operational tools conceived by the European Union for the sales. Due to the conditions building goal policies, heat the demand in the joining could decrease, player of this program andclimate has realized theand ambitious of having Covenant allathe 108 implementation of changed community energy policies. Province ofrenovation L'Aquila (in thesigned Abruzzo Region, Italy)future has been leading prolonging the investment return period. Municipalities the Province. of Industrial and Economics (DIIIE) the player of this of program and hasDepartment realized the ambitious and goalInformation of having Engineering signed the Covenant joining all theof108 The main scope this paper is to assess the feasibility of monitoring using the heatphase demand –alloutdoor temperature function foraheat demand University of L'Aquila designed the SEAPs the ofEngineering the Municipalities through scientific Municipalities ofofthe Province. Department ofand Industrial and Information and Economics (DIIIE) of the forecast. The which districtisofreported Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 methodology inthe thisSEAPs paper. University of L'Aquila designed and the monitoring phase of all the Municipalities through a scientific buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district methodology which is reported in this paper.

scenariosPublished were developed (shallow, ©renovation 2018 The Authors. by Elsevier Ltd. intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. by Elsevier Ltd. This an and open accessthat article under the CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Theisresults showed when only weather change is license considered, the margin error could be of acceptable some applications Selection peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the of 73rd Conference the ItalianforThermal Machines This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection peer-review under responsibility the for scientific committee of theconsidered). 73rd Conference of theafter Italian Thermal Machines (the errorand inAssociation annual demand was lower than of 20% all weather scenarios However, introducing renovation Engineering (ATI 2018). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association (ATI 2018). up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). scenarios, the error value increased Engineering Association (ATI 2018). The value of slopeEnergy coefficient onCovent average within SEAP the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Keywords: Sustainable Actionincreased Plan; SEAP; of Mayors; monitoring; Energy planning. decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Keywords: Sustainable Energy Action Plan; SEAP; Covent of Mayors; SEAP monitoring; Energy planning. renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-339-0820-1129. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-339-0820-1129. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Association 2018). under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Selection and(ATI peer-review Association (ATI 2018). 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 73rd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association (ATI 2018). 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.135

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1. Introduction The evident climate alterations, supported by several scientific confirmations (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, temperature increase of Earth and seas, severe meteorological rainfalls, etc.) need political actions to constrain these evidences. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration is 407,5 ppm, [1], and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies the maximum atmospheric concentration of 450 ppm as maximum allowable not-returning value for the predictable and expected repercussions, [2]. The intention is to limit to +2 °C the average global temperature of the Earth compared to the pre-industrial value. From 1750, conventional beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of fossil energy sources, the increase in the global population, the deforestation and many other energy related activities have generated the irrefutable scientific evidence generally called as Global Warming (GW). Past and future scenarios of the energy consumption match in a really close way with the temperature increase and CO2 concentration in the Atmosphere to leave few doubts about the correlation to fossil fuel use, [3]. Energy sustainability became a concept which calls for a multi-disciplinary approach. The mitigation of Climate Change effects is the most important and one of the future real challenge. EU (World leader for the development of a sustainable global society) is facing the GW concern with a stronger interest than any other Countries. Both the global and local plane must be considered: a winning concept is that which invites to think globally and act locally with the intention of respecting a high-geographical scale planning but also of leaving to the smaller energy consumption nucleus the responsibility of the actions. The principle of subsidiarity still leaves to the higher governmental levels the role of interventions but the lower levels must express their wills and decisional capabilities. The GW challenge justifies the implementation of shared programs with common rules in order to guide our society towards a Sustainable Development that respects environment, economic and social dimensions. The European Union issued, in 2008, the "20-20-20 Climate-Energy Package", [4]. This Directive, active from June 2009, is valid from January 2013 until 2020 and aims to achieve the following goals: ‐ 20% reduction in energy consumption compared to Business As Usual (BAU) 2020 projection; ‐ increase up to 20% in the use of renewable sources in energy consumption in 2020; ‐ 20% reduction in CO2 emissions in 2020 compared to the 2005 value. The principle of “glocalization” calls the smallest responsible political government to put in place actions in order to participate to the reduction of GW. These nucleuses are represented by the Municipalities which are directly addressed by EU to act. In 2008, the European Commission sets up the "Covenant of Mayors" inviting the Mayors to link together in order to share different experiences and possibilities to reduce energy consumptions and favor renewable energy productions, [5]. So, Municipal Administrations are strongly invited to adopt a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) in order to produce a diagnosis of the energy consumption, to put in evidence the role for energy saving, to favor the use of renewable sources: all these aspects are aimed at reducing the CO2 emissions. The implementation of voluntary actions aimed to achieve CO2 targets of, at least, 20% by 2020 is the quantitative goal. SEAPs must be reviewed and, eventually, modified respect to the first formulation through a monitoring phase drafted every two years, [6]. In 2012, the 305 Municipalities of Abruzzo Region (Italy) and, in particular, the 108 Municipalities of the Province of L'Aquila joined the "Covenant of Mayors", drafting specific SEAPs, [7]. In addition, economic funds have been allocated, coming from the "POR FESR 2007 - 2013, Axis II - Energy", towards the 108 Municipalities of the Province of L'Aquila, assigned in relation to the resident population, for the preparation of the municipal SEAPs and for the implementation of efficiency measures in particularly energy-intensive sectors, [8]. In order to answer to this strong political will, a methodology was developed by the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics of the University of L'Aquila (DIIIE) appointed by the Province of L'Aquila through a technical-scientific cooperation. A subsequent aspect was the implementation of a monitoring phase which gave the quantitative dimension of the CO 2 emissions and, consequently, the reduction targets, coordinated by DIIIE. Both for the implementation of the SEAPs and the management of the monitoring phase, the Authors developed an operational guideline presented in this paper, so participating to reduce the lack of the specific literature on the subject. 2. Sustainable Energy Action Plans in the Province of L’Aquila The Province of L'Aquila, Territorial Coordinator of the local Covenant of Mayors, aimed to reach the EU target of reducing CO2 emissions of about 20% by 2020. The 108 Municipalities and DIIIE have drawn up the municipal

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SEAPs. In order to promote the development of real territorial energy saving actions, SEAPs focus only on interventions within the competence of the local authority, both on the public and private sectors. The project transmits to the population a conscious spirit about global environmental problems and sensitizes citizens to live their daily lives in a more sustainable way, persuaded by a continuous activity of information on good energy practices. The drafting of SEAPs requires the implementation of a specific methodology that includes political consultation, energy territorial planning, application and updating the document produced and territorial customization. In fact, SEAP should not be interpreted as a rigid and binding document, but rather as a flexible tool, open to changes: any variations must be reported in this document in order to update the pre-fixed goals of the plan and to redefine the actions to reach the objectives. Table 1 describes a SEAP process. Table 1. Sustainable Energy Action Plan phases. Phases Activation [A] Planning [B]

Activity Commitment and Covenant signature Adaptation of the Municipality structures Support to stakeholders Evaluation of the current situation Definition of long-term vision Plan drafting and approval

Phases Implementation [C] Monitoring [D]

Activity Implementation of the planned actions SEAP Monitoring Sending the Monitoring report SEAP review

2.1. SEAP drafting methodology and data analysis The SEAP is a document that reveals how the “Covenant” signatories intend to pursue the goals of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, pre-set for 2020, associated to energy consumptions for a specific base year (2005). The collected data in the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) represent the reference situations: these represent the base from which to carry out the interventions. In fact, BEIs establish the amount of equivalent CO2 emitted by the energy flows in the geographical area of the signatory Municipalities, broken down by sector and by energy vector and sources: this level of knowledge identifies the sectors with high emission reduction potentials. BEIs implementation provided an indepth study of the energy flows for all the Municipalities of the Province. For the data processing, various methodologies have been developed following the approach suggested by the European Commission guidelines referring the BEI items in the transport, residential and tertiary sector [9]. Industrial sectors, as indicated also by the EC, were not considered as not directly influenced or guided by Municipalities. In the followings, some guidelines developed for generalizing the drafting of a SEAP are presented. CO2 emissions in the transport sector have two contributions: private and commercial. For private transport, the CO2 accounting was obtained starting from the provincial fuel sales data (gasoline, diesel, natural gas and LPG) and the provincial fuel vehicular distribution in each Municipality. These data allowed to evaluate the quantity of fuel consumed on every municipal area so, knowing the emission factors by fuels, was obtained the CO2 emitted. For commercial transport (public and private), the regional estimates relating to wheeled goods handling and the average fuel consumption of truck permitted the accounting of the fuels consumed on the local road network. This value, divided by regional population, allowed calculating fuels tonnes and CO2 emissions for each Municipality. For residential sector, a specific thermal consumption modeling software has been used to evaluate the energy requests that change with geographical position, construction materials and age of the buildings. Various energy carriers (natural gas, LPG, diesel, wood) met the estimated energy requirements, so, for each Municipality, CO2 emissions can be evaluated by fuel emission factors. Electricity consumptions have been determined by estimating average consumption per inhabitant in the specific geographical area, starting from statistics of TERNA (Italian energy TSO) and considering the national electric emission factor. Energy consumption in the tertiary sector was estimated by knowing the number of people employed through statistics of TERNA and ISTAT (National Institute of Statistics) that reveal the average accounting of electrical and thermal consumption. Public consumptions are evaluated by analyses of economic budget, energy bills and fuel cards for each Municipalities, accounting CO2 tonnes by specific emission factors. The collecting and implementation data analysis allow the compilation of the BEI, [10], specific for each Municipality. A summary of the total provincial emissions, calculated from the previously exposed activities, is expressed in Table 2.

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Table 2. Total territorial consumptions and emissions by sector. Energy consumptions

Sectors

Electrical consumption

Natural gas

Municipal Buildings Tertiary Buildings Residential Buildings Public Lighting Transports Total

20.311,7 133.026,8 314.118,1 50.120,6 517.577,2

71.832,0 230.122,2 1.700.781,8 2.002.736,0

Liquid Diesel/ gas Gasoline [MWh] 448,5 18.158,6 51.530,8 225.858,5 8.730,4 789.823,7 60.709,7 1.003.840,8

Biomass

Total

6,6 346.493,0 346.499,6

110.757,4 363.149,0 2.638.782,2 50.120,6 798.554,1 3.961.363,3

CO2 emissions [tCO2] 21.999,0 179.511,5 567.484,8 23.426,3 207.695,6 1.000.117,2

[%] 2,2 17,9 56,8 2,3 20,8 100,0

The percentage of the residential, tertiary and transport sectors emissions are comparable with the Italian value, [11]. Nevertheless, in the Province of L’Aquila, residential sector has a high percentage, 56%, that highlights the social, economic, climate and urban dynamics of the area. The weather conditions more oriented to lower temperatures and the relatively old quality of the building (more pronounced in small and medium cities which characterize the structure of the Province) justify this greater percentage.

Figure 1. (a) Municipal emissions percentage on total emissions; (b) BEI Municipal emissions per capita.

Figure 1 shows the specific emissions and emissions per capita for all the Municipalities of the Province, for a total emission of 968.143,9 tCO2, the 46,4% of which is concentrated in the main urban cities: L’Aquila, Avezzano and Sulmona that have 136.825 inhabitants for a total of 311.391 in the Province. High values of the emissions per capita, instead, is concentrated in the “Gran Sasso” area and in proximity of “Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park”, with values between 4 and 6 tCO2 per capita: this is due to the altimetry of the urban areas and, above all, for the low energy standards of the buildings, infrastructures and the foreign number of inhabitants. Provincial average emissions are about 3,3 tCO2 per capita, lower than national values (7,5 tCO2 per capita) and European (about 9,1 tCO2 per capita), [12]. The carbon dioxide emissions, related to each high-energy sector, highlight critical issues which outline some directions of interventions. The aim of the BEI is to outline main directions of the planning phase with the definition of saving actions. According to the local “external” situations (weather, roads, transportation needs, etc.) and knowing the economic, social and political opportunities, the DIIIE’s planning methodology defines six interventions for public and private sectors. In order to set up most significant actions to reduce fossil fuel energy use (CO2 emissions) and energy consumption, two main direction have been outlined: the first oriented to the energy saving and the other to the use of renewable sources for the thermal and electrical needs. The sector referred to the energy needs of buildings is surely the most sensitive to develop actions. Most significant interventions chosen were: 1. thermal insulation of the residential houses (for total of interventions referred to 14.134 buildings); 2. replacement of the fixtures of private houses (16.160 buildings). Among the second aspect, the interventions considered were:

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3. replacement of fossil fuel boilers with biomass boilers (for a total of 42.314 buildings); 4. installation of low temperature solar thermal collectors (for the same buildings with biomass boilers); 5. installation of photovoltaic plants on public and private buildings (for total 34.599 kWp installed). An additional action was done considering: 6. replacement of traditional methane boilers with condensing methane boilers (for a total of 17.063 buildings). Actions 1 and 2 were done realigning the old thermal performances (U1 = 0,83 W/m2K, U2 = 6,81 W/m2K) to new values (U1 = 0,27 W/m2K, U2 = 1,94 W/m2K) in line with what is reported in the current technical regulation, despite the interventions planned in 2012. Solar plants were respectively installed for a total surface of 135.405 m2 (action 4) and 397.889 m2 (action 5). Actions n. 6 produced an effective efficiency improvement producing an average fuel reduction close to 7-8 %. A synergic effect concerning the CO2 reduction was produced when the energy demand was reduced and the renewable sources were implemented both for thermal and electrical needs. These actions are quantified and customized for every Municipality in order to satisfy political choices (European Commitments referred to the Province) and economical capitalization (need to sustain the actions from a financial point of view). The total avoided emissions of the actions already outlined equals 559,8 ktCO2. Figure 2 resumes the distribution among different areas of interventions. It shows that about 56% of the reductions of CO2 is obtained from substitution of fossil fuels boilers with biomass ones. In addition to the actions defined according to this scenario, specific actions are added for specific urban policies, urban characteristics and private photovoltaic installations, in a variable percentage from 1-10%, for an average of 2%. In the "Complete Report" of the Monitoring phase, the implementation status of the six actions will be analyzed.

Figure 2. Percentage distribution of the Provincial emissions related to standard actions.

Beyond the planned actions, the regional program “POR FESR 2007 – 2013, Axis II - Energy” allowed to sustain from a financial point of view the realization of saving actions for the Public Administration: this was conditioned to the submission of the “Covenant”, thus producing an incentive mechanism to adhere to the Covenant. The program funded these actions with contributions from 50.000 € to 400.000 €, according to the number of inhabitants of each Municipality. 97 Municipalities, with less than 5.000 inhabs, received 50.000€, 8 Municipalities 100.000 € (5.000 ÷ 15000 inhabs), 2 Municipalities 200.000 € (15.000 ÷ 50.000 inhabs) and Municipality of L’Aquila 400.000 € (more than 50.000 inhabs). 50 4.000 45 Table 3. Actions and investment financed from regional funds tCO2 n. of Actions Investments reduced actions Public lighting 2.999.007 € 614,8 45 Transparent surfaces 1.422.266 € 87,8 23 Opaque surfaces 350.000 € 33,1 7 Thermal plants 850.000 € 237,3 17 Photovoltaic plants 50.000 € 6,4 1 Combined actions 858.877 € 176,6 15 Total 6.530.150 € 1.156,0 108

ton CO2 reduced

3.500

Investment [k€]

Numbers of actions

2.999

3.000

40 35

2.500

25

1.422

1.500

17

614,8

500 0

30

23

2.000

1.000

45

7 87,8

Public lighting

Transp. surfaces

33,1

15 859

850 350

237,3

1

6,4 50

Op. surfaces Term. plants Photovoltaic plants

176,6 Combined actions

20 15

10 5 0

Figure 3. Numbers of actions, investments and tonnes of CO2 reduced.

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Table 3 and Figure 3 highlights the specific actions and the economic distribution of funds for the 108 Municipalities of the Province, spent for saving actions in 2012. As it can be seen, for total 1.156,0 tCO2 reduced, about 614,8 tCO2 (about 53% of total) come from interventions concerning public lighting energy saving. Figure 4 shows the specific emission saving (for each financing action), per unit cost of the intervention: it is evident how the investments related to the thermal plants are the more efficient: 0,279 tCO2/k€ while the worse action in term of relationship between emissions and investments is the thermal insulation of buildings (0,061 tCO2/k€). These values of investment efficiency are comparable to what is reported in literature, [13].

Figure 4. Investment efficiency for CO2 reduction [tCO2/k€].

3. Monitoring of Sustainable Energy Action Plan The subscription of the "Covenant" from all the 108 Municipalities in the Province expressed a clear political, economic and environmental decision to achieve the goals set by the European Union by 2020. This choice required a continuous and detailed campaign of monitoring actions, consumption and implementation scenarios. In fact, during the implementation period of the interventions (2013-2020), the SEAP guidelines provide a monitoring phase, every two-years, that verifies and validates the energy and environmental planning tools. The “SEAP Monitoring phase” requires the implementation of two different procedures, an “Intervention Report” and a “Complete Report”, mandatory for all signatories of the “Covenant” and a necessary condition to maintain adhesion to the project, Table 4. For the implementation of this phase, DIIIE has stipulated, for each Municipality, a specific collaboration agreement for the development of the necessary procedures, [14]: 40 Municipalities have stipulated this collaboration, including L’Aquila (about 70.000 inhab) and Avezzano (about 42.000 inhab), the principal cities of the territory. Table 4. SEAP Monitoring methodology Methodology

Period

Intervention Report

At least every 2 years

Complete Report

At least every 4 years

Part

Activity Changes made to the general strategy and updated data on human and financial resources.

Part I.

General strategy

Part II.

Sustainable Energy Action Plan

Part I.

General strategy

Changes made to the general strategy and updated data on human and financial resources.

Part II.

Emission Inventory

Monitoring Emissions Inventory (MEI).

Part III.

Sustainable Energy Action Plan

Status of implementation of the actions and any revisions.

Status of implementation of the actions and any revisions.

3.1. The SEAP monitoring process The SEAP monitoring involves specific implementation steps to optimally fulfill the activities envisaged for the preparation of the "Intervention Report". This document analyzes from a qualitative-executive point of view the actions present in the municipal SEAP and, eventually, update the planning process. An implementation methodology for the Monitoring phase that provides various consequential activities to draft necessary documents has been developed. The mentioned activities are: a) SEAP check and online update: identify and analyze the situation as a

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reference state; b) Start monitoring phase: implementation, reporting and monitoring check-list for Municipalities; c) Data collection: from check-list with the state of implementation of the actions; d) Elaboration and loading data on official “Covenant of Mayors” website; e) Monitoring report: quantitative framework for Municipalities which summarizes the progresses. This phase provides statistical information and graphic elaborations, concerning the energy flows of each Municipality that ensures, to the signatory municipality, the condition to keep the adhesion to the “Covenant”. 3.2. Monitoring data analysis The analysis of the data revealed the state of the implementation of the actions during the period 2013-2015: it permits to have a global analysis of municipal interventions and to verify the correct planning process. Figure 5 and Table 5 show statistical elaborations concerning the 38 Municipalities in terms of total tCO2 reductions and number of saving actions: some of these Municipalities have no saving actions for this time-lapse. 4.000

Table 5. Monitoring actions. Actions Public lighting Transparent surfaces Opaque surfaces Thermal plants Photovoltaic plants Solar thermal plants Total

tCO2 reduced 1.024,6 1,1 136,2 21,7 1.805,1 1,5 2990,2

tCO2 reduced (left scale)

26

3.500

n. of actions 3 1 4 4 26 1 39

30

n. of saving actions (right scale)

25

3.000

20

2.500

1.805,1

2.000 1.500

1.000 500

0

15 10

1.024,6 3

4 1

136,2

Transparent surfaces

Opaque surfaces

1,1 Public lighting

4

1

21,7 Thermal plants

1,5 Photovoltaic Solar thermal plants plants

5

0

Figure 5. Numbers of actions and tonnes of CO2 reduced.

The energy accounting of the communicated actions during the monitoring phase, allowed the quantification of the CO2 avoided emissions which ranked at 2.990,2 tCO2, [15]. These data allowed to compare the results obtained with the goals of the EC: in 2020 UE expects a reduction of emission per capita of about 2,0 tCO2: with this contribution, the average emission per capita at European level reaches the pre-fixed target of 8,1 tCO2. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Unrealized

Ongoing

Completed

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Fig. 6. (a) Avoided emissions per capita; (b) Municipalities status of implementation (names in the x-axis are referred to specific Municipalities).

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The analysis of the data highlights a good emission condition for the Province of L’Aquila, with reductions of 0,5-1,1 tCO2 per capita, Figure 6 (a) with an average of 0,76 tCO2 per capita by 2020. This monitoring analysis performed a comparison between 38 Municipalities. Even though this good specific result, the percentage of completed actions in 2015 for all the Province is below the 5% of realization: a strong territorial effort must be done from a political point of view. It must be observed, moreover, that two “singularities” occur in the Province which invite to consider two separate analyses: the Avezzano’s and the L’Aquila’s Municipalities having those two different dynamics of development: in these two Municipalities, in fact, almost 35% of the overall inhabitants of the Province are concentrated and they should deserve a specific attention. For Avezzano, the target of CO2 reduction by 2020 is defined at 31.191,8 tCO2 with 2.163,8 tCO2, about 7% of the target like provincial situation. For L’Aquila, the dramatic earthquake of 2009 has forced to restructure and rebuild almost all the structures and facilities of the city and the target of CO2 reduction by 2020 is defined at 51.717,8 tCO2, with 24.185,3 tCO2 avoided in 3 years: about 50% of the target, Figure 6 (b), [16]. 4. Conclusion The editing of a Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP) is the first step for a correct planning and energy management of the territory. Being the plan referred to single Municipalities, this appears as the most suitable tool to think globally and adopt locally specific actions. The planning instrument requires a continuous monitoring of the actions carried out by the Administrations, with different degree of detail until the end of the SEAPs programs, by 2020. A methodological description and a data analysis for 108 SEAPs of the Municipalities of the Province of L’Aquila was presented in this paper in order to reach a territorial goal of 20% in terms of CO2 reduction, by 2020. Furthermore, a first step of the SEAP monitoring is presented for about 40 municipalities, regarding emissions per capita and status of action implementations. This analysis shows the dynamic development of the planning process, updating the local emission goals. It is important to remark that the completion of the Monitoring phase allows to maintain “Covenant” adhesion of all the Mayors which signed it. The work is the starting point of an important new future planning action requested by the European Commission after the “Covenant of Mayors” project: it is referred as SECAP (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan) that will lead the Society by 2030 to be resilient to Climate Changes by implementing on the Territory mitigation and adaptation actions. 5. References [1]. Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. [2]. Working Group II. "Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”. [3]. U.S. Energy Information Administration. “International Energy Outlook 2017”, (2017), www.eia.gov/ieo. [4]. Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009. [5]. Official website of “Covenant of Mayors”: (https://www.eumayors.eu/). [6]. Covenant Official Text. Retrieved from http://www.eumayors.eu/IMG/pdf/covenantofmayors text en.pdf [7]. Regione Abruzzo, Deliberazione di Giunta Regionale n. 396 del 17 maggio 2010, “Adesione al Covenant of Mayors”. [8]. Regione Abruzzo, DGR 39 del 24 gennaio 2011, “Implementazione sul territorio regionale delle azioni previste dal Patto dei Sindaci-

Approvazione della ripartizione tra i Comuni d’Abruzzo delle risorse finanziarie assegnate all’ASSE II “Energia” del POR-FESR 2007-2013”. [9]. Bertoldi, Paolo et al. “Existing Methodologies and Tools for the Development and Implementation of SEAP”, (2010), JRC EC. [10]. Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (DIIIE). “SEAP of Province of L’Aquila” (2012), University of L'Aquila. [11]. ENEA, “Rapporto Annuale Efficienza Energetica”, 2017. [12]. Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union:

“Greenhouse gas emissions per capita”, ESMS Indicator Profile (ESMS-IP).

[13]. Brandoni, Caterina & Polonara, Fabio “The role of municipal energy planning in the regional energy-planning process”, (2012), Università

degli studi e-Campus, Università Politecnica delle Marche. [14]. Covenant of Mayors Office and JRC - European Commission, “Reporting Guidelines SEAP and Monitoring”, (2014). [15]. Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (DIIIE). “SEAP Monitoring of Province of L’Aquila” (2017), L'Aquila. [16]. Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (DIIIE). “Monitoring report for the SEAP of the Municipalities of

L’Aquila and Avezzano” (2017), L'Aquila.